HCMV: Molecular basis of persistence and latency

Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 765-779

  Jarvis, Michael A ^a   Nelson, Jay A ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929276246     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511545313.043     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Adler, S. P., Chandrika, T., Lawrence, L., and Baggett, J. (1983). Cytomegalovirus infections in neonates acquired by blood transfusions. Pediatr. Infect. Dis., 2, 114-118.
2. Adler, S. P., Baggett, J., and McVoy M. (1985). Transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infections in seropositive cardiac surgery patients. Lancet, 2, 743-747.
3. Allavena, P., Piemonti, L., Longoni, D., Bernasconi, S., Stoppacciaro, A., Ruco, L., and Mantovani, A. (1998). IL-10 prevents the dif-ferentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells but promotes their maturation to macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol., 28, 359-369.
4. Asadullah, K., Prosch, S., Audring, H. et al. (1999). A high prevalence of cytomegalovirus antigenaemia in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: An association with systemic tumour necrosis factor alpha overexpression. Br. J. Dermatol., 141, 94-102.
5. Bolovan-Fritts, C. and Wiedeman J. A. (2001). Human cytomegalovirus strain Toledo lacks a virus-encoded tropism factor required for infection of aortic endothelial cells. J. Infect. Dis., 184, 1252-1261.
6. Bolovan-Fritts, C. A., Mocarski, E. S., and Wiedeman J. A. (1999). Peripheral blood CD14(+) cells from healthy subjects carry a circular conformation of latent cytomegalovirus genome. Blood, 93, 394-398.
7. Borst, E. M., Hahn, G., Koszinowski, U. H., and Messerle, M. (1999). Cloning of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli: A new approach for construction of HCMV mutants. J. Virol., 73, 8320-8329.
8. Bowden, R. A. (1995). Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am., 9, 155-166.
9. Bowden, R. A., Slichter, S. J., Sayers, M. et al. (1995). A compari-son of filtered leukocyte-reduced and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative blood products for the prevention of transfusion-associated CMV infection after marrow transplant. Blood, 86, 3598-3603.
10. Brune, W., Menard, C., Heesemann, J., and Koszinowski, H. (2001). A ribonucleotide reductase homolog of cytomegalovirus and endothelial cell tropism. Science, 291, 303-305.
11. Brytting, M., Mousavi-Jazi, M., Bostrom, L. et al. (1995). Cytomegalovirus DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes and plasma from bone marrow transplant recipients. Transplan-tation, 60, 961-965.
12. Burns, L. J., Pooley, J. C., Walsh, D. J., Vercellotti, G. M., Weber, M. L. and Kovacs, A. (1999). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in endothelial cells is activated by cytomegalovirus immediate early proteins. Transplantation, 67, 137-44.
13. Cebulla, C. M., Miller, D. M., Knight, D. A., Briggs, B. R., McGaughy, and Sedmak, D. D. (2000). Cytomegalovirus induces sialyl Lewis(x) and Lewis(x) on human endothelial cells. Transplan-tation, 69, 1202-1209.
14. Colberg-Poley, A. M., Patel, M. B., Erezo, D. P., and Slater, J. E. (2000). Human cytomegalovirus UL37 immediate-early reg-ulatory proteins traffic through the secretory apparatus and to mitochondria. J. Gen. Virol., 81, 1779-1789.
15. Dankner, W. M., McCutchan, J. A., Richman, D. D., Hirata, K., and Spector, S. A. (1990). Localization of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood leukocytes by in situ hybridization. J. Infect. Dis., 161, 31-36.
16. Dargan, D. J., Jamieson, F. E., MacLean, J., Dolan, A., Addison, C., and McGeoch, D. J. (1997). The published DNA sequence of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169 lacks 929 base pairs affecting genes UL42 and UL43. J. Virol., 71, 9833-9836.
17. Docke, W. D., Prosch, S., Fietze, E. et al. (1994). Cytomegalovirus reactivation and tumour necrosis factor. Lancet, 343, 268-269.
18. Einhorn, L. and Ost, A. (1984). Cytomegalovirus infection of human blood cells. J. Infect. Dis., 149, 207-214.
19. Fietze, E., Prosch, S., Reinke, P. (1994). Cytomegalovirus infection in transplant recipients. The role of tumor necrosis factor. Trans-plantation, 58, 675-680.
