Long-term effects of interprofessional biopsychosocial rehabilitation for adults with chronic non-specific low Back pain: A multicentre, quasi-experimental study

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2015, Pages

  Semrau, Jana ^a   Hentschke, Christian ^a   Buchmann, Jana ^b   Meng, Karin ^b   Vogel, Heiner ^b   Faller, Hermann ^b   Bork, Hartmut ^c   Pfeifer, Klaus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^c Reha Zentrum am Sankt Josef Stift   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BACKACHE; CHRONIC NON SPECIFIC LOW BACK PAIN; CHRONIC PAIN; COGNITION; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; COPING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; INTERPROFESSIONAL AND INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION PROGRAM; LONG TERM CARE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; MULTIDISCIPLINARY ORTHOPEDIC REHABILITATION; ONSET AGE; ORTHOPEDICS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUASI EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; SELF CARE; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; FOLLOW UP; LOW BACK PAIN; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CHRONIC DISEASE; COGNITION; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOST TO FOLLOW-UP; LOW BACK PAIN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; QUALITY OF LIFE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84929468081     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118609     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2163-2196. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (12) 61729-2 PMID: 23245607
2. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, Hildebrandt J, Klaber-Moffett J, Kovacs F, et al. Chapter 4 European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:S192-S300. PMID: 16550448
3. Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Cote P. The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey. The prevalence of low back pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine. 1998;23:1860-1867. PMID: 9762743
4. Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Darter JD, Wallace AS, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:251-258. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed. 2008.543 PMID: 19204216
5. Schmidt CO, Raspe H, Pfingsten M, Hasenbring M, Basler HD, Eich W, et al. Back pain in the German adult population: prevalence, severity, and sociodemographic correlates in a multiregional survey. Spine. 2007;32:2005-2011. PMID: 17700449
6. Wenig CM, Schmidt CO, Kohlmann T, Schweikert B. Costs of back pain in Germany. Eur J Pain. 2009;13:280-286. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain. 2008.04.005 PMID: 18524652
7. Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012;379:482-491. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736 (11) 60610-7 PMID: 21982256
8. Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund. Statistik der Deutschen Rentenversicherung: Rehabilitation 2011. 01 Oct. 2012. Available: http://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/238782/publicationFile/50128/statistikband-reha-2011.pdf. Accessed 8 January 2014.
9. Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund. Rahmenkonzept zur medizinischen Rehabilitation in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung. 01 Apr. 2009. Available: http://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/207036/publicationFile/2127/rahmenkonzept-medizinische-reha.pdf. Accessed 8 January 2014.
10. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. 2002. Available: http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/training/icfbeginnersguide.pdf. Accessed 8 January 2014.
11. Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine. 2002;27:E109-E120. PMID: 11880847
12. Leeuw M, Goossens M E JB, Linton SJ, Crombez G, Boersma K, Vlaeyen J W S. The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med. 2007;30:77-94. PMID: 17180640
13. Linton SJ, Shaw WS. Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain. Phys Ther. 2011;91:700-711. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20100330 PMID: 21451097
14. Dibbelt S, Greitemann B, Büschel C. Nachhaltigkeit orthopädischer Rehabilitation bei chronischen Rückenschmerzen-Das integrierte orthopädisch-psychosomatische Behandlungskonzept (IopKo). Rehabilitation. 2006;45:324-335. PMID: 17123214
15. Mangels M, Schwarz S, Worringen U, Holme M, Rief W. Evaluation of a behavioral-medical inpatient rehabilitation treatment including booster sessions: a randomized controlled study. Clin J Pain. 2009;25:356-364. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181925791 PMID: 19454868
16. Meng K, Seekatz B, Roßband H, Worringen U, Vogel H, Faller H. Intermediate and long-term effects of a standardized back school for inpatient orthopedic rehabilitation on illness knowledge and self-management behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2011;27:248-257. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181ffbfaf PMID: 21178600
17. Bahrke U, Bandemer-Greulich U, Fikentscher E, Müller K, Schreiber B, Konzag TA. Chronischer Rückenschmerz mit suppressiver Schmerzverarbeitung-Zur Optimierung des Rehabilitationserfolgs einer bislang vernachlässigten Rehabilitandengruppe. Rehabilitation. 2006;45:336-344. PMID: 17123215
18. Hüppe A, Raspe H. Zur Wirksamkeit von stationärer medizinischer Rehabilitation in Deutschland bei chronischen Rückenschmerzen: Aktualisierung und methodenkritische Diskussion einer Literaturübersicht. Rehabilitation. 2005;44:24-33. PMID: 15668849
19. Van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Kuijpers T, Verhagen AP, Ostelo R, Koes BW, et al. A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2011;20:19-39. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1518-3 PMID: 20640863
20. Kamper SJ, Apeldoorn AT, Chiarotto A, Smeets R J EM, Ostelo RW, Guzman J, et al. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 9, Art. No.: CD000963. 2014.
