Removal of cadmium ion from wastewater by carbon-based nanosorbents: A review

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 18-33

  Kumar, Rajeev ^a   Chawla, Jyoti ^a   Kaur, Inderpreet ^b  

^a MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND STUDIES   (India)

^b GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Cadmium poisoning; Cadmium removal; Carbon based nanosorbents; Nanomaterials; Purification; Water pollution

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM; CARBON NANOCOMPOSITE; CARBON NANOTUBE; GRAPHENE; MULTI WALLED NANOTUBE; NANOCOMPOSITE; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; CARBON; NANOMATERIAL; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANT;

CADMIUM; NANOTECHNOLOGY; REMOVAL EXPERIMENT; SORPTION; WASTEWATER; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT;

ADSORPTION; CADMIUM POISONING; CHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS; HEALTH HAZARD; HEAVY METAL REMOVAL; HUMAN; ION EXCHANGE; ISOTHERM; REVIEW; WASTE WATER; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; CHEMISTRY; PROCEDURES; SEWAGE; WATER POLLUTANT;

ADSORPTION; CADMIUM; CADMIUM POISONING; CARBON; HUMANS; NANOSTRUCTURES; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84928987137     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.024     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Akesson, A. 2011 Cadmium exposure in the environment: Renal effects and the benchmark dose. Encycl. Environ. Health 49 (4), 465-473.
2. Akoteyon, I. S. 2012 Evaluation of ground water quality using contamination index in parts of Alimosho, Lagos-Nigeria. Am. Acad. Scho. Res. J. 4 (4), 1-6.
3. Ambedkar, G. & Muniyan, M. 2012 Analysis of heavy metals in water, sediments and selected freshwater fish collected from Gadilam river, Tamilnadu, India. Int. J. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2 (2), 25-30.
4. Amin, N., Hussain, A., Alamzeb, S. & Begum, S. 2013 Accumulation of heavy metals in edible parts of vegetables irrigated with waste water and their daily intake to adults and children, District Mardan, Pakistan. Food Chem. 136 (3-4), 1515-1523.
5. Ando, Y., Zhao, X., Sugai, T. & Kumar, M. 2004 Growing carbon nanotubes. Mat. Today 7 (10), 22-29.
6. Annadurai, G. & Krishnan, M. R. V. 1997 Batch equilibrium adsorption of reactive dye on to natural biopolymer. Iranian Poly. J. 6 (3), 169-172.
7. Balasubramanian, K. & Burghard, M. 2005 Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes. Small 1 (2), 180-192.
8. Bhunia, P., Kim, G., Baik, C. & Lee, H. 2012 A strategically designed porous iron-iron oxide matrix on graphene for heavy metal adsorption. Chem. Commun. 48, 9888-9890.
9. Bolan, N. S., Makino, T., Kunhikrishnan, A., Kim, P., Ishikawa, S., Murakami, M., Naidu, R. & Kirkham, M. B. 2013 Chapter four-cadmium contamination and its risk management in rice ecosystems. Adv. Agronomy 119, 183-273.
10. Chantawong, V., Harvey, N. W. & Bashkin, V. N. 2003 Comparison of heavy metal adsorptions by Thaikaolin and ball clay. Water Air Soil Pollut. 148, 111-125.
11. Charerntanyarak, L. 1999 Heavy metals removal by chemical coagulation and precipitation. Water Sci. Technol. 39 (10-11), 135-138.
12. Chawla, J. & Kumar, A. 2013 Ranking carbon-based nanomaterials using cytotoxicity to minimize public health risks. Int. J. Environ. Eng. Manage. 4 (4), 301-308.
13. Chawla, J. & Kumar, A. 2014 Reducing the toxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes using surface modification strategy. (N. Janardhana Raju, Wolfgang Gossel, A. L. Ramanathan and M. Sudhakar, eds). Management of Natural Resources in the Changing Environment. Capital Publishing, New Delhi, pp. 176-188.
