Fine mapping of type 1 diabetes susceptibility loci and evidence for colocalization of causal variants with lymphoid gene enhancers

Nature Genetics

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 381-386

  Onengut Gumuscu, Suna ^a   Chen, Wei Min ^a,b   Burren, Oliver ^c   Cooper, Nick J ^c   Quinlan, Aaron R ^a,b   Mychaleckyj, Josyf C ^a,b   Farber, Emily ^a   Bonnie, Jessica K ^a   Szpak, Michal ^a   Schofield, Ellen ^c   Achuthan, Premanand ^c   Guo, Hui ^c   Fortune, Mary D ^c   Stevens, Helen ^c   Walker, Neil M ^c   Ward, Lucas D ^d,e   Kundaje, Anshul ^d,e,f,g   Kellis, Manolis ^d,e   Daly, Mark J ^e,g   Barrett, Jeffrey C ^h   Cooper, Jason D ^c   Deloukas, Panos ^h   Todd, John A ^c   Wallace, Chris ^c,i   Concannon, Patrick ^a,j   Rich, Stephen S ^a,b   Baskerville, Tracey ^k   Bautista, Nines ^k   Bhatia, Eesh ^k   Bhatia, Vijayalakshmi ^k   Hasan, Kamaruzaman Bin ^k   Bonnici, Francois ^k   Brodnicki, Thomas ^k   Browning, Brian ^k   Cameron, Fergus ^k   Chaichanwatanakul, Katharee ^k   Cheung, Pik To ^k   Colman, Peter ^k   Cotterill, Andrew ^k   Couper, Jenny ^k   Crock, Patricia ^k   Cutfield, Ric ^k   Davis, Tim ^k   Dixon, Paul ^k   Donaghue, Kim ^k   Dowling, Katrina ^k   Drury, Paul ^k   Dye, Sarah ^k   Gellert, Shane ^k   Ghani, Rohana Abdul ^k   Greer, Ristan ^k   Han, Xueyao ^k   Harrison, Len ^k   Homatopoulos, Nick ^k   Ji, Linong ^k   Jones, Tim ^k   Yin, Loke Kah ^k   Kamaruddin, Nor Azmi ^k   Kanga, Uma ^k   Kanungo, Alok ^k   Kaur, Gurvinder ^k   Kek, Betty ^k   Knowles, Simon ^k   Krebs, Jeremy ^k   Kumar, Neeraj ^k   Lee, Yann Jinn ^k   Li, Xiaoying ^k   Liktimaskul, Supawadee ^k   Lloyd, Margaret ^k   Loth, Amanda ^k   Louey, Anthony ^k   Mehra, Narinder ^k   Merriman, Tony ^k   Min, Liu ^k   Morahan, Grant ^k   Moses, Robert ^k   Mraz, Grant ^k   Murphy, Rinki ^k   Nicholson, Ian ^k   Panelo, Araceli ^k   Poh, Perlita ^k   Price, Gareth ^k   Ratnam, Nirubasini ^k   Sanjeevi, Carani ^k   Sedimbi, Saikiran ^k   Shen, Shuixian ^k   Ying, Goh Siok ^k   Tait, Brian ^k   Tandon, Nikhil ^k   Thomas, Allison ^k   Varney, Mike ^k   Weerakulwattana, Praewvarin ^k   Willis, Jinny ^k   Akwo, Elvis Abang ^k   Albret, Lotte ^k   Ampudia Blasco, Francisco ^k   Argente, Jesus ^k   Avbelj, Magdalena ^k   Babadjanova, Gulja ^k   Badenhoop, Klaus ^k   Battelino, Tadej ^k   Beilhack, Georg ^k   Bergholdt, Regine ^k   Bingley, Polly ^k   Boehm, Bernhard ^k   Bolidson, Jo ^k   Brismar, Kerstin ^k   Brorsson, Caroline ^k   Carlson, Joyce ^k   Castano, Luis ^k   Chandler, Kyla ^k   Cherubini, Valentino ^k   Cinek, Ondrej ^k   Cipponeri, Elisa ^k   Collado, Raquel Corripio ^k   de Leiva, Alberto ^k   Dzivite, Iveta ^k   Fagulha, Ana ^k   Balcells, Merce Fernandez ^k   Cuartero, Beatriz Garcia ^k   Lacalle, Concepcion Garcia ^k   Guja, Cristian ^k   Gutiérrez, Pilar ^k   Hamou, Alona ^k   Hatziagelaki, Erifili ^k   Heath, Simon ^k   Heilman, Kaire ^k   Helmberg, Wolfgang ^k   Hermon, Orna ^k   Hernandez, Marta ^k   Holzheu, Iris ^k   Hosszufalusi, Nora ^k   Ilonen, Jorma ^k   Ionescu Tirgoviste, Constantin ^k   Johannesen, Jesper ^k   Julier, Cecile ^k   Kahles, Heinrich ^k   Kinalska, Ida ^k   Knip, Mikael ^k   Kockum, Ingrid ^k   Kojo, Eija ^k   Kordonouri, Olga ^k   Kretowski, Adam ^k   Krikovszky, Dora ^k   Kurkhaus, Angelika ^k   Kuzmicki, Madiusz ^k   Lavant, Eva ^k   Long, Anna ^k   Ludvigsson, Johnny ^k   Madacsy, Laszlo ^k   Maliszewska, Katarzyna ^k   Marga, Mara ^k   Martinez, Marissa Penna ^k   Mauricio, Didac ^k   Mazurkievicz, Gertrud ^k   Nerup, Jorn ^k   Norkus, Antanas ^k   Mogollon, Francisco Javier Novoa ^k   Okruszko, Anna ^k   Pettinari, Chiara ^k   Phillip, Moshe ^k   Pirags, Valdis ^k   Pociot, Flemming ^k   Pozzilli, Paolo ^k   Racasan, Radu ^k   Raile, Klemens ^k   Rappner, Rebecca ^k   Troyano, Maria Jesus Rodriguez ^k   Roep, Bart O ^k   Rokni, Saba ^k   Rosinger, Silke ^k   Rubio Cabezas, Oscar ^k   Ruckgaber, Christa ^k   Satman, Ilhan ^k   Schober, Edith ^k   Seufert, Jochen ^k   Sing, Rosi ^k   Skrha, Jan ^k   Sobngwi, Eugene ^k   Somerville, Michelle ^k   Spinas, Giatgen ^k   Sumnik, Zdenek ^k   Tilmann, Vallo ^k   Undlien, Dag ^k   Urbanavicius, Vaidotas ^k   der Auwera, Bart Van ^k   San Miguel, Federico Vasquez ^k   Vazeo Gerasimidi, Andriani ^k   Velickiene, Dzilda ^k   Wägner, Ana ^k   Walter, Markus ^k   Williams, Alistair ^k   Ziegler, Anette ^k   Agleham, Matthew ^k   Aldrich, Alan ^k   Alemzadeh, Ramin ^k   Alper, Chester ^k   Aly, Theresa ^k   Anastassiou, Dimitris ^k   Arora, Shaily ^k   Austin, Audrey ^k   Becker, Dorothy ^k   Benoist, Christophe ^k   Berka, Noureddine ^k   Bhatia, Suruchi ^k   Bonella, Persia ^k   Bottini, Nunzio ^k   Boyle, Sean ^k   Braden, Jeanah ^k   Brady, Barry ^k   Brickman, Wendy ^k   Christensen, Richard ^k   Couch, Robert ^k   Counts, Debra ^k   Crandall, Jill ^k   Daniels, Mark ^k   Dolan, Larry ^k   Donaldson, David ^k   Doria, Alessandro ^k   Eisenbarth, George ^k   Elder, James ^k   El Hajj, Rita ^k   Erlich, Henry ^k   Fain, Pamela ^k   Fear, Anna Lisa ^k   Ferry, Robert ^k   Fiallo Scharer, Rosanna ^k   Geraghty, Daniel ^k   Ghosh, Soumitra ^k   Gitelman, Steven ^k   Godwin, Michelle ^k   Goland, Robin ^k   Goodman, Nathan ^k   Goodwin, Greg ^k   Gravely, Jenna ^k   Greenbaum, Carla ^k   Gudgeon, Chelsea ^k   Gunville, Fred ^k   Hagopian, William ^k   Hakonarson, Hakon ^k   Hansen, John ^k   Harrington, Kimberly ^k   Hassing, Jeanne ^k   Hilliker, Wendy ^k   Hoffman, Robert ^k   Hulbert, Erin ^k   Izquierdo, Roberto ^k   Jospe, Nicholas ^k   Kaiserman, Kevin ^k   Kaufman, Francine ^k   Kim, Samuel ^k   Kloos, Erin ^k   Kosoy, Roman ^k   Lane, James ^k   Lane, Julie ^k   Lawrence, Jean ^k   Levetan, Claresa ^k   Levin, Phil ^k   Lipton, Rebecca ^k   Lonsdale, John ^k   Magnuson, Victoria ^k   Marks, Jennifer ^k   Mayer Davis, Beth ^k   McEvoy, Robert ^k   McIndoe, Richard ^k   Merkle, Lesley ^k   Metzger, Daniel ^k   Miao, Dongmei ^k   Mickelson, Eric ^k   Moonsamy, Priscilla ^k   Moore, Wayne ^k   Moran, Antoinette ^k   Noble, Janelle ^k   Olsem, Gary ^k   Orban, Tihamer ^k   Orlowski, Craig ^k   Paterson, Andrew ^k   Pietropaolo, Massimo ^k   Pihoker, Catherine ^k   Polychronakos, Constantin ^k   Post, Jeff ^k   Postellon, Daniel ^k   Pugliese, Alberto ^k   Qu, HuiQi ^k   Quattrin, Teresa ^k   