Playing Normative Legacies: Partisanship and Employment Policies in Crisis-Ridden Europe

Politics and Society

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 269-299

  Schulze Cleven, Tobias ^a   Weishaupt, Timo J ^b  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

employment policy; financial crisis; historical institutionalism; ideas; institutional change

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930336739     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: 15527514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329215571291     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Heejung Chung and Stefan Thewissen, “Falling Back on Old Habits? A Comparison of the Social and Unemployment Crisis Reactive Policy Strategies in Germany, the UK and Sweden,” Social Policy & Administration 45, no. 4 (2011): 354–70.
2. Bermeo and Pontusson emphasize that scholars have found few differences between governments of the right and left
3. Nancy Bermeo and Jonas Pontusson, “Coping with Crisis: An Introduction,” In Nancy Bermeo and Jonas Pontusson, eds., Coping with Crisis: Government Reactions to the Great Recession (New York: Russell Sage, 2012), 1–31. Bartels finds no evidence for consistent ideological shifts in response to the crisis
4. Larry M. Bartels, “Ideology and Retrospection in Electoral Responses to the Great Recession,” paper prepared for presentation at conference on “Popular Reactions to the Economic Crisis,” Nuffield College (2011).
5. Kathleen Thelen, Varieties of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014)
6. Peter A. Hall and Kathleen Thelen, “Institutional Change in Varieties of Capitalism,” Socio-Economic Review 7, no. 1 (2009): 7–34.
7. The term “collective imaginary” is taken from Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont, “Introduction,” in Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont, eds., Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 4.
8. The phrase “universe of political discourse” is taken from Jane Jenson, “Paradigms and Political Discourse: Protective Legislation in France and the United States before 1914,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 23, no. 2 (1989): 235–58.Note
9. On the selection of “diverse” cases
10. John Gerring, Case Study Research: Principles and Practices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 97–98.
11. The defining volumes of the research agenda are Wolfgang Streeck and Kathleen Thelen, eds., Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005)
12. James Mahoney and Kathleen Thelen, eds., Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
13. Hugh Heclo, “Ideas, Interests and Institutions,” In Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., The Dynamics of American Politics: Approaches and Interpretations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), 380. Among many other examples
14. John Zysman, Governments, Markets and Growth (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984), 285–99.
15. Peter A. Hall, “Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Politics,” In James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 373–404.
16. This distinction is taken from Ira Katznelson, “Periodization and Preferences,” in Comparative Historical Analysis, 270–303. It illustrates the punctuated model of political-economic development in early historical institutionalism and its focus on institutional change occurring primarily at critical junctures.Note
17. for instance, Cathie Jo Martin and Duane Swank, The Political Construction of Business Interests (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
18. Jane Jenson, “Ideas and Policy: The European Union considers Social Policy Futures,” Paper prepared for conference by the Canada-based European Studies Association, Victoria, BC (2010), 2
19. Daniel Béland and Robert Henry Cox, eds., Ideas and Politics in Social Science Research (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011)
20. Vivien Schmidt, “Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse,” Annual Review of Political Science 11 (2008): 303–26.
21. Mahoney and Thelen, “A Theory of Gradual Institutional Change,” In Explaining Institutional Change, 1–37.
22. Peter A. Hall and Rosemary C., R. Taylor, “The Potential of Historical Institutionalism: A Response to Hay and Wincott,” Political Studies 46, no. 5 (1998): 961. Even the founda-tional Vo C text acknowledges that “repeated historical experience builds up a set of common expectations” that resembles “something like a common culture.”
23. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, “Introduction,” in Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, eds., Varieties of Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 13.
24. Thelen, Varieties of Liberalization.
25. While Thelen focuses her in-depth analysis of adaptation in liberal market economies on the United States, references to structural similarities between the United States and Britain abound
26. for instance, Thelen, Varieties of Liberalization, 7. Martin and Swank delve more deeply into the British case
27. Martin and Swank, The Political Construction of Business Interests, 189–207. More generally, of course, liberalization across different contexts shares core structural features
28. Lucio Baccaro and Chris Howell, “A Common Neoliberal Trajectory: The Transformation of Industrial Relations in Advanced Capitalism,” Politics & Society 39, no. 4 (2011): 521–63.
