Chronic allograft rejection: A significant hurdle to transplant success

Burns and Trauma

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 3-10

  Kloc, Malgorzata ^a,b   Ghobrial, Rafik M ^a,b  

^a HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HOUSTON METHODIST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic rejection; consists of smooth muscle cells; macrophage; neointima; vasculopathy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930155039     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23213876     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/2321-3868.121646     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Mitchell RN. Graft vascular disease: Immune response meets the vessel wall. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 2009;4:19-47.
2. Julius BK, Attenhofer Jost CH, Sutsch G, Brunner HP, Kuenzli A, Vogt PR, et al. Incidence, progression and functional significance of cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation. Transplantation 2000;69:847-53.
3. Hu Y, Xu Q. Adventitial Biology: Differentiation and Function Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011;31:1523-9.
4. Maiellaro K, Taylor WR. The role of the adventitia in vascular inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2007;75:640-8.
5. Hoglund VJ, Dong XR, Majesky MW. Neointima formation: A local affair. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:1877-9.
6. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature 2000;407:233-41.
7. Libby P, Pober JS. Chronic rejection. Immunity 2001;14: 387-97.
8. Schwarzacher SP, Uren NG, Ward MR, Schwarzkopf A, Giannetti N, Hung S, et al. Determinants of coronary remodeling in transplant coronary disease: A simultaneous intravascular ultrasound and Doppler flow study. Circulation 2000;101:1384-9.
9. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: A perspective for the 1990's. Nature 1993;362:801-9.
10. Libby P. Changing concepts in atherogenesis. J Int Med 2000;247:349-58.
11. Skaro AI, Liwski RS, Johnson P, Legare JF, Lee TD, Hirsch GM. Donor versus Recipient: Neointimal Cell Origin in Allograft Vascular Disease Graft 2002;5:390-8.
12. Li AC, Glass CK. The macrophage foam cell as a target for therapeutic intervention. Nature Medicine 2002;8:1235-42.
13. Palinski W, Ord VA, Plump AS, Breslow JL, Steinberg D, Witztum JL. ApoE-deficient mice are a model of lipoprotein oxidation in atherogenesis. Demonstration of oxidation-specific epitopes in lesions and high titers of autoantibodies to malondialdehydelysine in serum. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:605-16.
14. Akyurek LM, Paul LC, Funa K, Larsson E, Fellstrom BC. Smooth muscle cell migration into intima and adventitia during development of transplant vasculopathy. Transplantation 1996;62:1526-9.
15. Murry CE, Gipaya CT, Bartosek T, Benditt EP, Schwartz SM. Monoclonality of smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1997;151:697-705.
16. Daniel JM, Bielenberg W, Stieger P, Weinert S, Tillmanns H, Sedding DG. Time course analysis on the differentiation of bone marrow derived progenitor cells into smooth muscle cells during neointima formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010;30:1890-6.
17. Kennedy LJ Jr, Weissman IL. Dual origin of intimal cells in cardiac-allograft arteriosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1971;285:884-7.
18. Gerthoffer WT. Mechanisms of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration Circ Res 2007;100:607-21.
19. Han CI, Campbell GR, Campbell GH. Circulating bone marrow cells can contribute to neointimal formation. J Vasc Res 2001;38:113-9.
20. Hillebrands JL, Klatter FA, van Dijk WD, Rozing J. Origin of neointimal endothelium and alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle cells in transplant arteriosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2001;107:1411-22.
21. Johnson P, Carpenter M, Hirsch GM, Lee TD. Recipient cells form the intimal proliferative lesion in the rat aortic model of allograft arteriosclerosis. Am J Transpl 2001;2:207-14.
22. Saiura A, Sata M, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Makuuchi M. Circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells contribute to atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2001;7:382-3.
23. Shimizu K, Sugiyama S, Aikawa M, Fukumoto Y, Rabkin E, Libby P, et al. Host bone-marrow cells are a source of donor intimal smooth-muscle like cells in murine aortic transplant arteriopathy. Nat Med 2001;7:738-41.
24. Grimm PC, Nickerson P, Jeffery J, Savani RC, Gough J, McKenna RM, et al. Neointimal and tubulointerstitial infiltration by recipient mesenchymal cells in chronic renalallograft rejection. N Engl J Med 2001;345:93-7.
25. +-enriched cell population into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells in vivo. Circulation 2003;108:2070-3.
26. Bentzon JF, Weile C, Sondergaard CS, Hindkjaer J, Sassem M, Falk E. Smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis originate from the local vessel wall and not circulating progenitor cells in ApoE knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:2696-702.
27. Wagers A, Sherwood RI, Christensen JL, Weissman IL. Little evidence for developmental plasticity of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Science 2002;297:2256-9.
28. Hu Y, Zhang Z, Torsney E, Afzal AR, Davison F, Metzler B, et al. Abundant progenitor cells in the adventitia contribute to atherosclerosis of vein grafts in ApoE-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 2004;113:1258-65.