Rappaport, Mark ^k   Raskin, Philip ^k   Risbeck, Heather ^k   Rodriguez, Henry ^k   Rodriguez, Luisa ^k   Rogers, Michelle ^k   Rubalcava, Leticia ^k   Russell, Bill ^k   Schatz, Desmond ^k   Scott, Carla ^k   She, Jin Xiong ^k   Shilling, Heather ^k   Shulman, Dorothy ^k   Soyka, Leslie ^k   Speiser, Phyllis ^k   Starkman, Harold ^k   Steck, Andrea ^k   Stender, Sarah ^k   Stratton, Lorraine ^k   Sur, Daniel ^k   Taback, Shayne ^k   Thrailkill, Kathryn ^k   Toth, Ellen ^k   Trymbiski, Patricia ^k   Tsalikian, Eva ^k   Vertachnik, Katherine ^k   Wahlen, Jack ^k   Wang, Xujing ^k   Weber, Sandra ^k   Wherrett, Diane ^k   Willi, Steven ^k   Wilson, Darrell ^k   Youkey, Jerry ^k   Young, Neal ^k   Yu, Liping ^k   Zhao, Lue Ping ^k   Zimmerman, Donald ^k   Adlem, Ellen ^k   Allen, James ^k   Brown, Judy ^k   Clarke, Pamela ^k   Clayton, David ^k   Coleman, Gillian ^k   Cucca, Francesco ^k   Davison, Lucy ^k   Downes, Kate ^k   Duley, Simon ^k   Dunger, David ^k   Esposito, Laura ^k   Everett, Vin ^k   Field, Sarah ^k   Hafler, Jason ^k   Hardy, Matthew ^k   Harrison, Deborah ^k   Harrison, Inge ^k   Hawkins, Steve ^k   Healy, Barry ^k   Hood, Simon ^k   Howell, Simon ^k   Howson, Joanna ^k   Maisuria, Meeta ^k   Meadows, William ^k   Mistry, Trupti ^k   Nezhenstsev, Sergey ^k   Nutland, Sarah ^k   Ovington, Nigel ^k   Plagnol, Vincent ^k   Rainbow, Dan ^k   Rainbow, Kara ^k   Raj, Srilakshmi ^k   Schuilenburg, Helen ^k   Simpson, Anna ^k   Smink, Luc ^k   Smyth, Debbie ^k   Taylor, Niall ^k   Tuomilehto, Jaakko ^k   Wicker, Linda ^k   Widmer, Barry ^k   Wilson, Mark ^k   Withers, Heather ^k   Yang, Jennie ^k   Brown, Mark ^k   Crews, Arnetta ^k   Griffin, Jason ^k   Hall, Mark ^k   Harnish, Teresa ^k   Hepler, John ^k   Hilner, Joan ^k   King, Nancy ^k   Lohman, Kurt ^k   Lu, Lingyi ^k   Nail, Jay ^k   Perdue, Letitia ^k   Pierce, June ^k   Reboussin, David ^k   Rushing, Scott ^k   Sale, Michele ^k   Sides, Elizabeth ^k   Snively, Beverly ^k   Teuschler, Hoa ^k   Theil, Goodrich ^k   Wagenknecht, Lynne ^k   Williams, Dustin ^k   Akolkar, Beena ^k   McKeon, Catherine ^k   Nierras, Concepcion ^k   Thomson, Elizabeth ^k   Altshuler, David ^k   Au, Kinman ^k   Bain, Steve ^k   Barcellos, Lisa ^k   Barral, Sandra ^k   Becker, Tim ^k   Briggs, Farren ^k   Bronson, Paola ^k   de Bakker, Paul ^k   Devlin, Bernie ^k   Eike, Morten Chrisoph ^k   Field, Leigh ^k   Gabriel, Stacey ^k   Garge, Nikhil ^k   Gaudieri, Silvana ^k   Goldstein, Ben ^k   Gorodezky, Clara ^k   Hamon, Sara ^k   He, Chungsheng ^k   Humphreys, Keith ^k   James, Ian ^k   Lathrop, Mark ^k   Lie, Benedicte Alexandra ^k   Li, Dawei ^k   Mack, Steven ^k   McGinnis, Ralph ^k   McKinnon, Elizabeth ^k   McLaren, William ^k   Nolan, David ^k   Olsson, Marita ^k   Ott, Jurg ^k   Owerbach, David ^k   Patterson, Chris ^k   Podolsky, Robert ^k   Ramsay, Patricia ^k   Rangantah, Venkatesh ^k   Risch, Neil ^k   Ronningen, Kjersti Skjold ^k   Shao, Xiarong ^k   Single, Richard ^k   Steffes, Michael ^k   Thomson, Glenys ^k   Valdes, Ana Maria ^k   Vandiedonck, Claire ^k   Whittaker, Pam ^k   Zhang, Qingrun ^k   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