14. Ciarrocca, M., Capozzella, A., Tomei, F., Tomei, G. & Caciari, T. 2013 Exposure to cadmium in male urban and rural workers and effects on FSH, LH and testosterone. Chemosphere 90 (7), 2077-2084.
15. Cimino, G., Passerini, A. & Toscano, G. 2000 Removal of toxic cations and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by hazelnut shell. Water Res. 34 (11), 2955-2962.
16. Dabrowski, A., Hubicki, Z., Podkoscielny, P. & Robens, E. 2004 Selective removal of the heavy metal ions from waters and industrial wastewaters by ion-exchange method. Chemosphere 56 (2), 91-106.
17. Demirbas, E., Kobya, M., Oncel, S. & Sencan, S. 2002 Removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto hazelnut shell activated carbon: equilibrium studies. Bioresour. Technol. 84 (1), 291-293.
18. Demirbas, E., Kobya, M., Senturk, E. & Ozkan, T. 2004 Adsorption kinetics for the removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions on the activated carbons prepared from agricultural wastes. Water S.A. 30 (4), 533-539.
19. Deng, J. H., Zhang, X. R., Zeng, G. M., Gong, J. L., Niu, Q. Y. & Liang, J. 2013 Simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and ionic dyes from aqueous solution using magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite as an adsorbent. Chem. Eng. J. 226 (1), 189-200.
20. Deng, X., Lu, L., Li, H. & Luo, F. 2010 The adsorption properties of Pb(II) and Cd(II) on functionalized graphene prepared by electrolysis method. J. Hazard. Mater. 183 (1-3), 923-930.
21. EPA 2008 The Provision and Quality of Drinking Water in Ireland: A Report for the Year. Environmental Protection Agency, 102 pp.
22. Feng, J., Sui, J., Cai, W. & Gao, Z. 2008 Microstructure and mechanical properties of carboxylated carbon nanotubes/poly(L-lactic acid) composite. J. Compos. Mater. 42, 1587-1595.
23. Firme, C. P. & Bandaru, P. R. 2010 Toxicity issues in the application of carbon nanotubes to biological systems. Nanomedicine 6 (2), 245-256.
24. Foldvari, M. & Bagonluri, M. 2008 Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: II. Drug delivery and biocompatibility issues. Nanomedicine 4, 183-200.
25. Fowler, B. A. 2009 Monitoring of human populations for early markers of cadmium toxicity: A review. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 238 (3), 294-300.
26. Freundlich, H. M. F. 1906 Over the adsorption in solution. J. Phys. Chem. 57, 385-470.
27. Fu, F. & Wang, Q. 2011 Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: A review. J. Environ. Manage. 92 (3), 407-418.
28. Gao, Z., Bandosz, T. J., Zhao, Z., Han, M. & Qiu, J. 2009 Investigation of factors affecting adsorption of transition metals on oxidized carbon nanotubes. J. Hazard. Mater. 167 (1-3), 357-365.
29. Gauden, P. A., Terzyk, A. P., Rychlicki, G., Kowalczyk, P., Lota, K., Raymundo-Pinero, E., Frackowiak, E. & Beguin, F. 2006 Thermodynamic properties of benzene adsorbed in activated carbons and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem. Phys. Lett. 421 (4-6) 409-414.
30. Ghodbane, I., Nouri, L., Hamdaoui, O. & Chiha, M. 2007 Kinetic and equilibrium study for the adsorption of cadmium(II) ions from aqueous phase by eucalyptus bark. J. Hazard. Mater. 152 (1), 148-158.
31. Ghorbani, M. & Eisazadeh, H. 2013 Removal of COD, color, anions and heavy metals from cotton textile wastewater by using polyaniline and polypyrrole nanocomposites coated on rice husk ash. Composites B: Eng. 45 (1), 1-7.
32. Hall, K. R., Eagleton, L. C., Axerivos, A. & Vermeuleu, T. 1966 Pore and solid diffusion kinetics in fixed bed adsorption under constant pattern conditions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fun Fam. 5 (2), 212-216.
33. Han, N. & Ho, J. C. 2014 3-One-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Energy Applications. Nanocrystalline Materials, 2nd edn, Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 75-120.