21. Waddell G. The biopsychosocial model. In: Waddell G, editor. The back pain revolution. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2004. pp. 265-282.
22. Guzmán J, Esmail R, Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, Irvin E, Bombardier C. Multidisciplinary bio-psychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 1, Art. No.: CD000963. 2002.
23. Mayer T, Gatchel RJ. Functional Restoration for Spinal Disorders: The Sports Medicine Approach. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1988.
24. Angst F, Verra ML, Lehmann S, Brioschi R, Aeschlimann A. Clinical effectiveness of an interdisciplinary pain management programme compared with standard inpatient rehabilitation in chronic pain: a naturalistic, prospective controlled cohort study. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:569-575. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0381 PMID: 19543669
25. Abbasi M, Dehghani M, Keefe FJ, Jafari H, Behtash H, Shams J. Spouse-assisted training in pain coping skills and the outcome of multidisciplinary pain management for chronic low back pain treatment: A 1-year randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pain. 2012;16:1033-1043. doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011. 00097.x PMID: 22337646
26. Alaranta H, Rytokoski U, Rissanen A, Talo S, Ronnemaa T, Puukka P, et al. Intensive physical and psychosocial training program for patients with chronic low back pain. A controlled clinical trial. Spine. 1994;19:1339-1349. PMID: 8066514
27. Goossens M E JB, Rutten-Van Mälken, M PMH, Kole-Snijders AMJ, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Breukelen G, Leidl R. Health economic assessment of behavioural rehabilitation in chronic low back pain: A randomised clinical trial. Health Econ. (GBR). 1998;7:39-51. PMID: 9541083
28. Linton SJ, Boersma K, Jansson M, Svard L, Botvalde M. The effects of cognitive-behavioral and physical therapy preventive interventions on pain-related sick leave: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2005;21:109-119. PMID: 15722803
29. Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Breukelen Gjv, Jong JRd, Heuts PH, Smeets RJ, et al. Exposure in vivo versus operant graded activity in chronic low back pain patients: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2008;138:192-207. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2007.12.009 PMID: 18242858
30. Nicholas MK, Wilson PH, Goyen J. Operant-behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatment for chronic low back pain. Behav Res Ther. 1991;29:225-238. PMID: 1831972
31. Smeets R J EM, Vlaeyen JWS, Hidding A, Kester ADM, Van Der Heijden G J MG, Knottnerus JA. Chronic low back pain: physical training, graded activity with problem solving training, or both? The one-year post-treatment results of a randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2008;134:263-276. PMID: 17498879
32. Skouen JS, Grasdal AL, Haldorsen EMH, Ursin H. Relative cost-effectiveness of extensive and light multidisciplinary treatment programs versus treatment as usual for patients with chronic low back pain on long-term sick leave: randomized controlled study. Spine. 2002;27:901-910. PMID: 11979157
33. Van Den Hout JH, Vlaeyen JW, Heuts PH, Zijlema JH, Wijnen JA. Secondary prevention of work-related disability in nonspecific low back pain: does problem-solving therapy help? A randomized clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:87-96. PMID: 12616178
34. Van Tulder MW, Koes B, Malmivaara A. Outcome of non-invasive treatment modalities on back pain: an evidence-based review. Eur Spine J. 2006;15:S64-81. PMID: 16320031
35. Karjalainen K, Malmivaara A, Van Tulder M, Roine R, Jauhiainen M, Hurri H, et al. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain among working age adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 2, Art. No.: CD002193. 2003.