^e BROAD INSTITUTE OF MIT AND HARVARD   (United States)

^f STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^h WELLCOME TRUST SANGER INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ MRC BIOSTATISTICS UNIT   (United Kingdom)

^j UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^k NONE

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD34 ANTIGEN; AUTOANTIBODY;

ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASE; B LYMPHOCYTE; BAYES THEOREM; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENHANCER REGION; GENE LOCATION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; POPULATION STRUCTURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; REGULATORY SEQUENCE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; STEM CELL; THYMUS; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHROMOSOMAL MAPPING; DNA MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; LYMPHOCYTE; MALE; METABOLISM; PROCEDURES;

AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOIMMUNITY; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHROMOSOME MAPPING; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DNA MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; ENHANCER ELEMENTS, GENETIC; FEMALE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES; GENETIC LOCI; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LYMPHOCYTES; MALE; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE;

EID: 84930408328     PISSN: 10614036     EISSN: 15461718     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ng.3245     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Barrett, J.C. et al. Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 41, 703-707 (2009)
2. Bradfield, J.P. et al. A genome-wide meta-analysis of six type 1 diabetes cohorts identifies multiple associated loci. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002293 (2011)
3. Virgin, H.W. & Todd, J.A. Metagenomics and personalized medicine. Cell 147, 44-56 (2011)
4. Cotsapas, C. et al. Pervasive sharing of genetic effects in autoimmune disease. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002254 (2011)
5. Smyth, D.J. et al. Shared and distinct genetic variants in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 2767-2777 (2008)
6. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Bayesian refinement of association signals for 14 loci in 3 common diseases. Nat. Genet. 44, 1294-1301 (2012)
7. Genuth, S. et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26, 3160-3167 (2003)
8. Manichaikul, A. et al. Robust relationship inference in genome-wide association studies. Bioinformatics 26, 2867-2873 (2010)
9. Price, A.L. et al. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 38, 904-909 (2006)
10. Todd, J.A. et al. Robust associations of four new chromosome regions from genome-wide analyses of type 1 diabetes. Nat. Genet. 39, 857-864 (2007)
11. Power, C. & Elliott, J. Cohort profile: 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study). Int. J. Epidemiol. 35, 34-41 (2006)
12. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447, 661-678 (2007)
13. Dendrou, C.A. et al. Cell-specific protein phenotypes for the autoimmune locus IL2RA using a genotype-selectable human bioresource. Nat. Genet. 41, 1011-1015 (2009)
14. Concannon, P. et al. Genome-wide scan for linkage to type 1 diabetes in 2,496 multiplex families from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Diabetes 58, 1018-1022 (2009)
15. Zhang, Z. et al. Two genes encoding immune-regulatory molecules (LAG3 and IL7R) confer susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun. 6, 145-152 (2005)
16. Liu, J.Z. et al. Dense fine-mapping study identifies new susceptibility loci for primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat. Genet. 44, 1137-1141 (2012)
17. Bell, G.I., Horita, S. & Karam, J.H. A polymorphic locus near the human insulin gene is associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 33, 176-183 (1984)
18. Barratt, B.J. et al. Remapping the insulin gene/IDDM2 locus in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 53, 1884-1889 (2004)
19. McLaren, W. et al. Deriving the consequences of genomic variants with the Ensembl API and SNP Effect Predictor. Bioinformatics 26, 2069-2070 (2010)
20. Heinig, M. et al. A trans-acting locus regulates an anti-viral expression network and type 1 diabetes risk. Nature 467, 460-464 (2010)
