Contaminated confessions revisited

Virginia Law Review

Volumn 101, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 395-454

  Garrett, Brandon L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF LAW   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84929069594     PISSN: 00426601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Brandon L. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong 5-21 (2011) [hereinafter Garrett, Convicting the Innocent];
2. Brandon L. Garrett, The Substance of False Confessions, 62 Stan. L. Rev. 1051, 1052 (2010) [hereinafter Garrett, The Substance of False Confessions].
3. see, for example, United States v. Preston, 706 F.3d 1106, 1127 (9th Cir. 2013);
4. Harris v. Thompson, 698 F.3d 609, 631 (7th Cir. 2012);
5. State v. Lock-hart, 4 A.3d 1176, 1206-07 (Conn. 2010);
6. Commonwealth v. Wright, 14 A.3d 798, 811 n.11 (Pa. 2011).
7. Ken Burns. John Grisham, The Innocent Man: Murder and Injustice in a Small Town 119-29 (2006);
8. The Central Park Five (IFC Films 2012).
9. see Saul M. Kassin et al., Police Interviewing and Interrogation: A Self-Report Survey of Police Practices and Beliefs, 31 Law & Hum. Behav. 381, 384-85, 396 (2007).
10. Transcripts and Testimony, U. Virginia Sch. L., http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/librarysite/garrett-falseconfess.htm (last visited Nov. 16, 2014).
11. The National Registry of Exonerations includes over 178 exonerations that involved confes-sions, the majority of which were non-DNA exonerations. % Exonerations by Contributing Fac-tor, Nat'l Registry of Exonerations, https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/ExonerationsContribFactorsByCrime.aspx (last visited Nov. 16, 2014);
12. see also Samuel R. Gross & Michael Shaffer, Nat'l Registry of Exonerations, Exonerations in the United States, 1989-2012, at 2-4 (June 2012), available at www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/exonerations-us-1989-2012-full-report.pdf (listing exonerations).
13. Joseph Neff, Judge Overturns Convictions of Robeson Men in Child's 1983 Rape, Murder, News Observer (Sept. 2, 2014), http://www.newsobserver.com/2014/09/02/4115955/robeson-men-innocent-of-childs.html.
14. Laura H. Nirider, Joshua A. Tepfer & Steven A. Drizin, Combating Contamination in Confession Cases, 79 U. Chi. L. Rev. 837, 845-53 (2012) (reviewing Convicting the Inno-cent and focusing on the problem of confession contamination).
15. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966);
16. Sharon L. Davies, The Reality of False Confessions-Lessons of the Central Park Jogger Case, 30 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 209, 223-41 (2006);
17. Richard A. Leo et al., Bringing Reliability Back In: False Confessions and Legal Safeguards in the Twenty-First Century, 2006 Wis. L. Rev. 479, 490-99 (2006);
18. Eugene R. Milhizer, Confessions After Connelly: An Evidentiary Solution for Excluding Unreliable Confessions, 81 Temp. L. Rev. 1, 20-28 (2008);
19. Eve Brensike Primus, The Future of Confession Law: Toward Rules for the Voluntariness Test, 115 Mich. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2015) (manuscript at 1-2)
20. Boaz Sangero, Miranda Is Not Enough: A New Justification for Demanding "Strong Corroboration" to a Confession, 28 Cardozo L. Rev. 2791, 2802 (2007);
21. Andrew E. Taslitz, High Expectations and Some Wounded Hopes: The Policy and Politics of a Uniform Statute on Videotaping Custodial Interrogations, 7 Nw. J.L. & Soc. Pol'y 400, 420-23 (2012);
22. Sandra Guerra Thompson, Judicial Gatekeeping of Police-Generated Wit-ness Testimony, 102 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 329, 365-68 (2012).
23. Richard A. Leo, Police Interrogation and American Justice 285-91 (2008);
24. Richard A. Leo et al., Promoting Accuracy in the Use of Confession Evidence: An Argument for Pretrial Reliability Assessments to Prevent Wrongful Convictions, 85 Temp. L. Rev. 759, 792-810 (2013).