34. Horiguchi, H., Oguma, E., Sasaki, S., Miyamoto, K., Ikeda, Y., Machida, M. & Kayama, F. 2004 Comprehensive study of the effects of age, iron deficiency, diabetes mellitus, and cadmium burden on dietary cadmium absorption in cadmium-exposed female Japanese farmers. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 196 (1), 114-123.
35. 3particles. J. Univ. Sci. Tech. Beijing, Min. Metall. Mat. 14 (1), 77-84.
36. Hu, J., Chen, G. H. & Lo, I. M. C. 2006 Selective removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater using maghemite nanoparticle: Performance and mechanisms. J. Environ. Eng. 132 (7), 709-715.
37. Hua, M., Zhang, S., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Lv, L. & Zhang, Q. 2012 Heavy metal removal from water/wastewater by nanosized metal oxides: A review. J. Hazard. Mater. 211-212 (1), 317-331.
38. Hutton, M. & Symon, C. 1986 The quantities of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic entering the U.K. environment from human activities. Sci. Total Environ. 57, 129-150.
39. Igwilo, I. O., Afonne, O. J., Maduabuchi, U. J. & Orisakwe, O. E. 2006 Toxicological study of the Anam river in Otuocha, Anambra state, Nigeria. Archi. Environ. Occupat. Health 61 (5), 205-208.
40. Iijima, S. 1991 Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354, 56-58.
41. Iijima, S. & Ichihashi, T. 1993 Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 363, 603-605.
42. Jarup, L. & Akesson, A. 2009 Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 238 (3), 201-208.
43. John, S. & Santhi, S. 1994 Electroplated cobalt-cadmium selective solar absorbers. Solar Energy Mat. Solar Cells 33 (4), 505-516.
44. Kabbashi, N. A., Daoud, J. I., Isam, Y. Q., Mirghami, M. E. S. & Rosli, N. F. 2011 Statistical analysis for removal of cadmium from aqueous solution at high pH. Aust. J. Bas. App. Sci. 5 (6), 440-446.
45. 2+from aqueous solution. Adv. Environ. Res. 7 (2), 471-478.
46. Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z. & Zhu, Y. G. 2008 Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ. Pollut. 152 (3), 686-692.
47. Khani, H. & Moradi, O. 2013 Influence of surface oxidation on the morphological and crystallographic structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes via different oxidants. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 3, 73-80.
48. Khaydarov, R. A., Khaydarov, R. R. & Gapurova, O. 2010 Water purification from metal ions using carbon nanoparticle-conjugated polymer nanocomposites. Water Res. 44 (6), 1927-1933.
49. Koble, R. A. & Corrigan, T. E. 1952 Adsorption isotherms for pure hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem. 44, 383-387.
50. Kolosnjaj, T. J., Hartman, K. B. & Boudjemaa, S. 2010 In vivo behavior of large doses of ultrashort and full-length single-walled carbon nanotubes after oral and intraperitoneal administration to Swiss mice. Am. Chem. Soc. Nano. 4 (3), 1481-1492.
51. Kosa, S. A., Zhrania, G. A. & Salam, M. A. 2012 Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with 8-hydroxyquinoline. Chem. Eng. J. 181-182, 159-168.
52. Krishna, K. S., Li, Y., Li, S. & Kumar, C. S. S. R. 2013 Lab-on-a-chip synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and quantum dots for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 65(11-12), 1470-1495.
53. Kumar, R. & Chawla, J. 2014 Removal of cadmium ion from water/wastewater by nano-metal oxides: A review. Water Qual. Exp. Health 5 (4), 215-226.
54. Lagergren, S. 1898 About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances. K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handlingar Band 24 (1), 1-39.