20. Fish, K. N., Soderberg-Naucler, C., Mills, L. K., Stenglein, S., and Nel-son, J. A. (1998). Human cytomegalovirus persistently infects aortic endothelial cells. J. Virol., 72, 5661-5668.
21. Friedman, H. M., Macarak, E. J., MacGregor, R. R., Wolfe, J., and Kefalides, N. A. (1981). Virus infection of endothelial cells. J. Infect. Dis., 143, 266-273.
22. Gerna, G., Percivalle, E., Lilleri, D. et al. (2005). Dendritic-cell infection by human cytomegalovirus is restricted to strains carrying functional UL131-128 genes and mediates efficient viral antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells. J. Gen. Virol., 86, 275-84.
23. Girgis, R. E., Tu, I., Berry, G. J. et al. (1996). Risk factors for the devel-opment of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplantation. J. Heart Lung Transpl., 15, 1200-1208.
24. Gnann, J. W., Jr., Ahlmen, J., Svalander, C., Olding, L., Oldstone, M. B., and Nelson, J. A. (1988). Infiammatory cells in transplanted kidneys are infected by human cytomegalovirus. Am.J. Pathol., 132, 239-248.
25. Goldmacher, V. S. (2002). vMIA, a viral inhibitor of apoptosis tar-geting mitochondria. Biochimie, 84, 177-185.
26. Goldmacher, V. S., Bartle, L. M., Skaletskaya, A. et al. (1999). A cytomegalovirus-encoded mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis structurally unrelated to Bcl-2. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 12536-12541.
27. Goodrum, F. D., Jordan, C. T., High, K., and Shenk, T. (2002). Human cytomegalovirus gene expression during infection of primary hematopoietic progenitor cells: A model for latency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 16255-16260.
28. Grattan, M. T., Moreno-Cabral, C. E., Starnes, V. A., Oyer, P. E. Stinson, E. B., and Shumway, N. E. (1989). Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with cardiac allograft rejection and atherosclerosis. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 261, 3561-3566.
29. Greaves, R. F. and Mocarski, E. S. (1998). Defective growth correlates with reduced accumulation of a viral DNA replication protein after low-multiplicity infection by a human cytomegalovirus ie1 mutant. J. Virol., 72, 366-379.
30. Grundy, J. E., Lawson, K. M., MacCormac, L. P., Fletcher, J. M., and Yong, K. L. (1998). Cytomegalovirus-infected endothelial cells recruit neutrophils by the secretion of C-X-C chemokines and transmit virus by direct neutrophil-endothelial cell contact and during neutrophil transendothelial migration. J. Infect. Dis., 177, 1465-1474.
31. Gyorkey, F., Melnick, J. L., Guinn, G. A., Gyorkey, P., and DeBakey, M. E. (1984). Herpesviridae in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the proximal aorta in arteriosclerotic patients. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 40, 328-339.
32. Hahn, G., Jores, R., and Mocarski, E. S. (1998). Cytomegalovirus remains latent in a common precursor of dendritic and myeloid cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 3937-3942.
33. Hahn, G., Khan, H., Baldanti, F., Koszinowski, U. H., Revello, M. G. and Gerna, G. (2002). The human cytomegalovirus ribonu-cleotide reductase homolog UL45 is dispensable for growth in endothelial cells, as determined by a BAC-cloned clinical isolate of human cytomegalovirus with preserved wild-type characteristics. J. Virol., 76, 9551-9555.
34. Hahn, G., Rose, D., Wagner, M., Rhiel, S., and McVoy, M. A. (2003). Cloning of the genomes of human cytomegalovirus strains Toledo, TownevarRIT3, and Towne long as BACs and site-directed mutagenesis using a PCR-based technique. Virology, 307, 164-177.
35. Hahn, G., Revello, M. G., Patrone, M. et al. (2004). Human cytomegalovirus UL131-128 genes are indispensable for virus growth in endothelial cells and virus transfer to leukocytes. J. Virol. 78, 10023-10033.
36. Hanson, L. K., Dalton, B. L., and Karabekian, Z. (1999a). Transcrip-tional analysis of the murine cytomegalovirus HindIII-I region: Identification of a novel immediate-early gene region. Virol-ogy, 260, 156-164.