29. For an elaboration of different mechanisms behind path dependence
30. James Mahoney, “Path Dependence in Historical Sociology,” Theory and Society 29 (2000): 515–26.
31. Admittedly, Thelen’s analysis also includes ideational elements, for instance, when it recognizes institutional effects on women’s policy preferences. Yet it remains within the rationalist perspective outlined by Peter Hall in his contribution to the volume on institutional change by Mahoney and Thelen Note
32. Peter A. Hall. “Historical Institutionalism in Rationalist and Sociological Perspective,” In Explaining Institutional Change, 204–24.
33. Since Thelen deduces employers’ interests from their structural position in the economy, her account is decidedly less constructivist than the analysis by Martin and Swank. The latter credit the inclusiveness of employer associations with orienting employers’ preferences toward coordinated collective solutions for the provision of production inputs.
34. Martin and Swank, The Political Construction of Business Interests.
35. Thelen, Varieties of Liberalization, 37–43, 196
36. Martin and Swank, The Political Construction of Business Interests, 191.
37. Bruno Palier and Kathleen Thelen, “Institutionalizing Dualism: Complementarities and Change in France and Germany,” Politics & Society 38, no. 1 (2010): 119–48.
38. Thelen, Varieties of Liberalization, 110, 196–97, 204–207.
39. Thelen, Varieties of Liberalization, 202. For data on differences in sectors’ growth rates
40. Martin Schneider and Mihai Paunescu, “Changing Varieties of Capitalism and Revealed Comparative Advantage from 1990 to 2005: A Test of the Hall and Soskice Claims,” Socio-Economic Review 10, no. 4 (2012): 731–53.
41. Silja Häusermann, Modernization in Hard Times: The Politics of Welfare State Reform in Continental Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010)
42. James Piazza, “De-linking Labor: Labor Unions and Social Democratic Parties under Globalization,” Party Politics 7, no. 4 (2001): 413–35.
43. Wade Jacoby and Martin Behrens, “‘Breaking Up is Hard to Do’: German Trade Unions Within the Social Democratic Party,” Comparative European Politics, advance online publication, June 30, 2014, doi:10.1057/cep.2014.29
44. Anke Hassel and Christof Schiller, Der Fall Hartz IV (Frankfurt: Campus, 2010), 265–69.
45. Christine Trampusch, Der erschöpfte Sozialstaat (Frankfurt: Campus, 2009), 173–93.
46. For an influential treatment of clashing sectoral interests
47. Peter Swenson, “Labor and the Limits of the Welfare State,” Comparative Politics 23, no. 4 (1991): 379–99.
48. Alexander Reisenbichler and Kimberly J. Morgan, “From “Sick Man” to “Miracle”: Explaining the Robustness of the German Labor Market During and After the Financial Crisis 2008–09,” Politics & Society 40, no. 4 (2012): 549–79
49. Pepper D. Culpepper, Quiet Politics and Business Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011)
50. Peter A. Gourevitch and James Shinn, Political Power and Corporate Control (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
51. For an earlier materialist example
52. Carles Boix, Political Parties, Growth and Equality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
53. Here we follow Julia Lynch and Martin Rhodes, “Historical Institutionalism and the Welfare State,” in Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate, eds., Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism (New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming)
54. Andrea Louise Campbell, “Policy Makes Mass Politics,” Annual Review of Political Science 15 (2013): 333–51.
55. Streeckand Thelen, “Introduction,” in Beyond Continuity, 9.
56. Other analyses have conceptualized these normative legacies as constituting a “moral economy.”
57. Erik Albæk, Leslie C. Eliason, Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard, and Herman M. Schwartz, eds. Crisis, Miracles, and Beyond (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 2008). On the inherent contradictions of democratic capitalism
58. Wolfgang Streeck, “The Crises of Democratic Capitalism,” New Left Review 71, no. Sept/Oct (2011): 5–29.
59. Christian Albrekt Larsen and Thomas Engel Deigaard, “The Institutional Logic of Images of the Poor and Welfare Recipients. A Comparative Study of British, Swedish and Danish Newspapers,” Journal of European Social Policy 23, no. 3 (2013): 287–99.
60. Christian Albrekt Larsen, “The Institutional Logic of Welfare Attitudes: How Welfare Regimes Influence Public Support,” Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 2 (2008): 145–68.
61. Gøsta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1990).
62. Clem Books and Jeff Manza, Why Welfare States Persist. The Importance of Public Opinion in Democracies (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007).
63. Jørgen Goul Andersen, “Retrenchment with Consent,” CCWS Working Paper 74 (2011): 7
64. Allan H. Meltzer and Scott F. Richard, “A Rational Theory of the Size of Government,” Journal of Political Economy 89, no. 5 (1981): 914–27.