29. Ridley AJ, Schwartz MA, Burridge K, Firtel RA, Ginsberg MH, Borisy G, et al. Cell migration: Integrating signals from front to back. Science 2003;302:1704-9.
30. Vicente-Manzanares M, Webb DJ, Horwitz AR. Cell migration at a glance. J Cell Sci 2005;118:4917-9.
31. Hall A. Rho family GTPases. Biochem Soc Trans 2012;40:1378-82.
32. Noma K, Oyama N, Liao JK. Physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006;290: C661-8.
33. Seasholtz TM, Majumdar M, Kaplan DD, Brown JH. Rho and Rho kinase mediate thrombin-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis and migration. Circ Res 1999;84:1186-93.
34. Negoro N, Hoshiga M, Seto M, Kohbayashi E, Ii M, Fukui R, et al. The kinase inhibitor fasudil (HA-1077) reduces intimal hyperplasia through inhibiting migration and enhancing cell loss of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999;262:211-5.
35. Liu B, Itoh H, Louie O, Kubota K, Kent KC. The signaling protein Rho is necessary for vascular smooth muscle migration and survival but not for proliferation. Surgery 2002;132:317-25.
36. Sordella R, Jiang W, Chen GC, Curto M, Settleman J. Modulation of Rho GTPase signaling regulates a switch between adipogenesis and myogenesis. Cell 2003;113:147-58.
37. Zhang L, Kloc M, Tejpal N, You J, Cordero-Reyes A, Youker KA, et al. Rock1 inhibitor abrogates chronic rejection in rat cardiac model system. Open J Organ Transplant Surg 2012;2:46-51.
38. Hidaka Y, Eda T, Yonemoto M, Kamei T. Inhibition of cultured vascular smooth muscle cell migration by simvastatin (MK-733). Atherosclerosis 1992;95:87-94.
39. Rikitake Y, Liao JK. Rho GTPases, statins, and nitric oxide. Circ Res 2005;97:1232-5.
40. Lemstrom K, Sihvola R, Koskinen P. Expression of plateletderived growth factor in the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in the rat. Transplant Proc 1997;29:1045-6.
41. Abid MR, Yano K, Guo S, Patel VI, Shrikhande G, Spokes KC, et al. Forkhead transcription factors inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. J Biol Chem 2005;280:29864-73.
42. Beazley KE, Zhang T, Lima F, Pozharskaya T, Niger C, Tzitzikov E, et al. Implication for transglutaminase 2-mediated activation of β-catenin signaling in neointimal vascular smooth muscle cells in chronic cardiac allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012;31:1009-17.
43. Wu D, Doods H, Stassen JM. Inhibition of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by sabiporide, a new specific NHE-1 inhibitor. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006;48:34-40.
44. Poon M, Marx SO, Gallo R, Badimon JJ, Taubman MB, Marks AR. Rapamycin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell migration. J Clin Invest 1996;98:2277-83.
45. Sollott SJ, Cheng L, Pauly RR, Jenkins GM, Monticone RE, Kuzuya M, et al. Taxol inhibits neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation after angioplasty in the rat. J Clin Invest 1995;95:1869-76.
46. Goetze S, Xi XP, Kawano H, Gotlibowski T, Fleck E, Hsueh WA, et al. PPAR gamma-ligands inhibit migration mediated by multiple chemoattractants in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;33:798-806.
47. Tharaux PL, Bukoski RC, Rocha PN, Crowley SD, Ruiz P, Nataraj C, et al. Rho kinase promotes alloimmune response by regulating the proliferation and structure of T cells. J Immunol 2003;171:96-105.
48. Ohki S, Iizuka K, Ishikawa S, Kano M, Dobashi K, Yoshii A, et al. A highly selective inhibitor of Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase, Y-27632, prolongs cardiac allograft survival of the BALB/c-to-C3H/He mouse model. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:956-63.
49. Mannon RB. Macrophages: Contributors to allograft dysfunction, repair or Innocent bystanders? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012;17:20-5.
50. Mosser DM, Edwards JP. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8:958-69.
51. Magil AB. Monocytes/macrophages in renal allograft rejection. Transplant Rev (Orlando). 2009;23:199-208.
52. Wyburn KR, Jose MD, Wu H, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ. The role of macrophages in allograft rejection. Transplantation 2005;80:1641-7.
53. Hutchinson JA, Riquelme P, Sawitzki B, Tomiuk S, Miqueu P, Zuhayra M, et al. Immunological consequences and trafficking of human regulatory macrophages administered to renal transplant recipients. J Immunol 2011;187:2072-8.
54. Fleming BD, Mosser DM. Regulatory macrophages: Setting the threshold for therapy. Eur J Immunol 2011;41:2498-502.
55. Ye Q, Wu YL, Foley LM, Hitchens TK, Eytan DF, Shirwan H, et al. Longitudinal tracking of recipient macrophages in a rat chronic cardiac allograft rejection model with noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging using micrometersized paramagnetic iron oxide particles. Circulation 2008;118:149-56.
56. Van Goethem E, Guiet R, Balor S, Charrière GM, Poincloux R, Labrousse A, et al. Macrophage podosomes go 3D. Eur J Cell Biol 2010;90:224-36.
57. Vérollet C, Charrière GM, Labrousse A, Cougoule C, Le Cabec V, Maridonneau-Parini I. Extracellular proteolysis in macrophage migration: Losing grip for a breakthrough. Eur J Immunol 2011;41:2805-13.
58. May RC, Machesky LM. Phagocytosis and the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Sci 2001;114:1061-77.
59. Heasman SJ and Ridley AJ. Multiple roles for RhoA during T cell transendothelial migration. Small GTPases. 2010;1:174-79.
60. Linder S. Macrophages on the move: how podosomes contribute to immune cell movement. DGZ Cell News. 2012;1:26-9.