25. Regarding the intersections between constitutional law and the law of evidence, see Brandon L. Garrett, Constitutional Law and the Law of Evidence, 100 Cornell L. Rev. (forthcoming 2015).
26. Laurens Walker and John Monahan. Laurens Walker & John Monahan, Social Frame-works: A New Use of Social Science in Law, 73 Va. L. Rev. 559, 559-70 (1987)
27. See Nat'l Research Council, Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification 1-4 (2014).
28. See Change in Terminology: "Mental Retardation" to "Intellectual Disability," 78 Fed. Reg. 5755, 5756 (proposed Jan. 28, 2013);
29. Am. Psychiatric Ass'n, DSM-5 Intellectual Disability Fact Sheet 1 (2013), available at http://psychiatry.org/FILE%20library/PRACTICE/DSM/DSM-5/DSM-5-intellectual-disability-fact-sheet.pdf.
30. Transcript of Trial at 330, People v. Williams, No. 134543 (Sup. Ct. Alameda Cnty., Cal. Nov. 17, 1999) [hereinafter Williams Trial Transcript]. All exoneree trial transcripts are on file with the author.
31. The False Confession Capital (CBS television broadcast Dec. 9, 2012), available at http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/chicago-the-false-confession-capital/.
32. Steve Mills, U.S. Looking at Englewood 4 Case, Chi. Tribune, Dec. 9, 2012, § 1, at 13.
33. Press Release, Innocence Project, Three Men from Cook County, Illinois, Exonerated of 1991 Rape and Murder, Exonerations of Two Others to Follow (Nov. 3, 2011), available at http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Three-Men-from-Cook-County-Illinois-Exonerated-of-1991-Rape-and-Murder-Exonerations-of-Two-Others-to-Follow.php.
34. See Kenneth Kagonyera, In-nocence Project, http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Kenneth-Kagonyera.php (last visited Oct. 19, 2014).
35. B.L. Garrett Who Confesses to a Crime They Didn't Commit?, Slate, Apr. 13, 2011, http://www.slate.com/articles/news-and-politics/jurisprudence/features/2011/getting-it-wrong-convicting-the-innocent/who-confesses-to-a-crime-they-didnt-commit.html
36. Transcript of Trial at H-174, State v. Taylor, No. 95 CR 23475 (Cir. Ct. Cook Cnty., Ill. Jan. 17, 1997) [hereinafter Taylor Trial Transcript].
37. Transcript of Trial at 1510, State v. Bradford, No. 96-1-00583-1 (Sup. Ct. Yakima Cnty., Wash. June 12, 1996).
38. See Brandon L. Garrett, Claiming Innocence, 92 Minn. L. Rev. 1629, 1659 (2008)
39. See Curtis Jasper Moore, Innocence Project, http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Curtis-Jasper-Moore.php (last visited Oct. 19, 2014);
40. Bobby Ray Dixon, Innocence Project, http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Bobby-Ray-Dixon.php (last visited Oct. 19, 2014).
41. Clarke Morrison, Panel Probes New Innocence Claims, Asheville Citizen-Times, June 8, 2012, at A1.
42. Transcript of Trial at 158, People v. Peterson, No. 97-1707-FC(D) (Cir. Trial Ct., Kalkaska Cnty., Mich. Dec. 11, 1998).
43. Petition for Certificate of Innocence at 8, People v. Thames, No. 95 CR 09676 (Cir. Ct. Cook Cnty., Ill., June 6, 2012) [hereinafter Thames Petition for Certificate of Innocence].
44. Transcript of Trial at K-66 to-68, State v. Swift, No. 95-9676 (Cir. Ct. Cook Cnty., Ill. May 1, 1998)
45. Transcript of Trial at A-13, State v. Richardson, No. 95-9676 (Cir. Ct. Cook Cnty., Ill. Dec. 18, 1997);
46. see also Order to Vacate Convictions at 9, State v. Thames, No. 95 CR 9676 (Cir. Ct. Cook Cnty., Ill. Nov. 16, 2011)
47. Petitioners' Joint Opposition to the State's Motion to Dismiss at 2, Swift, No. 95-9676 (Sept. 28, 2011)
48. Transcript of Trial at L-19 to-22, L-33, State v. Barr, No. 95 CR 23475 (Cir. Ct. Cook Cnty., Ill. Feb. 10, 1997).
49. see Joshua A. Tepfer & Laura H. Nirider, Adjudicated Juveniles and Collateral Relief, 64 Me. L. Rev. 553, 568-73 (2012).