37. Hanson, L. K., Slater, J. S., Karabekian, Z. et al. (1999b). Replica-tion of murine cytomegalovirus in differentiated macrophages as a determinant of viral pathogenesis. J. Virol., 73, 5970-5980.
38. Hanson, L. K., Slater, J. S., Karabekian, Z. Ciocco-Schmitt, G. and Campbell, A. E. (2001). Products of US22 genes M140 and M141 confer efficient replication of murine cytomegalovirus in macrophages and spleen. J. Virol., 75, 6292-6302.
39. Harada, A., Sekido, N., Akahoshi, T., Wada, T., Mukaida, N., and Matsushima, K. (1994). Essential involvement of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in acute infiammation. J. Leukoc. Biol., 56, 559-564.
40. Hatch, W. C., Freedman, A. R., Boldthoule, D. M., Groopman, J. E., and Terwilliger, E. F. (1997). Differential effects of interleukin-13 on cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus infection in human alveolar macrophages. Blood, 89, 3443-3450.
41. Hendrix, M., Dormans, P. H. J., Kitseelar, P., Bosman, F., and Brugge-man, C. A. (1989). The presence of CMV nucleic acids arterial walls of atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic patients. Am. J. Path., 134, 1151-1157.
42. Hendrix, M. G., Salimans, M. M. van Boven, C. P., and Bruggeman, C. A. (1990). High prevalence of latently present cytome-galovirus in arterial walls of patients suffering from grade III atherosclerosis. Am. J. Pathol., 136, 23-28.
43. Hersman, J., Meyers, J. D., Thomas, E. D., Buckner, C. D., and Clift, R. (1982). The effect of granulocyte transfusions on the inci-dence of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Ann. Intern. Med., 96, 149-152.
44. Ho, M. (1990). Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections. Rev. Infect. Dis., 12 (Suppl. 7), S701-5710.
45. Hobom, U., Brune, W., Messerle, M., Hahn, G., and Koszinowski, U. H. (2000). Fast screening procedures for random transpo-son libraries of cloned herpesvirus genomes: Mutational anal-ysis of human cytomegalovirus envelope glycoprotein genes. J. Virol., 74, 7720-7729.
46. Howell, C. L., Miller, M. J., and Martin, W. J. (1979). Comparison of rates of virus isolation from leukocyte populations sepa-rated from blood by conventional and Ficoll-Paque/Macrodex methods. J. Clin. Microbiol., 10, 533-537.
47. Humar, A., Gillingham, K. J., Payne, W. D., Dunn, D. L., Suther-land, D. E., and Matas, A. J. (1999a). Association between cytomegalovirus disease and chronic rejection in kidney trans-plant recipients. Transplantation, 68, 1879-1883.
48. Humar, A., St Louis, P., Mazzulli, T. et al. (1999b). Elevated serum cytokines are associated with cytomegalovirus infection and disease in bone marrow transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis., 179, 484-488.
49. Hummel, M., Zhang, Z., Yan, S. (2001). Allogeneic transplantation induces expression of cytomegalovirus immediate-early genes in vivo: A model for reactivation from latency. J. Virol., 75, 4814-4822.
50. Ibanez, C. E., Schrier, R., Ghazal, P., Wiley, C., and Nelson, J. A. (1991). Human cytomegalovirus productively infects primary differentiated macrophages. J. Virol., 65, 6581-6588.
51. Joo, F. (1992). The cerebral microvessels in culture, an update. J. Neurochem., 58, 1-17.
52. Kahl, M., Siegel-Axel D., Stenglein S., Jahn, G., and Sinzger, C. (2000). Efficient lytic infection of human arterial endothelial cells by human cytomegalovirus strains. J. Virol., 74, 7628-7635.
53. Keenan, R. J., Lega, M. E., Dummer, J. S. et al. (1991). Cytomegalovirus serologic status and postoperative infection correlated with risk of developing chronic rejection after pul-monary transplantation. Transplantation, 51, 433-438.
54. Knight, D. A., Waldman, W. J., and Sedmak, D. D. (1999). Cytomegalovirus-mediated modulation of adhesion molecule expression by human arterial and microvascular endothelial cells. Transplantation, 68, 1814-1818.
