Asperger syndrome and schizophrenia: Overlap of self-reported autistic traits using the Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ)

Nordic Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 268-274

  Lugnegard, Tove ^a,b   Hallerbäck, Maria Unenge ^a,b   Gillberg, Christopher ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^b CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Asperger syndrome; Autism spectrum; Autism spectrum quotient; Autistic traits; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTICLE; ASPERGER SYNDROME; ATTENTION; AUTISM; AUTISM SPECTRUM QUOTIENT QUESTIONNAIRE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIKERT SCALE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POST HOC ANALYSIS; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHOSIS; QUESTIONNAIRE; RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SELF REPORT; SEX DIFFERENCE; AUTISTIC DISORDER; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; STANDARDS; UTILIZATION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISTIC DISORDER; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SELF REPORT; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84929240528     PISSN: 08039488     EISSN: 15024725     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2014.972452     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, text revision. Washington, DC: APA; 2000
2. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: ICD-10. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004
3. Coleman M, Gillberg C. The autisms, 4th edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011
4. Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Lonnqvist JK. Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: Evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophr Res 2003; 60: 239-58
5. Tandon R, Keshavan MS, Nasrallah HA. Schizophrenia, " just the facts " what we know in 2008. 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophr Res 2008; 102: 1-18
6. Fatemi S, Folsom TD. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, revisited. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35: 528-48
7. Nylander L, Holmqvist M, Gustafson L, Gillberg C. Attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in adult psychiatry. A 20-year register study. Nord J Psychiatr 2013; 67: 344-50
8. Woodbury-Smith M, Robinson J, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S. Screening adults for asperger syndrome using the AQ: A Preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice. J Autism Dev Disord 2005; 35: 331-35
9. Brugha TS, McManus S, Bankart J, Scott F, Purdon S, Smith, J, et al. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 459-66
10. Carroll JM, Yung CK. Sex and discipline differences in empathising, systemising and autistic symptomatology: Evidence from a student population. J Autism Dev Disord 2006; 36: 949-57
11. Hoekstra RA, Bartels M, Verweij CJH, Boomsma DI. Heritability of autistic traits in the general population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007; 161: 372-77
12. Bishop DVM, Maybery M, Maley A, Wong D, Hill W, Hallmayer J. Using self-report to identify the broad phenotype in parents of children with autistic spectrum disorders: A study using the Autismspectrum Quotient. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45: 1431-36
13. Ingersoll B. Broader autism phenotype and nonverbal sensitivity: Evidence for an association in the general population. J Autism Dev Disord 2010; 40: 590-98
14. Wheelwright S, Auyeung B, Allison C, Baron-Cohen S. Defi ning the broader, medium and narrow autism phenotype among parents using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Molec Autism 2010; 1: 10
15. Hurst RM, Nelson-Gray RO, Mitchell JT, Kwapil TR. The relationship of Asperger's characteristics and schizotypal personality traits in a non-clinical adult sample. J Autism Dev Disord 2007; 37: 1711-20
16. Claridge G, McDonald A. An investigation into the relationships between convergent and divergent thinking, schizotypy, and autistic traits. Pers Indiv Differ 2009; 46: 794-99
17. Barneveld PS, Pieterse J, De Sonneville L, van Engeland, H, Swaab, H. Overlap of autistic and schizotypal traits in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2011; 126: 231-36
18. Russell-Smith SN, Maybery MT, Bayliss DM. Relationships between autistic-like and schizotypy traits: An analysis using the Autism Spectrum Quotient and Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. Pers Indiv Differ 2011; 51: 128-32
19. Naito K, Matsui Y, Maeda K, Tanaka K. Evaluation of the validity of the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in differentiating high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder from schizophrenia. Kobe J Med Sci 2010; 56: E116-24