50. Steve Mills, DNA Evidence Links Man to 1991 Murder, May Clear 5 Convicted in Case, Chi. Tribune (Apr. 15, 2011), http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-04-15/news/ct-met-dixmoor-dna-0415-20110414-1-murder-dna-evidence-links-man-dna-tests.
51. Emily S. Achenbaum & Steve Mills, Third Trial for 1992 Killing, Chi. Trib., Apr. 12, 2009, § 2, at 1
52. See Saul M. Kassin, Why Confessions Trump Innocence, 67 Am. Psychol. 431, 431, 440-41 (2012);
53. Andrew Martin, The Prosecution's Case Against DNA, N.Y. Times Maga-zine, Nov. 27, 2011, at 44
54. See Saul M. Kassin, Itiel E. Dror & Jeff Kukucka, The Forensic Confirmation Bias: Problems, Perspectives, and Proposed Solutions, 2 J. Applied Res. Memory & Cognition 42, 43-48 (2013);
55. Jeff Kukucka & Saul M. Kassin, Do Con-fessions Taint Perceptions of Handwriting Evidence? An Empirical Test of the Forensic Confirmation Bias, 38 Law & Hum. Behav. 256, 256 (2013).
56. Ted Bradford, Nat'l Registry of Exonerations, http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3040 (last visited Feb. 2, 2015).
57. Mark A. Godsey, Reliability Lost, False Confessions Discovered, 10 Chap. L. Rev. 623, 623 (2007).
58. see also Richard A. Leo, False Confessions: Caus-es, Consequences, and Implications, 37 J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry & L. 332, 337 (2009)
59. Ct. Com. Pl. Cuyahoga Cnty., Ohio Dec. 11, 2000.
60. David Ayers, Innocence Project, http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/David-Ayers.php (last visited Oct. 16, 2014).
61. Another recent exoneree who was interrogated but did not confess was Robert Dewey. Robert Dewey, Innocence Project, available at http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Robert-Dewey.php (last visited Oct. 16, 2014).
62. Jud. Dist. Ct. Washing-ton Parish, La. Feb. 25, 1986).
63. Transcript of Trial at 1433, People v. Sterling, No. 91-0624
64. N.Y. Cnty. Ct. Monroe Cnty. Sept. 29, 1992.
65. Transcript of Trial at 1013, People v. Yarbough, No. 7325/92
66. N.Y. Sup. Ct. Kings Cnty. Feb. 16, 1994.
67. Eric Garcia, Henry McCollum's Innocence and the Stakes for Death Row Inmates in a Red State, American Prospect, Sept. 25, 2014, http://prospect.org/article/henry-mccollum%E2%80%99s-innocence-and-stakes-death-row-inmates-red-state
68. Transcript of Trial at 1373, State v. McCollum, No. 83 CRS 15506-15507, 15822-15823
69. N.C. Super. Ct. Robeson Cnty. Oct. 23, 1984
70. see also Jonathan M. Katz & Erik Eckholm, DNA Evidence Clears Two Men in 1983 Murder, N.Y. Times, Sept. 2, 2014, at A1, availa-ble at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/us/2-convicted-in-1983-north-carolina-murder-freed-after-dna-tests.html?-r=0
71. See Henry McCollum, Case Detail, National Registry of Exonerations (Sept. 2, 2014), http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=4492.
72. Transcript of Trial at 55, State v. Edwards, No. 96 CF 42
73. Cir. Ct. Lake Cnty., Ill. Dec. 6, 1996.
74. Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 296 (1991).
75. see also Sara C. Appleby et al., Police-Induced Confes-sions: An Empirical Analysis of Their Content and Impact, Psychol. Crime & Law, Dec. 2001, at 1-2
76. Danielle E. Chojnacki et al., An Empir-ical Basis for the Admission of Expert Testimony on False Confessions, 40 Ariz. St. L.J. 1, 39-40 (2008)
77. Mark Costanzo et al., Juror Beliefs About Police Interrogations, False Confessions, and Expert Testimony, 7 J. Empirical Legal Stud. 231, 233-34 (2010).