55. Koffron, A., Varghese, T., and Hummel, M. (1999). Immunosup-pression is not required for reactivation of latent murine cytomegalovirus. Transpl. Proc., 31, 1395-1396.
56. Kondo, K., Kaneshima, H., and Mocarski, E. S. (1994). Human cytomegalovirus latent infection of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U S A, 91, 11879-11883.
57. Kondo, K., Xu, J., and Mocarski, E. S. (1996). Human cytomegalovirus latent gene expression in granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in culture and in seropositive indi-viduals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 11137-11142.
58. Koskinen, P., Lemstrom, K., Mattila, S., Hayry, P., and Nieminen, M. S. (1996). Cytomegalovirus infection associated accelerated heart allograft arteriosclerosis may impair the late function of the graft. Clin. Transpl., 10, 487-493.
59. Kotenko, S. V., Saccani, S., Izotova, L. S., Mirochnitchenko, O. V., and Pestka, S. (2000). Human cytomegalovirus harbors its own unique IL-10 homolog (cmvIL-10). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 1695-1700.
60. MacCormac, L. P. and Grundy, J. E. (1999). Two clinical isolates and the Toledo strain of cytomegalovirus contain endothelial cell tropic variants that are not present in the AD169, Towne, or Davis strains. J. Med. Virol., 57, 298-307.
61. Maciejewski, J. P., Bruening, E. E., Donahue, R. E., Mocarski, E. S., Young, N. S., and St Jeor, S. C. (1992). Infection of hematopoi-etic progenitor cells by human cytomegalovirus. Blood, 80, 170-178.
62. Maciejewski, J. P., Bruening, E. E., Donahue, R. E. et al. (1993). Infection of mononucleated phagocytes with human cytomegalovirus. Virology, 195, 327-336.
63. Marchini, A., Liu, H., and Zhu, H. (2001). Human cytomegalovirus with IE-2 (UL122) deleted fails to express early lytic genes. J. Virol., 75, 1870-1878.
64. Menard, C., Wagner, M., and Ruzsics, Z. (2003). Role of murine cytomegalovirus US22 gene family members in replication in macrophages. J. Virol., 77, 5557-5570.
65. Mendelson, M., Monard, S., Sissons, P., and Sinclair, J. (1996). Detec-tion of endogenous human cytomegalovirus in CD34+ bone marrow progenitors. J. Gen. Virol., 77, 3099-3102.
66. Minton, E. J., Tysoe, C., Sinclair, J. H., and Sissons, J. G. (1994). Human cytomegalovirus infection of the mono-cyte/macrophage lineage in bone marrow. J. Virol., 68, 4017-4021.
67. Mocarski, E. S., Prichard, M. N., Tan, C. S., and Brown, J. M. (1997). Reassessing the organization of the UL42-UL43 region of the human cytomegalovirus strain AD169 genome. Virology, 239, 169-175.
68. Moses, A. V. and Nelson, J. A. (1994). HIV infection of human brain capillary endothelial cells-implications for AIDS dementia. Adv. Neuroimmunol., 4, 239-247.
69. Movassagh, M., Gozlan, J., Senechal, B., Baillou, C., Petit, J. C., and Lemoine, F. M. (1996). Direct infection of CD34+ progenitor cells by human cytomegalovirus: Evidence for inhibition of hematopoiesis and viral replication. Blood, 88, 1277-1283.
70. Murayama, T., Mukaida, N., Khabar, K. S., and Matsushima, K. (1998). Potential involvement of IL-8 in the pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus infection. J. Leukoc. Biol., 64, 62-67.
71. Myerson, D., Hackman, R. C., Nelson, J. A., Ward, D. C., and McDougall, J. K. (1984). Widespread presence of histologically occult cytomegalovirus. Hum. Pathol., 15, 430-439.
72. Nordoy, I., Muller, F., Nordal, K. P. et al. (1999). Immunologic parameters as predictive factors of cytomegalovirus disease in renal allograft recipients. J. Infect. Dis., 180, 195-198.
73. Nordoy, I., Muller, F., Nordal, K. P., Rollag, H., Aukrust, P., and Froland, S. S. (2000a). Chemokines and soluble adhesion molecules in renal transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 120, 333-337.