36. Schonstein E, Kenny DT, Keating J, Koes BW. Work conditioning, work hardening and functional restoration for workers with back and neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 1, Art. No.: CD001822. 2003.
37. Ostelo RW, Van Tulder MW, Vlaeyen JW, Linton SJ, Morley SJ, Assendelft WJ. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 1, Art. No.: CD002014. 2005.
38. Hayden JA, Van Tulder MW, Tomlinson G. Systematic review: strategies for using exercise therapy to improve outcomes in chronic low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:776-785. PMID: 15867410
39. Hofmann J, Böhle E, Bork H, Brüggemann S, Greitemann B, Hildebrandt J, et al. Best-practice-recommendations for objectives, contents and methods in the outpatient and inpatient rehabilitation of chronic low back pain. Phys Med Rehabil Kurortmed. 2010;20:32-39.
40. Pincus T, Smeets R J EM, Simmonds MJ, Sullivan M J L. The fear avoidance model disentangled: improving the clinical utility of the fear avoidance model. Clin J Pain. 2010;26:739-746. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181f15d45 PMID: 20842017
41. Hasenbring MI, Verbunt JA. Fear-avoidance and Endurance-related Responses to Pain: New Models of Behavior and Their Consequences for Clinical Practice. Clin J Pain. 2010;26:747-753. doi: 10. 1097/AJP.0b013e3181e104f2 PMID: 20664333
42. Schwarzer R, Lippke S, Luszczynska A. Mechanisms of health behavior change in persons with chronic illness or disability: The Health Action Process Approach (HAPA). Rehabil Psychol. 2011;56:161-170. doi: 10.1037/a0024509 PMID: 21767036
43. Biddle SJ, Fuchs R. Exercise psychology: A view from Europe. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2009;10:410-419.
44. Ströbl V, Küffner R, Müller J, Reusch A, Vogel H, Faller H. Patientenschulung.: Qualitätskriterien der Schulungsumsetzung. Rehabilitation. 2009;48:166-173. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1220749 PMID: 19513958
45. Cook TD, Campbell DT. Quasi-experimentation: Design and analysis issues for field settings. 1st ed. Chicago: Rand McNally; 1979. doi: 10.1007/s10899-010-9186-0 PMID: 20306327
46. World Medical Association (WMA). WMA Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. 01 Oct. 2008. Available: http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/17c.pdf. Accessed 20 November 2012.
47. Hofmann J, Peters S, Geidl W, Hentschke C, Pfeifer K. Effects of behavioural exercise therapy on the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic non-specific low back pain: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:89. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-89 PMID: 23496822
48. Körner M. Interprofessional teamwork in medical rehabilitation: a comparison of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary team approach. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24:745-755. doi: 10.1177/0269215510367538 PMID: 20530646
49. World Health Organisation. Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education & Collaborative Practice. 2010. Available: http://www.who.int/hrh/resources/framework-action/en/. Accessed 4 April 2013.
50. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar JT, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain. 2008;9:105-121. PMID: 18055266
51. Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Peirce-Sandner S, Baron R, Bellamy N, Burke LB, et al. Research design considerations for confirmatory chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2010;149:177-193. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2010.02.018 PMID: 20207481
52. Pincus T, Santos R, Breen A, Burton AK, Underwood M. A review and proposal for a core set of factors for prospective cohorts in low back pain: A consensus statement. Arthritis Care Res. 2008;59:14-24.