78. Saul M. Kassin, On the Psychology of Confessions: Does Innocence Put Innocents at Risk?, 60 Am. Psychologist 215, 222-24 (2005).
79. Conn. Gen. Stat. § 54-1o(b), (d) (2013)
80. Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 25, § 2803-B(1)(K) (2013)
81. Md. Code Ann., Crim. Proc. § 2-402(1) (Lex-isNexis 2008)
82. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. §§ 763.8(2), 763.9 (West 2014)
83. Mo. Rev. Stat. § 590.700(2) (2013)
84. Mont. Code Ann. § 46-4-408 (West 2013)
85. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 29-4503,-4504 (2008)
86. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 29-1-16 (West 2011)
87. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-211 (2013)
88. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2933.81(B) (LexisNexis 2010)
89. Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 133.400(1) (West 2014)
90. Vt .Stat. Ann. tit. 13, § 5581(b)(1), (2) (2014)
91. Wis. Stat. §§ 968.073(2), 972.115(2) (2012)
92. see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22, § 3(a)(1), (c) (West 2014)
93. Stephan v. State, 711 P.2d 1156, 1158 (Alaska 1985)
94. State v. Hajtic, 724 N.W.2d 449, 456 (Iowa 2006)
95. State v. Scales, 518 N.W.2d 587, 592 (Minn. 1994)
96. State v. Cook, 847 A.2d 530, 547 (N.J. 2004)
97. Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 813 N.E.2d 516, 535 (Mass. 2004)
98. State v. Barnett, 789 A.2d 629, 632 (N.H. 2001)
99. Memorandum from James M. Cole, Deputy Attorney Gen., Dep't of Justice, Policy Concerning Electronic Recording of Statements 1 (May 12, 2014), http://archive.azcentral.com/ic/pdf/DOJ-policy-electronic-recording.pdf;
100. Me. Criminal Jus-tice Acad., Mandatory Policy: Recording of Suspects in Serious Crimes & the Preservation of Notes & Records 1 (Jan. 11, 2012), available at http://www.maine.gov/dps/mcja/links/index.htm
101. R.I. Police Accreditation Comm'n, Accreditation Standards Manual 44-45 (May 2013), available at http://ripolicechiefs.org/images/RIPAC-Accreditation-Standards-Manual-First-Edition-May-2013.pdf
102. see also Consent Decree Regarding the New Orleans Police Department at 46, United States v. New Orleans, No. 12-1924, 2013 WL 2297208 (E.D. La. May 24, 2013)
103. Thomas P. Sullivan, The Time Has Come for Law Enforcement Recordings of Custodial Interviews, Start to Finish, 37 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 175 app. 1 (2006).
104. see Thomas P. Sullivan, Arguing for Statewide Uniformity in Recording Custo-dial Interrogations, 29 Crim. Just. 21, 22 (2014), available at http://www.nlada.org/forensics/for-lib/Documents/1107449792.59/5e336a318e50295185256f81007887b1%3FOpenDocumentd.
105. Custodial Interrogation Recording Compendium by State, Nat'l Ass'n of Crim. Def. Law., http://www.nacdl.org/usmap/crim/30262/48121/d/ (last updated July 1, 2014)
106. Thomas P. Sullivan & Andrew W. Vail, The Consequences of Law Enforcement Officials' Failure to Record Custodial Interviews as Required by Law, 99 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 215, 221 (2009);
107. Adam Liptak, Taping of Interrogations Is Praised by Police, N.Y. Times, June 13, 2004, at N35;
108. Thomas P. Sullivan, The Police Experience: Recording Custodial Interrogations, Champion, Dec. 2004, at 24.
109. Confession evidence is also important in many civil cases, including civil commitment and detention cases, as well as Section 1983 litigation and commercial litigation. E.g. McKune v. Lile, 536 U.S. 24, 45 (2002)
110. Warney v. New York, 947 N.E.2d 639, 641 (N.Y. 2011)
111. Brandon L. Gar-rett, Corporate Confessions, 30 Cardozo L. Rev. 917, 918-21 (2009)
112. Pervaiz Shallwani, Etan Patz's Parents in Court for Pedro Hernandez's Video Confession, Wall St. J. Online, Sept. 15, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/articles/parents-of-etan-patz-whose-1979-kidnapping-gripped-new-york-in-court-to-see-video-of-pedro-hernandez-confess-to-his-killing-1410791032.