74. Nordoy, I., Muller, F., Nordal, K. P. et al. (2000b). The role of the tumor necrosis factor system and interleukin-10 during cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. J. Infect. Dis., 181, 51-57.
75. Oswald, I. P., Wynn, T. A., Sher, A., and James, S. L. (1992). Inter-leukin 10 inhibits macrophage microbicidal activity by block-ing the endogenous production of tumor necrosis factor alpha required as a costimulatory factor for interferon gamma-induced activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 8676-8680.
76. Page, C., Rose, M., Yacoub, M., and Pigott, R. (1992). Antigenic heterogeneity of vascular endothelium. Am. J. Pathol., 141, 673-683.
77. Pampou, S., Gnedoy, S. N., Bystrevskaya, V. B. et al. (2000). Cytomegalovirus genome and the immediate-early antigen in cells of different layers of human aorta. Virchows Arch., 436, 539-552.
78. Pass, R. F. (2001). Cytomegalovirus. In Knipe, D. M., Griffin, D. E., Lamb, R. A., Martin, M. A., Roizman, B., and Straus, S. E. (eds.), Fields Virology, 4th edn. pp. 2675-2705 Philadelphia: Lippin-cott Williams & Wilkins.
79. Patrone, M., Secchi, M., Fiorina, L., Ierardi, M., Milanesi, G., and Gallina, A. (2005). Human cytomegalovirus UL130 protein promotes endothelial cell infection through a producer cell modification of the virion. J. Virol., 79, 8361-8373.
80. Patterson, C. E. and Shenk, T. (1999). Human cytomegalovirus UL36 protein is dispensable for viral replication in cultured cells. J. Virol., 73, 7126-7131.
81. Petrie, B. L., Melnick, J. L., Adam, E., Burek, J., McCollum, C. H., and DeBakey, M. E. (1987). Nucleic acid sequences of human cytomegalovirus in cells cultured from human arterial tissue. J. Infect. Dis., 155, 158-159.
82. Prosch, S., Staak, K., Stein, J. et al. (1995). Stimulation of the human cytomegalovirus IE enhancer/promoter in HL-60 cells by TNFalpha is mediated via induction of NF-kappaB. Virol-ogy, 208, 197-206.
83. Prosch, S., Heine, A. K., Volk, H. D., and Kruger, D. H. (2001). CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins alpha and beta negatively infiuence the capacity of tumor necrosis fac-tor alpha to up-regulate the human cytomegalovirus IE1/2 enhancer/promoter by nuclear factor kappa B during mono-cyte differentiation. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 40712-40720.
84. Rajotte, D., Arap, W., Hagedorn, M., Koivunen, E., Pasqualini, R., and Ruoslahti, E. (1998). Molecular heterogeneity of the vascular endothelium revealed by in vivo phage display. J. Clin. Invest., 102, 430-437.
85. Reboredo, M., Greaves, R. F., and Hahn, G. (2004). Human cytomegalovirus proteins encoded by UL37 exon 1 protect infected fibroblasts against virus-induced apoptosis and are required for efficient virus replication. J. Gen. Virol., 85, 3555-35567.
86. Rice, G. P., Schrier, R. D., and Oldstone, M. B. (1984). Cytomegalovirus infects human lymphocytes and monocytes: Virus expression is restricted to immediate-early gene prod-ucts. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 81, 6134-6138.
87. Ritter, T., Brandt, C., Prosch, S. et al. (2000). Stimulatory and inhibitory action of cytokines on the regulation of hCMV-IE promoter activity in human endothelial cells. Cytokine, 12, 1163-1170.
88. Rue, C. A., Jarvis, M. A., Knoche, A. J. etal. (2004). A cyclooxygenase-2 homologue encoded by rhesus cytomegalovirus is a deter-minant for endothelial cell tropism. J. Virol., 78, 12529-12536.
89. Schrier, R. D., Nelson, J. A., and Oldstone, M. B. (1985). Detection of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood lymphocytes in a natural infection. Science, 230, 1048-1051.
90. Simmons, P., Kaushansky, K., and Torok-Storb, B. (1990). Mecha-nisms of cytomegalovirus-mediated myelosuppression: Per-turbation of stromal cell function versus direct infection of myeloid cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 1386-1390.