53. Kohlmann T, Raspe H. der Funktionsfragebogen Hannover zur alltagsnahen Diagnostik der Funktionsbeeinträchtigung durch Rückenschmerzen (FFbH-R). Rehabilitation. 1996;34: I-VIII.
54. Nagel B, Gerbershagen HU, Lindena G, Pfingsten M. Entwicklung und empirische Überprüfung des Deutschen Schmerzfragebogens der DGSS. Schmerz. 2002;16:263-270. PMID: 12192435
55. Frey I, Berg A., Grathwohl D., Keul J. Freiburger Fragebogen zur körperlichen Aktivität-Entwicklung, Prüfung und Anwendung. Soz Präventivmed. 1999;44:55-64.
56. Bullinger M, Kirchberger I. der SF-36 Fragebogen zum Gesundheitszustand: Handanweisung. 1st ed. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1998.
57. Geissner E. Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Schmerzverarbeitung (FESV): Manual. 1st ed. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2001.
58. Hasenbring MI, Hallner D, Rusu AC. Fear-avoidance- and endurance-related responses to pain: Development and validation of the Avoidance-Endurance Questionnaire (AEQ). Eur J Pain. 2009;13:620-628. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain. 2008.11.001 PMID: 19101182
59. Deck R, Röckelein E. Zur Erhebung soziodemographischer und sozialmedizinischer Indikatoren in den rehabilitationswissenschaftlichen Forschungsverbünden. 01 Sep. 1999. Available: http://www.deutscherentenversicherung. de/cae/servlet/contentblob/208248/publicationFile/2297/empfehlung-pdf.pdf. Accessed 8 January 2014.
60. Marcus R, Peritz E, Gabriel KR. On closed testing procedures with special reference to ordered analysis of variance. Biometrika. 1976;63:655-660.
61. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, N. J: L. Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
62. Hartmann A, Herzog T. Varianten der Effektstärkenberechnung in Meta-Analysen: Kommt es zu variablen Ergebnissen. Z Klin Psychol. 1995;4:337-343.
63. Meffert C, Kohlmann T, Raspe H, Gerdes N, Mittag O. Verwendung von Verlaufstypen zur Veränderungsmessung in der medizinischen Rehabilitation: Ein Beitrag zum Vergleich verschiedener Methoden der Ergebnismessung. Rehabilitation. 2012;51:151-159. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1312660 PMID: 22689308
64. Steiger F, Wirth B, De Bruin ED, Mannion AF. Is a positive clinical outcome after exercise therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain contingent upon a corresponding improvement in the targeted aspect (s) of performance? A systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2012;21:575-598.
65. Verbunt JA, Smeets R J EM, Wittink HM. Cause or effect? Deconditioning and chronic low back pain. Pain. 2010;149:428-430. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2010.01.020 PMID: 20153582
66. Van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, Koes BW, Van Tulder MW. Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24:193-204. doi: 10. 1016/j.berh.2010.01.002 PMID: 20227641
67. Lin CC, McAuley JH, Macedo L, Barnett DC, Smeets R J EM, Verbunt JA. Relationship between physical activity and disability in low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2011;152:607-613. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2010.11.034 PMID: 21251757
68. World Health Organisation. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. 2010. Available: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/9789241599979/en/. Accessed 16 April 2014.
69. Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Brown SA, Brown LM. Meta-analysis of patient education interventions to increase physical activity among chronically ill adults. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;70:157-172. PMID: 18023128
70. Jordan JL, Holden MA, Mason EE, Foster NE. Interventions to improve adherence to exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Issue 1, Art. No.: CD005956. 2010.