65. For a recent elaboration of the classic argument by Frank Knight that ideas help turn uncertainty into risk
66. Stephen C. Nelson and Peter Katzenstein, “Uncertainty, Risk and the Financial Crisis of 2008,” International Organization 68, no. 2 (2014): 361–92.
67. Margaret Weir, Politics And Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 163.
68. Peter A. Hall, “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning and the State: The Case of Economic Policy-Making in Britain,” Comparative Politics 25, no. 3 (1993): 278–79.
69. On ambivalence
70. John R. Zaller, The Nature and Origin of Mass Opinion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
71. Martin B. Carstensen, “Ideas Are Not as Stable as Political Scientists Want Them to Be: A Theory of Incremental Ideational Change,” Political Studies 59, no. 3 (2011): 596–615.
72. They are “institutional entrepreneurs,” leading public opinion by recombining different discursive elements; Colin Crouch, Capitalist Diversity and Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
73. Robert Henry Cox, “The Social Construction of an Imperative: Why Welfare Reform Happened in Denmark and the Netherlands, but not in Germany,” World Politics 53, no. 3 (2001): 463–98.
74. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, Politicians Don’t Pander. Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000).
75. Ideas are just as open to reinterpretation as institutions; on the latter
76. Hall and Thelen, “Institutional Change” and Michael Bang Petersen, Rune Slothuus, Rune Stubager, and Lise Togeby, “Deservingness versus Values in Public Opinion on Welfare: The Automaticity of the Deservingness Heuristic,” European Journal of Political Research 50, no. 1 (2011): 24–52.
77. Mark Blyth, Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002)
78. Elmar E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), 66.
79. Tulia G. Falleti and Julia F. Lynch, “Context and Causal Mechanisms in Political Analysis,” Comparative Political Studies 42, no. 9 (2009): 1152–8.
80. On cross-national ideational shifts
81. Jane Jenson, “A New Politics for the Social Investment Perspective: Objectives, Instruments, and Areas of Intervention in Welfare Regimes,” in Giuliano Bonoli and David Natali, eds., The Politics of the New Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 27–32.
82. Developing a general theory of either the relative strength of influence exerted by institutionally embedded mass preferences (versus other factors) over time or of the conditions for partisan actors’ successful discursive maneuvering outside of the cases discussed lies beyond the scope of this article. Note
83. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism
84. J. Timo Weishaupt, From the Manpower Revolution to the Activation Paradigm. Explaining Institutional Continuity and Change in an Integrating Europe (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2011).
85. On the Beveridge Plan and self-help
86. Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State, 1875–1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 123.
87. Peter Kellner, “A Quiet Revolution,” Prospect Magazine (February 22, 2012), available at: http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/a-quiet-revolution-britain-turns-against-welfare/.
88. For a rationalization of this turn as a modernization of social democracy
89. Anthony Giddens, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998). For a critique of it as a variant of liberalism
90. Ralf Dahrendorf, Ein Neuer Dritter Weg? Reformpolitik am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999).
91. For a striking example of a key New Labour public intellectual touting the fairness of the market
92. Adair Turner, Just Capital: The Liberal Economy (London: Macmillan, 2001).
93. The CDU never rigidly followed Walter Eucken’s early ordoliberal agenda from the late 1930s. For instance, breaking with the principles of a liberal economic order, a CDU-led government passed an interventionist employment protection law (Kündigungsschutzgesetz) in 1951, which called for the immediate re-employment of workers in cases of improper dismissal. Note
94. Patrick Emmenegger, Regulatory Social Policy. The Politics of Job Secruity Regulations (Bern: Haupt, 2009)
95. Torben Iversen and Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Women, Work, and Politics: The Political Economy of Gender Inequality (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).
96. Alexandra Krause, “Kündigungsschutzreform und Gerechtigkeit – Einstellungen der Erwerbsbevölkerung,” WSI-Mitteilungen 5 (2007): 252–58.
97. Henning Jørgensen, “The Development of the Nordic Welfare State System,” in Lars Magnusson, Henning Jørgensen, and Jon Erik Dølvik, eds., The Nordic Approach to Growth and Welfare. European Lessons to be Learned? (Brussels: ETUI, 2008), 28.
98. Niels Finn Christiansen and Klaus Petersen, “The Dynamics of Social Solidarity: The Danish Welfare State, 1900–2000,” Scandinavian Journal of History 26, no. 3 (2001): 177–96.