113. See Gisli H. Gudjonsson, The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Hand-book, vii-xii (2003);
114. Gisli H. Gudjonsson, The Psychology of Interrogations, Confessions and Testimony v-viii (1992);
115. G. Daniel Lassiter & Christian A. Meissner, Police Interroga-tions and False Confessions: Current Research, Practice, and Policy Recommendations xi-xvii (2010);
116. Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment xv-xix (G. Daniel Lassiter ed., 2004);
117. Investigative Interviewing: Rights, Research and Regulation,v-vi (Tom Williamson ed., 2006);
118. Lawrence S. Wrightsman & Saul M. Kassin, Confessions in the Courtroom 84-100 (1993).
119. see, e.g., Brief for American Psychological Association as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioner, Floyd v. Cain, 62 So.3d 57 (La. 2011) (No. 280-729 "C"), available at https://www.apa.org/about/offices/ogc/amicus/floyd.aspx;
120. Brief for American Psychological Association as Amicus Cu-riae Supporting Claimant, Warney v. State, 947 N.E.2d 639 (N.Y. 2011) (No. CA 08 02261), available at https://www.apa.org/about/offices/ogc/amicus/warney.aspx;
121. Brief for American Psychological Association as Amicus Curiae Supporting Appellant, Commonwealth v. Wright, 14 A.3d 798 (Pa. 2011) (No. 21 EAP 2008), available at https://www.apa.org/about/offices/ogc/amicus/wright.aspx.
122. Brief for American Psychological Association as Amicus Curiae Supporting Appellant, People v. Rivera, 962 N.E.2d 53 (Ill. App. Ct. 2011) (No. 2-09-1060), available at https://www.apa.org/about/offices/ogc/amicus/rivera.aspx [hereinafter Rivera Amicus Brief].
123. Saul M. Kassin et al., Police-Induced Confessions, Risk Factors, and Recommenda-tions: Looking Ahead, 34 Law & Hum. Behav. 49, 49-52 (2010).
124. N.Y. State Div. of Criminal Justice Servs., Recording of Custodial Interrogations Mod-el Policy (2013)
125. See, e.g., Int'l Ass'n of Chiefs of Police, Interviewing and Interrogating Juveniles Model Policy (2012)
126. Ken Jenne, Broward Cnty. Sheriff's Office, G.O. 01-33, Interrogation of Suspects with Developmental Disabilities (Nov. 17, 2001)
127. see Brandon L. Garrett, Interrogation Policies, 49 U. Rich. L. Rev. 8-13 (forthcoming 2015).
128. see State v. McCollum, 433 S.E.2d 144, 160 (N.C. 1993)
129. State v. Brown, 436 S.E.2d 163, 166-68 (N.C. Ct. App. 1993).
130. Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U.S. 143, 153 (1944).
131. United States v. Preston, 751 F.3d 1008, 1028 (9th Cir. 2014)
132. Warney v. State, 16 N.Y.3d 428, 436 (N.Y. 2011)
133. See, e.g., Lisker v. Knowles, 651 F. Supp. 2d 1097, 1140 (C.D. Cal. 2009)
134. See Jerry Markon, Wrongfully Jailed Man Wins Suit, Wash. Post, May 6, 2006, at B01
135. I have previously developed a theory of how and when courts could conduct such re-view pretrial. Brandon L. Garrett, Aggregation in Criminal Law, 95 Calif. L. Rev. 383, 385 (2007).
136. see State v. Lawson, 244 P.3d 860, 872-73 (Or. Ct. App. 2010).