91. Sindre, H., Tjonnfjord, G. E., Rollag, H. et al. (1996). Human cytomegalovirus suppression of and latency in early hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood, 88, 4526-4533.
92. Sinzger, C., Grefte, A., Plachter, B., Gouw, A. S., The, T. H., and Jahn, G. (1995). Fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells are major targets of human cytomegalovirus infection in lung and gastrointestinal tissues. J. Gen. Virol., 76, 741-750.
93. Sinzger, C., Schmidt, K., Knapp, J. et al. (1999). Modification of human cytomegalovirus tropism through propagation in vitro is associated with changes in the viral genome. J. Gen. Virol., 80, 2867-2877.
94. Sinzger, C., Kahl, M., Laib, K. et al. (2000). Tropism of human cytomegalovirus for endothelial cells is determined by a post-entry step dependent on efficient translocation to the nucleus. J. Gen. Virol., 81 (Pt 12), 3021-3035.
95. Skaletskaya, A., Bartle, L. M., Chittenden, T., McCormick, A. L., Mocarski, E. S., and Goldmacher, V. S. (2001). A cytomegalovirus-encoded inhibitor of apoptosis that sup-presses caspase-8 activation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 7829-7834.
96. Slobbe-van Drunen, M. E., Hendrickx, A. T., Vossen, R. C., Speel, E. J., van Dam-Mieras, M. C., and Bruggeman, C. A. (1998). Nuclear import as a barrier to infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Virus Res., 56, 149-156.
97. Slobedman, B. and Mocarski, E. S. (1999). Quantitative analysis of latent human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol., 73, 4806-4812.
98. Smiley, M. L., Mar, E. C., and Huang, E. S. (1988). Cytomegalovirus infection and viral-induced transformation of human endothelial cells. J. Med. Virol., 25, 213-226.
99. Smith, J. A. and Pari, G. S. (1995). Expression of human cytomegalovirus UL36 and UL37 genes is required for viral DNA replication. J. Virol., 69, 1925-1931.
100. Smith, M. A., Sundaresan, S., Mohanakumar, T. etal. (1998). Effect of development of antibodies to HLA and cytomegalovirus mis-match on lung transplantation survival and development of bronchiolitisobliterans syndrome. J. Thorac.Cardiovasc. Surg., 116, 812-820.
101. Soderberg, C., Larsson, S., Bergstedt-Lindqvist, S., and Moller, E. (1993). Definition of a subset of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are permissive to human cytomegalovirus infection. J. Virol., 67, 3166-3175.
102. Soderberg-Naucler, C., Fish, K. N., and Nelson, J. A. (1997a). Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha specif-ically induce formation of cytomegalovirus-permissive monocyte-derived macrophages that are refractory to the antiviral activity of these cytokines. J. Clin. Invest., 100, 3154-3163.
103. Soderberg-Naucler, C., Fish, K. N., and Nelson, J. A. (1997b). Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus by allogeneic stimulation of blood cells from healthy donors. Cell, 91, 119-126.
104. Soderberg-Naucler, C., Streblow, D. N., Fish, K. N., Allan-Yorke, J., Smith, P. P., and Nelson, J. A. (2001). Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus in CD14(+) monocytes is differen-tiation dependent. J. Virol., 75, 7543-7554.
105. Speir, E., Modali, R., Huang, E. S., Leon, M. B., Shawl, F., Finkel, T., and Epstein, S. E. (1994). Potential role of human cytomegalovirus and p53 interaction in coronary restenosis. Science, 265, 391-394.
106. Spencer, J. V., Lockridge, K. M., Barry, P. A. et al. (2002). Potent immunosuppressive activities of cytomegalovirus-encoded interleukin-10. J. Virol., 76, 1285-1292.
107. Stein, J., Volk, H. D., Liebenthal, C., Kruger, D. H., and Prosch, S. (1993). Tumour necrosis factor alpha stimulates the activ-ity of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate early enhancer/promoter in immature monocytic cells. J. Gen. Virol., 74, 2333-2338.
108. Taylor-Wiedeman, J., Sissons, J. G., Borysiewicz, L. K., and Sinclair, J. H. (1991). Monocytes are a major site of persistence of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Gen. Virol., 72, 2059-2064.