99. In 2007, 70 percent preferred improved welfare
100. Jørgen Goul Andersen and Martin B. Carstensen, “The Welfare State and Welfare Reforms in Denmark,” in Stanisława Golinowska, Peter Hengstenberg, and Maciej Żukowski, eds., Diversity and Commonality in European Social Politics: The Forging of a European Social Model (Warsaw: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2009), 92.
101. Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, “Partisan Governance, Women’s Employment, and the Social Democratic Service State,” American Sociological Review 65, no. 3 (2000): 323–42.
102. Jamie Peck and Nikolas Theodore, “Beyond ‘Employability’,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 24, no. 6 (2000): 729–49.
103. Stephen J. Silvia, Holding the Shop Together: German Industrial Relations in the Postwar Era (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013).
104. Tony Blair, “It really is the end of the something for nothing days,” The Daily Mail (February 10, 1999).
105. David P. Dolowitz, Policy Transfer and British Social Policy: Learning from the USA? (Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000).
106. Full speech available for download at: http://www.bristol.ac.uk, last accessed on December 1, 2013.
107. “Pledge to eliminate child poverty.” Accessed on December 1, 2013. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/298745.stm.
108. “Blair’s New Deal for ‘Workless Classes’.” Accessed on December 1, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/news/06/0602/welfare.shtml.
109. Department for Work and Pensions, Building Britain’s Recovery: Achieving Full Employment (London: The Stationary Office Limited, 2009), 7.
110. HM Treasury, Budget 2008: Stability and Opportunity (London: Stationary Office, 2009), 39.
111. Ashley Seager, Julia Kollewe, and Nicholas Watt, “Financial Crisis: Unemployment Total May Be More Than 2 Million by Christmas,” The Guardian (October 16, 2008).
112. Werner Eichhorst, Michael Feil, and Paul Marx, “Crisis, What Crisis? Patterns of Adaption in European Labor Markets,” IZA Discussion Paper 5045 (2010), 25.
113. Catherine Mayer, “Flash Gordon Brown,” (2008). Accessed on July 26, 2013. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1850562,00.html.
114. Peter Taylor-Gooby and Gerry Stoker, “The Coalition Programme: A New Vision for Britain or Politics as Usual,” The Political Quarterly 82, no. 1 (2011): 4.
115. Thomas Prosser, “Employers and Unions Lobby Government over Budget,” EIROnline, published on May 21, 2009.
116. Department for Work and Pensions, No One Written Off: Reforming Welfare to Reward Responsibility (London: The Stationary Office Limited, 2008), 5.
117. For an emblematic statement
118. Ed Balls, “Open Macroeconomics in an Open Economy,” Scottish Journal of Political Economy 45 (1998): 113–32.
119. British hourly wages declined by 5.5 percent since 2010, which represents the fourth highest drop in the European Union. German wages, by contrast, rose by nearly 3 percent during the same period; “UK wages decline among worst in Europe.” Accessed on November 13, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23655605.
120. HM Treasury, Budget 2008, 30.
121. Deborah Summers, “David Cameron warns of ‘new age of austerity’,” Accessed on May 6, 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/apr/26/david-cameron-conservative-economic-policy1.
122. Andrew Gamble, “The United Kingdom: The Triumph of Fiscal Realism?,” in Wyn Grant and Graham K. Wilson, eds., The Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis: The Rhetoric of Reform and Regulation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012): 34–50.
123. Ian Drury, “Voters Turn against Labour’s Spending Binge,” The Daily Mail (December 24, 2008).
124. John Curtis and Stephen D. Fisher, “The United Kingdom Election of 2010,” Electoral Studies 30, no. 1 (2011): 233–37.
125. Rosa Prince, “Labour Lost Election Because Voters Turned against Big State,” The Telegraph (August 3, 2010)
126. Taylor-Gooby and Stoker, “The Coalition Programme,” 5–6.
127. “David Cameron.” Accessed on June 16, 2013. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/david_cameron/index.html.
128. Taylor-Gooby and Stoker, “The Coalition Programme,” 4–5.
129. Christopher J. Anderson and Jason D. Hecht, “Voting when the Economy Goes Bad, Everyone is in Charge, and no one is to Blame: The Case of the 2009 German Election,” Electoral Studies 31, no. 1 (2012): 5–19.