137. see also Linda A. Henkel, Jurors' Reactions to Recanted Confessions: Do the Defendant's Personal and Dispositional Characteristics Play a Role? 14 Psychol. Crime & L. 565, 567 (2008)
138. See Iris Blandon-Gitlin, Katheryn Sperry & Richard A. Leo, Jurors Believe Interroga-tion Tactics Are Not Likely to Elicit False Confessions: Will Expert Witness Testimony In-form Them Otherwise?, 2010 Psychol. Crime & L. Online 1, 17-19;
139. See, e.g., United States v. Hall, 93 F.3d 1337, 1341-46 (7th Cir. 1996);
140. Boyer v. State, 825 So. 2d 418, 419-20 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2002);
141. Miller v. State, 770 N.E.2d 763, 770-74 (Ind. 2002).
142. See, e.g., People v. Son, 93 Cal. Rptr. 2d 871, 883 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 2000);
143. People v. Gilliam, 670 N.E.2d 606, 619-20 (Ill. 1996);
144. Commonwealth v. Alicia, 92 A.3d 753, 764 (Pa. 2014)
145. See, e.g., Riley v. State, 604 S.E.2d 488, 495 (Ga. 2004).
146. See, e.g., State v. King, 904 A.2d 808, 818-22 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2006);
147. State v. Free, 798 A.2d 83, 95-96 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2002).
148. See State v. Davis, 32 S.W.3d 603, 608-09 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000);
149. See, e.g., John T. Philipsborn, Dealing with Experts on Competence to Stand Trial: Suggestions and Approaches, Champion, Jan.-Feb. 2008, at 12,
150. See, e.g., Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 83 (1986).
151. see, e.g., Amy G. Gore, Jill Gustafson & Janice Holben, 31A Am. Jur. 2d Expert and Opinion Evidence § 138 (2014);
152. Brian Cutler et al., Expert Testimony on Interrogation and False Confession, 82 UMKC L. Rev. 589, 600 (2014);
153. Nadia Soree, Comment, When the Innocent Speak: False Confessions, Constitutional Safeguards, and the Role of Expert Testimony, 32 Am. J. Crim. L. 191, 238-55 (2005).
154. See State v. Perea, 322 P.3d 624, 638 (Utah 2013)
155. For a ruling affirming that threats of violence were within the jury's experience, see Brown v. Horell, 644 F.3d 969, 978, 982-83 (9th Cir. 2011).
156. Comm. to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph, Nat'l Res. Council, The Polygraph and Lie Detection 56 (2003), available at http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record-id=10420&page=R1].
157. Mark Blagrove, Effects of Length of Sleep Deprivation on Interrogative Suggestibility, 2 J. Experimental Psychol.: Applied 48, 56-57 (1996).
158. See, e.g., Jessica Owen-Kostelnik et al., Testimony and Interrogation of Minors: As-sumptions About Maturity and Morality, 61 Am. Psychologist 286, 300-301 (2006).
159. See, e.g., W.M.L. Finlay & E. Lyons, Acquiescence in Interviews with People Who Have Mental Retardation, 40 Mental Retardation 14, 25-26 (2002).
160. See United States v. Deuman, 892 F. Supp. 2d 881, 886 (W.D. Mich. 2012)
161. citing Ste-ven A. Drizin & Richard A. Leo, The Problem of False Confessions in the Post-DNA World, 82 N.C. L. Rev. 891, 931 (2004).
162. United States v. Hill, 749 F.3d 1250, 1251-52, 1265-66 (10th Cir. 2014).
163. Brian R. Gallini, Police "Science" in the Interrogation Room: Seventy Years of Pseudo-Psychological Interrogation Methods to Obtain Inadmissible Confessions, 61 Hastings L.J. 529, 531 (2010).
164. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., 509 U.S. 579, 592-94 (1993).