21. Boettger, L.M., Handsaker, R.E., Zody, M.C. & McCarroll, S.A. Structural haplotypes and recent evolution of the human 17q21.31 region. Nat. Genet. 44, 881-885 (2012)
22. Kronenberg, D. et al. Circulating preproinsulin signal peptide-specific CD8 T cells restricted by the susceptibility molecule HLA-A24 are expanded at onset of type 1 diabetes and kill -cells. Diabetes 61, 1752-1759 (2012)
23. Welter, D. et al. The NHGRI GWAS Catalog, a curated resource of SNP-trait associations. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, D1001-D1006 (2014)
24. Fairfax, B.P. et al. Genetics of gene expression in primary immune cells identifies cell type-specific master regulators and roles of HLA alleles. Nat. Genet. 44, 502-510 (2012)
25. Westra, H.J. et al. Systematic identification of trans eQTLs as putative drivers of known disease associations. Nat. Genet. 45, 1238-1243 (2013)
26. Ward, L.D. & Kellis, M. HaploReg: a resource for exploring chromatin states, conservation, and regulatory motif alterations within sets of genetically linked variants. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, D930-D934 (2012)
27. Andersson, R. et al. An atlas of active enhancers across human cell types and tissues. Nature 507, 455-461 (2014)
28. Pasquali, L. et al. Pancreatic islet enhancer clusters enriched in type 2 diabetes risk-associated variants. Nat. Genet. 46, 136-143 (2014)
29. Davison, L.J. et al. Long-range DNA looping and gene expression analyses identify DEXI as an autoimmune disease candidate gene. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21, 322-333 (2012)
30. Dryden, N.H. et al. Unbiased analysis of potential targets of breast cancer susceptibility loci by Capture Hi-C. Genome Res. 24, 1854-1868 (2014)
31. Hughes, J.R. et al. Analysis of hundreds of cis-regulatory landscapes at high resolution in a single, high-throughput experiment. Nat. Genet. 46, 205-212 (2014)
32. Trynka, G. et al. Dense genotyping identifies and localizes multiple common and rare variant association signals in celiac disease. Nat. Genet. 43, 1193-1201 (2011)
33. Jostins, L. et al. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 491, 119-124 (2012)
34. Anderson, C.A. et al. Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47. Nat. Genet. 43, 246-252 (2011)
35. Eyre, S. et al. High-density genetic mapping identifies new susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Genet. 44, 1336-1340 (2012)
36. Hilner, J.E. et al. Designing and implementing sample and data collection for an international genetics study: the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. (T1DGC). Clin. Trials 7, S5-S32 (2010)
37. 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing. Nature 467, 1061-1073 (2010)
38. Manichaikul, A. et al. Population structure of Hispanics in the United States: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. PLoS Genet. 8, e1002640 (2012)
39. Chen, W.M., Manichaikul, A. & Rich, S.S. A generalized family-based association test for dichotomous traits. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 85, 364-376 (2009)
40. Purcell, S. et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 81, 559-575 (2007)
41. Clayton, D.G. snpStats: SnpMatrix and XSnpMatrix classes and methods. R package version 1.10.0 (2012)
42. Willer, C.J., Li, Y. & Abecasis, G.R. METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans. Bioinformatics 26, 2190-2191 (2010)
43. Wallace, C. wgsea: Wilcoxon based gene set enrichment analysis. R package version 1.8. http://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=wgsea (2013)
44. Fairfax, B.P. et al. Innate immune activity conditions the effect of regulatory variants upon monocyte gene expression. Science 343, 1246949 (2014)
45. Giambartolomei, C. et al. Bayesian test for colocalisation between pairs of genetic association studies using summary statistics. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004383 (2014)
46. Wakefield, J. Bayes factors for genome-wide association studies: comparison of p-values. Genet. Epidemiol. 33, 79-86 (2009)
47. Zaykin, D.V. & Kozbur, D.O. P-value based analysis for shared controls design in genome-wide association studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 34, 725-738 (2010)
48. Rafferty, A.E. Approximate Bayes factors and accounting for model uncertainty in generalized linear models. Biometrika 83, 251-265 (1996).