130. For instance, the widely read weekly newspaper Die Zeit (July 2, 2009) quotes the Chancellor responding to a critique that her CDU abstained from election campaigns: “We put forward our program—for the Social Market Economy, for the people, for the future.” Note
131. Weishaupt, From the Manpower Revolution to the Activation Paradigm, ch. 7.
132. According to Germany’s leading polling institute, the percentage of voters who felt “good” about the state of Germany’s Social Market Economy had dropped from 55 percent in 2000 to 31 percent in 2008; “Einstellungen zur sozialen Marktwirtschaft in Deutschland am Jahresanfang 2010.” Accessed on November 14, 2013. http://www.ifd-allensbach.de/uploads/tx_studies/7472_Soziale_Marktwirtschaft.pdf.
133. Angela Merkel, “Regierungserklärung durch die Bundeskanzlerin zur Lage auf den Finanzmärkten,” Plenarprotokoll 16, no. 181 (2008): 19321–24.
134. Michael Borchard and David Gregosz, “Gelingendes Miteinander: Die Sozialpartnerschaft als Investition in eine stabile Gesellschaft,” Analysen & Argumente 83, October (2010): 83.
135. Words used by Finance Minister Peer Steinbrück (SPD); “German ridicule for UK policies.” Accessed on July 12, 2013. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7776462.stm.
136. ILO, ed. Germany: A Job-Centred Approach (Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2011), 1. Global trade fell by 12 percent in 2009 (Ibid.).
137. Jeremy Leaman, “Länderbericht: Deutschland,” in Bertelsmann Stiftung, ed., Managing the Crisis. A Comparative Assessment of Economic Governance in 14 Economies (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2010), 12.
138. Government of Germany, National Reform Programme. Germany 2008–2010. Implementation and Progress Report (Berlin: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, 2009), 22.
139. Malte Kreutzfeldt, “Konjunkturhilfen Beschlossen,” Die Tageszeitung (November 6, 2008), 12.
140. “Hubers härteste Schlacht,” Stern (30 October 2008), 27.
141. “Ifo-Geschäftsklima sinkt auf 15-Jahres-Tief,” Stuttgarter Zeitung (November 25, 2008), 11.
142. Sven Astheimer, “Konjunktur für Kurzarbeit,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (November 4, 2008).
143. “Gemeinsam Verantwortung in der Krise tragen,” Accessed on July 26, 2013. http://archiv.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Archiv16/Artikel/2008/12/2008-12-14-konjunkturgipfel. html.
144. The numbers of participating workers quickly rose from an average of 70,000 in 2007 to peak at 1.4 million workers in April 2009, falling again to 630,000 in April 2010
145. ILO, Germany: A Job-Centred Approach, 55. According to conservative estimates, the scheme protected some 600,000 jobs in 2009 alone, Joachim Möller, “The German Labor Market Response in the World Recession—De-Mystifying a Miracle,” Zeitschrift für Arbeitsmarktforschung 42 (2010): 325–36.
146. “Abwrackprämie belebt Nachfrage nur geringfügig.” Accessed on November 14, 2013 http://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/verbraucher/studie-abwrackpraemie-belebt-nachfrage-nur-geringfuegig/1503280.html.
147. “Brüderle gegen verlängerte Kurzarbeit,” Accessed on November 14, 2013. http://www.fr-online.de/wirtschaft/arbeitsmarkt-bruederle-gegen-verlaengerte-kurzarbeit,1472780, 2692310.html.
148. Yasmin El-Sharif, “Gute Zeiten für Trittbrettfahrer,” Tagesspiegel (March 16, 2009) Accessed on November 14, 2013. http://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/kurzarbeit-gute-zeiten-fuer-trittbrettfahrer/1474010.html.
149. “Das wäre das Ende von Schröders Agenda-Politik,” Accessed on November 14, 2013. http://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/dirk-niebel-das-waere-das-ende-von-schroeders-agenda-politik-1.462327.
150. Mirko Weber, “Seehofer Bleibt Bei Mehr Netto Für Alle,” Stuttgarter Zeitung (December 11, 2008).
151. Manuela Glaab, “Political Leadership in der Großen Koalition. Führungsressourcen und –Stile von Bundeskanzlerin Merkel,” in Christoph Egle and Reimut Zohlnhöfer, eds., Die Zweite Große Koalition. Eine Bilanz der Regierung Merkel 2005–2009 (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2010), 146–47.
152. For a similar interpretation
153. Wolfgang Schroeder, “Große Koalition und Sozialpartnerschaft: Vo n der Konfrontation über die Normalisierung hin zur wechselseiti-gen Stützung in der Weltwirtschaftskrise,” in Die Zweite Große Koalition, 200.