20. Spek AA, Wouters SG. Autism and schizophrenia in high functioning adults: Behavioral differences and overlap. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2010; 4: 709-17
21. Wouters SG, Spek AA. The use of the Autism-spectrum Quotient in differentiating high-functioning adults with autism, adults with schizophrenia and a neurotypical adult control group. Res Autism Spectr Disord 2011; 5: 1169-75
22. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd edition (WAIS-III). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation; 1997
23. Lugnegård T, Unenge Hallerbäck M, Gillberg C. Psychiatric comorbidity in young adults with a clinical diagnosis of Asperger syndrome. Res Develop Disabil 2011; 32: 1910-17
24. Unenge Hallerbäck M, Lugnegård T, Gillberg C. Is autism spectrum disorder common in schizophrenia?. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198: 12-17
25. First MB, Gibbon M. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II). In: Hilsenroth MJ, Segal DL, editors. Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol 2: Personality assessment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 2004
26. Wing L, Leekam SR, Libby SJ, Gould J, Larcombe M. The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: Background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002; 43: 307-25
27. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Skinner R, Martin J, Clubley E. The Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. J Autism Dev Disord 2001; 31: 5-17
28. Greiner M, Pfeiffer D, Smith RD. Principles and practical application of the receiver-operating characteristic analysis for diagnostic tests. Prev Vet Med 2000; 45: 23-41
29. Kurita H, Koyama T, Osada H. Autism-spectrum Quotient-Japanese version and its short forms for screening normally intelligent persons with pervasive developmental disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 59: 490-96
30. Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S, Goldenfeld N, Delaney J, Fine D, Smith R, et al. Predicting Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) from the Systemizing Quotient-Revised (SQ-R) and Empathy Quotient (EQ). Brain Res 2006; 1079: 47-56
31. Koelkebeck K, Pedersen A, Suslow T, Kuepperska, Arolt V, Ohrmann P. Theory of mind in fi rst-episode schizophrenia patients: Correlations with cognition and personality traits. Schizophr Res 2010; 119: 115-23
32. Sasamoto A, Miyata J, Hirao K, Fujiwara H, Kawada R, Fujimoto S, et al. Social impairment in schizophrenia revealed by Autism-spectrum Quotient correlated with gray matter reduction. Soc Neurosci 2011; 6: 548-58
33. Lai M-C, Lombardo MV, Pasco G, Ruigrok AN, Wheelwright S, Sadek SA, et al. A behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions. PLoS ONE 2011; 6: e20835
34. Burbach JPH, van der Zwaag B. Contact in the genetics of autism and schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32: 69-72
35. Craddock N, Owen MJ. The Kraepelinian dichotomy - Going, going' but still not gone. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 92-95
36. F atemi S. C o-occurrence of neurodevelopmental genes in etiopathogenesis of autism and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010; 118: 303-4
37. Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A, Craddock N. Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 198: 173-75
38. Jokiranta E, Brown AS, Heinimaa M, Cheslack-Postava K, Suominen A, Sourander A. Parental psychiatric disorders and autism spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res 2013; 207: 203-11
39. Bevan Jones R, Thapar A, Lewis G, Zammit S. The association between early autistic traits and psychotic experiences in adolescence. Schizophr Res 2012; 135: 164-69
40. Rapoport J, Chavez A, Greenstein D, Addington A, Gogtay N. Autism spectrum disorders and childhood-onset schizophrenia: Clinical and biological contributions to a relation revisited. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009; 48: 10-18
41. King BH, Lord C. Is schizophrenia on the autism spectrum?. Brain Res 2011; 1380: 34-41
42. Cath DC, Ran N, Smit JH, van Balkom AJ, Comijs HC. Symptom overlap between autism spectrum disorder, generalized social anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: A preliminary case-controlled study. Psychopathology 2008; 41: 101-10
43. Sizoo B, van den Brink W, Gorissen van Eenige M, van der Gaag RJ. Personality characteristics of adults with autism spectrum disorders or attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder with and without substance use disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 2009; 197: 450-54