Impact of UK primary care policy reforms on shortstay unplanned hospital admissions for children with primary care–sensitive conditions

Annals of Family Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 214-220

  Cecil, Elizabeth ^a   Bottle, Alex ^a   Sharland, Mike ^b   Saxena, Sonia ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b ST GEORGE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Children; Out of hours health care; Pay for performance; Primary care; Short stay admissions; Trends; Unplanned admissions

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HOSPITAL EMERGENCY SERVICE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INFANT; INFECTION; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; PHYSICIAN SELF-REFERRAL; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REIMBURSEMENT; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TRENDS;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHRONIC DISEASE; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE REFORM; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; INFANT; INFECTION; INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; PHYSICIAN SELF-REFERRAL; REIMBURSEMENT, INCENTIVE;

EID: 84929151777     PISSN: 15441709     EISSN: 15441717     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1370/afm.1786     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Department of Health (United Kingdom). Investing in General Practice: The New General Medical Services Contract. London, England: Department of Health; 2003.
2. Department of Health. The NHS Plan: A Plan for Investment, a Plan for Reform. London, England: Department of Health; 2000.
3. Audit Commission (United Kingdom). Improving coding, costing and commissioning: Annual report on the Payment by Results data assurance programme 2010/11. http://www.audit-commission. gov.uk/2011/09/improving-coding-costing-and-commissioningannual-report-on-the-payment-by-results-data-assuranceprogramme-201011/. Published Sep 22, 2011. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
4. Roland M, Campbell S. Successes and failures of pay for performance in the United Kingdom. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(20):1944-1949.
5. Cowling TE, Cecil EV, Soljak MA, et al. Access to primary care and visits to emergency departments in England: a cross-sectional, population-based study. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66699.
6. Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457-502.
7. Saxena S, Bottle A, Gilbert R, Sharland M. Increasing short-stay unplanned hospital admissions among children in England; time trends analysis ‘97-’06. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7484.
8. Huntley A, Lasserson D, Wye L, et al. Which features of primary care affect unscheduled secondary care use? A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2014;4(5):e004746.
9. Saxena S, Francis N, Sharland M. Primary care of children: the unique role of GPs. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62(600):340-341.
10. Gill PJ, Goldacre MJ, Mant D, et al. Increase in emergency admissions to hospital for children aged under 15 in England, 1999-2010: national database analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(5):328-334.
11. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Pediatric Quality Indicators. http://qualityindicators.ahrq.gov/modules/pdi_resources.aspx. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
12. Health and Social Care Information Centre. NHS Outcomes Framework Indicators. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/nhsof. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
13. Friedman B, Berdahl T, Simpson LA, McCormick MC, Owens PL, Andrews R, et al. Annual Report on Health Care for Children and Youth in the United States: Focus on Trends in Hospital Use and Quality. Acad Pediatr. 2011;11(4):263-279.
14. Health and Social Care Information Centre. Hospital Episode Statistics. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/hes. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
15. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Clinical Classifications Software. http://www.ahrq.gov/research/data/hcup/icd10usrgd.html. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
16. Office for National Statistics. Population Estimates. http://www.ons. gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Population+Estimates+by+Age+and+Sex#tab-data-tables. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
17. Wagner AK, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27(4):299-309.
18. Alshamsan R, Lee JT, Majeed A, Netuveli G, Millett C. Effect of a UK pay-for-performance program on ethnic disparities in diabetes outcomes: interrupted time series analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2012; 10(3):228-234.
19. Zeger SL, Liang KY. Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics. 1986;42(1):121-130.
20. Fretheim A, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Oxman AD, Ross-Degnan D. Interrupted time-series analysis yielded an effect estimate concordant with the cluster-randomized controlled trial result. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(8):883-887.
21. Goodacre S. Hospital admissions with head injury following publication of NICE guidance. Emerg Med J. 2008;25(9):556-557.
22. Torio CM, Elixhauser A, Andrews RM. Trends in Potentially Preventable Hospital Admissions among Adults and Children, 2005–2010: Statistical Brief No. 151. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 2013.
23. Dixon J, Sanderson C, Elliott P, Walls P, Jones J, Petticrew M. Assessment of the reproducibility of clinical coding in routinely collected hospital activity data: a study in two hospitals. J Public Health Med. 1998;20(1):63-69.
24. Scribano PV, Wiley JF II, Platt K. Use of an observation unit by a pediatric emergency department for common pediatric illnesses. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2001;17(5):321-323.
25. Blunt I, Bardsley M, Dixon J. Trends in Emergency Admissions in England 2004–2009. http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/publications/trendsemergency-admissions-england-2004-2009. Published Jul 5, 2010. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
26. Kyle RG, Kukanova M, Campbell M, Wolfe I, Powell P, Callery P. Childhood disadvantage and emergency admission rates for common presentations in London: an exploratory analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(3):221-226.
27. Heath I, Hippisley-Cox J, Smeeth L. Measuring performance and missing the point? BMJ. 2007;335(7629):1075-1076.
28. Gillam SJ, Siriwardena AN, Steel N. Pay-for-performance in the United Kingdom: impact of the quality and outcomes framework—a systematic review. Ann Fam Med. 2012;10(5):461-468.
29. Campbell S., Reeves D, Kontopantelis E, Sibbald B, Roland M. Effects of pay for performance on the quality of primary care in England. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(4):368-378.
30. Chien AT, Dudley RA. Pay-for-performance in pediatrics: proceed with caution. Pediatrics. 2007;120(1):186-188.
31. Gill JM, Mainous AG III, Nsereko M. The effect of continuity of care on emergency department use. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(4):333-338.
32. Campbell S., Kontopantelis E, Reeves D, et al. Changes in patient experiences of primary care during health service reforms in England between 2003 and 2007. Ann Fam Med. 2010;8(6):499-506.
33. Mainous AG, Baker R, Love MM, Gray DP, Gill JM. Continuity of care and trust in one’s physician: evidence from primary care in the United States and the United Kingdom. Fam Med. 2001;33(1):22-27.
34. Hippisley-Cox J, Fenty J, Heaps M. Trends in Consultation Rates in General Practice 1995 to 2006: Analysis of the QRESEARCH database. Final Report to the Information Centre and Department of Health. http://www.qresearch.org/Public_Documents/Trends%20 in%20consultation%20rates%20in%20general%20practice%20 1995%20to%202006.pdf. Published Jul 2007. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
35. Department of Health (United Kingdom). Raising Standards for Patients, New Partnerships in Out-of-Hours Care. http://www.out-ofhours.info/downloads/oohreview.pdf. Published Oct 2000. Accessed Apr 7, 2015.
36. Simmonds RL, Shaw A, Purdy S. Factors influencing professional decision making on unplanned hospital admission: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62(604):e750-e756.
37. Gerada C, Riley B. The 2022 GP: our profession, our patients, our future. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62(604):566-567.
38. Kingsland JP, Swinyard PW. Should general practices open for longer? BMJ. 2013;347:f6832.