154. Hans Rattinger et al., Zwischen Langeweile und Extremen: Die Bundestagswahl 2009 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2011).
155. Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Fra Socialstat til Minimalstat: En liberal Strategi (Copenhagen: Samlerens, 1993).
156. This reorientation parallels developments in Sweden, where Fredrik Reinfeldt, the leader of the conservative party, rebranded his party as the “New Moderates” and became Prime Minister
157. Ulrik Jørsted Gade, “Centered Right: How Scandinavia’s Neoliberal Parties Came to Love the Welfare State,” The American Prospect (September 2006).
158. conclusions of the “Globalization Council,” which met between May 2005 and February 2006 to probe how Denmark could maintain its position as one of the wealthiest countries in the world and maintain its high level of social cohesion Note
159. Tobias Schulze-Cleven, “Flexible Markets, Protected Workers: Adjustment Pathways in Europe’s New Economy” (University of California, Berkeley, 2009), 211.
160. Gade, “Centered Right.”
161. Henning Jørgensen and Michaela Schulze, “Leaving the Nordic Path? The Changing Role of Danish Trade Unions in the Welfare Reform Process,” Social Policy & Administration 45, no. 2 (2011): 206–19. For an in-depth review of the changes in labor market governance
162. J. Timo Weishaupt, “Governing Public Employment Services: New Public Management, Social Partnership and Privatization,” in Jason Heyes and Ludek Rychly, eds., Labour Administration in Uncertain Times: Policy, Practice and Institutions (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2013), 194–221.
163. The government signed an agreement with the social partners that promised them additional short-term funding if they took over a greater share of the financing of continuing education in the long run. This led the social partners in the private and public sectors to establish new training funds as part of collective bargaining contracts. Note
164. Schulze-Cleven, “Flexible Markets, Protected Workers,” 214. Public expenditure on labor market training is taken from OECD.stat, last retrieved May 2011.
165. Arthur Daemmrich and Thomas Bredgaard, “The Welfare State as an Investment Strategy: Denmark’s Flexicurity Policies,” in Ashok Bardhan, Dwight M. Jaffee, and Cynthia A. Kroll, eds., Oxford Handbook of Offshoring and Global Employment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 172.
166. Thelen, Varieties of Liberalization
167. Martin and Swank, The Political Construction of Business Interests.
168. Johannes Lindvall, “Politics and Policies in Two Economic Crises: The Nordic Countries,” in Coping with Crisis, 252.
169. Employees were permitted to work for two weeks and then take a break for one or two week(s)
170. Martin and Swank, The Political Construction of Business Interests, 55.
171. Ove Kaj Pedersen, Konkurrencestaten (Copenhagen: Reitzels Forlag, 2011).
172. Rune Stubager, “The Parliamentary Election in Denmark, September 2011,” Electoral Studies 31, no. 4 (2012): 861.
173. Christian Elmelund-Præstekær and Patrick Emmenegger, “Strategic Re-framing as a Vote Winner: Why Vote-seeking Governments Pursue Unpopular Reforms,” Scandinavian Political Studies 36, no. 1 (2013): 36–37.
174. Stubager, “The Parliamentary Election in Denmark,” 861.
175. Peter Stanners, “Unemployment Benefits Central to Budget Negotiations.” Accessed on July 17, 2013. http://cphpost.dk/news/politics/unemployment-benefits-central-budget-negotiations.
176. “2012 Budget Approved,” Accessed on July 7, 2013. http://cphpost.dk/news/politics/ 2012-budget-approved.
177. Christian Wenande, “Enhedslisten threatening to scupper budget,” Accessed on July 17, 2013. http://cphpost.dk/news/national/enhedslisten-threatening-scupper-budget.
178. Interview, June 2013.
179. Peter Stanners, “Government Presents Growth and Jobs Bill,” Accessed on July 17, 2013. http://cphpost.dk/politics/government-presents-growth-and-jobs-bill.
180. Christian Wenande, “Government Reforms Lead to Political Chaos,” Accessed on July 17, 2013. http://cphpost.dk/politics/government-reforms-lead-political-chaos.
181. Wolfgang Streeck, “German Capitalism: Does it Exist? Can it Survive?” New Political Economy 2, no. 2 (1997): 243.
182. Compare also Hall and Lamont,”Introduction,” 18
183. Sheri Berman, The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe’s Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)
184. Peter Swenson, Fair Shares (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989).
185. Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mill, eds. From Max Weber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 280.