71. Geidl W, Hofmann J, Göhner W, Sudeck G, Pfeifer K. Verhaltensbezogene Bewegungstherapie-Bindung an einen körperlich aktiven Lebensstil. Rehabilitation. 2012;51:259-268. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1280803 PMID: 21976301
72. Main CJ, George SZ. Psychosocial Influences on Low Back Pain: Why Should You Care. Phys Ther. 2011;91:609-613. doi: 10.2522/ptj.2011.91.5.609 PMID: 21531941
73. Kamper S, Maher CG, Hancock M, Koes B, Croft P, Hay E. Treatment-based subgroups of low back pain: A guide to appraisal of research studies and a summary of current evidence. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24:181-191. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.003 PMID: 20227640
74. Dean SG, Ballinger C. An interprofessional approach to rehabilitation. In: Dean SG, Siegert RJ, Taylor WJ, editors. Interprofessional rehabilitation. A person-centred approach. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. pp. 45-78.
75. Hellum C, Johnsen LG, Storheim K, Nygaard ØP, Brox JI, Rossvoll I, et al. Surgery with disc prosthesis versus rehabilitation in patients with low back pain and degenerative disc: Two year follow-up of randomised study. BMJ. 2011;342:d2786. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d2786 PMID: 21596740
76. Ostelo R, Deyo R, Stratford P, Waddell G, Croft P, Von Korff M, et al. Interpreting Change Scores for Pain and Functional Status in Low Back Pain: Towards International Consensus Regarding Minimal Important Change. Spine. 2008;33:90-94. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10 PMID: 18165753
77. Jordan K, Dunn K, Lewis M, Croft P. A minimal clinically important difference was derived for the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire for low back pain. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59:45-52. PMID: 16360560
78. Norman G, Sloan J, Wyrwich K. Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Med Care. 2003;41:582-592. PMID: 12719681
79. Bandemer-Greulich U, Schreiber B, Fikentscher E. Clusterbildung-Eine Operationalisierung des Rehabilitationserfolges bei Rehabilitanden mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen. Rehabilitation. 2004;43:17-23. PMID: 14963801
80. Furlan AD, Tomlinson G, Jadad AAR, Bombardier C. Methodological quality and homogeneity influenced agreement between randomized trials and nonrandomized studies of the same intervention for back pain. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61:209-231. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.04.019 PMID: 18226744
81. Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Latimer J, Adams RD. The therapeutic alliance between clinicians and patients predicts outcome in chronic low back pain. Phys Ther. 2013;93:470-478. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20120137 PMID: 23139428
82. Domenech J, Sánchez-Zuriaga D, Segura-Ortí E, Espejo-Tort B, Lisón JF. Impact of biomedical and biopsychosocial training sessions on the attitudes, beliefs, and recommendations of health care providers about low back pain: A randomised clinical trial. Pain. 2011;152:2557-2563. doi: 10.1016/j.pain. 2011.07.023 PMID: 21917377
83. Overmeer T, Boersma K, Denison E, Linton SJ. Does teaching physical therapists to deliver a biopsychosocial treatment program result in better patient outcomes? A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2011;91:804-819. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20100079 PMID: 21451098
84. Lewis M, Morley S, Windt D, Hay E, Jellema P, Dziedzic K, et al. Measuring practitioner/therapist effects in randomised trials of low back pain and neck pain interventions in primary care settings. Eur J Pain. 2010;14:1033-1039. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain. 2010.04.002 PMID: 20444631
85. Harman K, Macrae M, Vallis M, Bassett R. Working with people to make changes: a behavioural change approach used in chronic low back pain rehabilitation. Physiother Can. 2014;66:82-90. doi: 10.3138/ptc.2012-56BC PMID: 24719515
86. Stirman SW, Kimberly J, Cook N, Calloway A, Castro F, Charns M. The sustainability of new programs and innovations: a review of the empirical literature and recommendations for future research. Implementation Sci. 2012;7:17. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-17 PMID: 22417162
87. Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund. Reha-Bericht Update 2014-Die medizinische und berufliche Rehabilitation der Rentenversicherung im Licht der Statistik. 01 Nov. 2014. Available: http://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/Allgemein/de/Inhalt/6-Wir-ueber-uns/03-fakten-und-zahlen/04-reha-jahresberichte/downloads-reha-jahresberichte/reha-bericht-update-2014.pdf?-blob = publicationFile&v=2. Accessed 2015 January 14.