165. See, e.g., New Jersey Model Jury Charge, Statements of Defendant 1 (June 14, 2010)
166. WPIC6.41 Out of Court Statements by Defendant 1 (3d ed. 2008), available at https://govt.westlaw.com/wcrji/Document/Ief9e3bc7e10d11daade1ae871d9b2cbe?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=
167. Lego v. Twomey, 404 U.S. 477, 490 (1972);
168. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 490 (1966)
169. see, e.g., The Comm. on Fed. Criminal Jury instructions for the Seventh Circuit, Pattern Federal Criminal Jury Instructions for the Seventh Circuit § 3.02, available at https://www.ca7.uscourts.gov/Pattern-Jury-Instr/pjury.pdf;
170. U.S. Courts for the Ninth Circuit, Manual of Model Criminal Jury Instructions § 4.1, available at http://www3.ce9.uscourts.gov/jury-instructions/node/355.
171. see, e.g., N.H. Bar Ass'n Criminal Jury Instructions Drafting Comm., Draft Model Criminal Jury Instructions, Confessions or Admissions 14, available at http://www.nhbar.org/uploads/pdf/CJI-14.pdf;
172. New York Model Criminal Jury Instructions, Statements (Admission, Confessions), available at http://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-General/CJI2d.Confession.pdf
173. Commonwealth. v. Gomes, No. SJC-11537, at 15-25 (Mass. Jan. 12, 2015).
174. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 29-4503,-4504 (2008)
175. Wis. Stat. Ann. § 972.115(d)(2)(a) (West 2012);
176. see also Commonwealth v. DiGiambattista, 813 N.E.2d 516, 534 (Mass. 2004)
177. Moore v. Ballone, 488 F. Supp. 798, 807-08 (E.D. Va. 1980).
178. See, e.g. Charles J. Ogletree, Jr., Comment, Arizona v. Fulminan-te: The Harm of Applying Harmless Error to Coerced Confessions, 105 Harv. L. Rev. 152, 165-67 (1991).
179. The enactment of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 has only made such review more deferential during federal habeas corpus proceed-ings, as have subsequent Supreme Court rulings, such as Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398-99 (2011)
180. Thus, even revisiting Fulminante would not be enough to provide sufficiently searching re-view, and nor will such review focus on the appropriate questions unless the Court revisits Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 167 (1986).
181. Compare People v. Oliveras, 90 A.D.3d 563, 563-64 (N.Y. App. Div. 2011)
182. Ex parte Villegas, 415 S.W.3d 885, 887 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)
183. Simmons v. State, 105 So. 3d 475, 493 (Fla. 2012)
184. Bies v. Sheldon, 775 F.3d 386, 402-04 (6th Cir. 2014).
185. Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 488-89 (1964)
186. Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428, 444 (2000).
187. Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 167 (1986);
188. Brandon L. Garrett, Remaining Silent After Salinas, 80 U. Chi. L. Rev. Dialogue 116, 116 (2013).
189. see, e.g., Barry Friedman, The Wages of Stealth Overruling (with Particular Attention to Miranda v. Arizona), 99 Geo. L.J. 1 (2010);
190. Yale Kamisar, The Rise, Decline, and Fall (?) of Miranda, 87 Wash. L. Rev. 965 (2012);
191. Charles D. Weisselberg, Mourning Miranda, 96 Calif. L. Rev. 1519 (2008).
192. One exception to this trend was the Court's important recognition that juvenile suspects are especially vulnerable during police questioning in J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 131 S. Ct. 2394, 2408 (2011);
193. Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 668 (2004).
194. Callins v. Collins, 510 U.S. 1141, 1145 (1994) (Blackmun, J., dissenting).
195. McCollum v. North Carolina, 512 U.S. 1254, 1255 (1994) (Blackmun, J., dissenting).
196. Id.; see also State v. McCollum, 433 S.E.2d 144, 167-68 (N.C. 1993)
197. Joseph Neff, Judge Overturns Convictions of Robeson Men in Child's 1983 Rape, Murder, News & Observer (Sept. 2, 2014), http://www.newsobserver.com/2014/09/02/4115955/robeson-men-innocent-of-childs.html.
198. Warney v. State, 16 N.Y.3d 428, 436 (2011).
199. see also State v. Lockhart, 4 A.3d 1176, 1206 (Conn. 2010)
200. This Appendix updates data presented in Brandon L. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong 14-44 (2011)
201. Brandon L. Garrett, The Sub-stance of False Confessions, 62 Stan. L. Rev. 1051, passim (2010) and made available online at http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/librarysite/garrett-falseconfess.htm.