109. Taylor-Wiedeman, J., Hayhurst, G. P., Sissons, J. G., and Sinclair, J. H. (1993). Polymorphonuclear cells are not sites of persistence of human cytomegalovirus in healthy individuals. J. Gen. Virol., 74, 265-268.
110. Taylor-Wiedeman, J., Sissons, P., and Sinclair, J. (1994). Induction of endogenous human cytomegalovirus gene expression after differentiation of monocytes from healthy carriers. J. Virol., 68, 1597-1604.
111. Tegtmeier, G. E. (1989). Posttransfusion cytomegalovirus infec-tions. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 113, 236-245.
112. Tegtmeier, G. E. (1986). Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infections: Significance and control. Vox Sang., 51(Suppl 1), 22-30.
113. Tolkoff-Rubin, N. E. and Rubin, R. H. (1994). The interaction of immunosuppression with infection in the organ transplant recipient. Transpl. Proc., 26, 16-19.
114. Torok-Storb, B., Simmons, P., Khaira, D., Stachel, D., and Myerson, D. (1992). Cytomegalovirus and marrow function. Ann. Hema-tol., 64(Suppl), A128-A131.
115. Turner, R. R., Beckstead, J. H., Warnke, R. A., and Wood, G. S. (1987). Endothelial cell phenotypic diversity. In situ demonstration of immunologic and enzymatic heterogeneity that correlates with specific morphologic subtypes. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 87, 569-575.
116. von Laer, D., Meyer-Koenig, U., Serr, A. et al. (1995a). Detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in CD34+ cells from blood and bone marrow. Blood, 86, 4086-4090.
117. von Laer, D., Serr, A., Meyer-Konig, U., Kirste, G., Hufert, F. T., and Haller, O. (1995b). Human cytomegalovirus immediate early and late transcripts are expressed in all major leukocyte pop-ulations in vivo [see comments]. J. Infect. Dis., 172, 365-370.
118. Wagner, M., Ruzsics, Z., and Koszinowski, U. H. (2002). Herpesvirus genetics has come of age. Trends Microbiol., 10, 318-324.
119. Waldman, W. J. and Knight, D. A. (1996). Cytokine-mediated induc-tion of endothelial adhesion molecule and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen expression by cytomegalovirus-activated T cells. Am. J. Pathol., 148, 105-119.
120. Waldman, W. J., Knight, D. A., Huang, E. H., and Sed-mak, D. D. (1995). Bidirectional transmission of infectious cytomegalovirus between monocytes and vascular endothe-lial cells: An in vitro model. J. Infect. Dis., 171, 263-272.
121. Wang, D. and Shenk, T. (2005a). Human cytomegalovirus UL131 open reading frame is required for epithelial cell tropism. J. Virol., 79, 10330-10338.
122. Wang, D. and Shenk, T. (2005b). Human cytomegalovirus virion protein complex required for epithelial and endothelial cell tropism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 18153-18158.
123. White, K. L., Slobedman, B., and Mocarski, E. S. (2000). Human cytomegalovirus latency-associated protein pORF94 is dis-pensable for productive and latent infection. J. Virol., 74, 9333-9337.
124. Wiley, C. A. and Nelson, J. A. (1988). Role of human immunodefi-ciency virus and cytomegalovirus in AIDS encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol., 133, 73-81.
125. Yamashiroya, H. M., Ghosh, L., Yang, R., and Robertson, A. L. (1988). Herpesviredae in the coronary arteries and aorta of young trauma victims. Am. J. Path., 130, 71-79.
126. Yu, D., Smith, G. A., Enquist, L. W., and Shenk, T. (2002). Con-struction of a self-excisable bacterial artificial chromosome containing the human cytomegalovirus genome and muta-genesis of the diploid TRL/IRL13 gene. J. Virol., 76, 2316-2328.
127. Zhang, H., Fu, S., Busch, A., Chen, F., Qin, L., and Bromberg, J. S. (2001). Identification of TNF-alpha-sensitive sites in HCMVie1 promoter. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 71, 106-114.
128. Zhu, H., Shen Y., and Shenk T. (1995). Human cytomegalovirus IE1 and IE2 proteins block apoptosis. J. Virol., 69, 7960-7970.