55. Lambert, R., Grant, C. & Sauve, S. 2007 Cadmium and zinc in soil solution extracts following the application of phosphate fertilizers. Sci. Total Environ. 378 (3), 293-305.
56. Langmuir, I. 1918 The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40 (9), 1361-1403.
57. Lee, J. S. & Jang, J. 2014 Hetero-structured semiconductor nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20 (2), 363-371.
58. Li, Q. S., Chen, Y., Fu, H. B., Cui, Z., Shi, L., Wang, L. L. & Liu, Z. F. 2012 Health risk of heavy metals in food crops grown on reclaimed tidal flat soil in the Pearl River Estuary, China. J. Hazard. Mater. 227-228, 148-154.
59. 2+from aqueous solution. Sep. Purif. Technol. 55 (1), 69-75.
60. 2+ions from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 41 (14), 2787-2792.
61. Li, Y. H., Wang, S., Luan, Z., Ding, J., Xu, C. & Wu, D. 2003b Adsorption of cadmium(II) from aqueous solution by surface oxidized carbon nanotubes. Carbon 41 (5), 1057-1062.
62. Li, Y. H., Wang, S., Zhang, X., Wei, J., Xu, C., Luan, Z. & Wu, D. 2003c Adsorption of fluoride from water by aligned carbon nanotubes. Mater. Res. Bull. 38 (3) 469-476.
63. Li, Y. H., Di, Z., Luan, Z. K., Ding, J., Zuo, H., Wu, X. Q., Xu, C. L. & Wu, D. H. 2004 Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by carbon nanotubes: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics. J. Environ. Sci. 16 (2), 208-211.
64. Lo, S. F., Wang, S. Y., Tsai, M. J. & Lin, L. D. 2012 Adsorption capacity and removal efficiency of heavy metal ions by Moso and Ma bamboo activated carbons. Chem. Eng. Res. Design 90 (9), 1397-1406.
65. 2functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. J. 225, 406-415.
66. 2+ions on microporous titanosilicate ETS-10. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 287 (1), 178-184.
67. 2+) administered via osmotic minipumps to gravid Cf-1 mice. Toxicol. Lett. 76 (3), 195-202.
68. Martinis, E. M., Olsina, R. A., Altamirano, J. C. & Wuilloud, R. G. 2009 On-line ionic liquid-based preconcentration system coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry for trace cadmium determination in plastic food packaging materials. Talanta 78 (3), 857-862.
69. Memon, S. Q., Memon, N., Shaw, S. W., Khuhawar, M. Y. & Bhanger, M. I. 2007 Saw dust - A green economical sorbent for the removal of cadmium(II) ions. J. Hazard. Mater. 139 (1), 116-121.
70. Mhiaoui, S., Sar, F. & Gasser, J. G. 2003 Influence of the history of a melt on the electrical resistivity of cadmium-antimony liquid alloys. Intermetallics 11 (11-12), 1377-1382.
71. Moradi, O. 2011 The removal of ions by functionalized carbon nanotube: equilibrium, isotherms and thermodynamic studies. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 25 (2), 229-240.
72. Moradi, O. & Zare, K. 2011 Adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution onto SWCNTs and SWCNT - COOH surfaces: Kinetics study. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct. 19, 628-652.
73. Moradi, O., Aghaie, M., Zare, K., Monajjemi, M. & Aghaie, H. 2009 The study of adsorption characteristics Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions onto PHEMA and P(MMA-HEMA) surfaces from aqueous single solution. J. Hazard. Mater. 170, 673-679.
74. Moradi, O., Zare, K., Monajjemi, M., Yari, M. & Aghaie, H. 2010 The studies of equilibrium and thermodynamic adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution onto SWCNTs and SWCNT - COOH surfaces. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct. 18 (3), 285-302.
75. Moradi, O., Zare, K. & Yari, M. 2011 Interaction of some heavy metal ions with single walled carbon nanotube. Int. J. Nano. Dim. 1 (3), 203-220.
76. Moradi, O., Yari, M., Zare, K., Mirza, B. & Najafi, F. 2012 Carbon nanotubes: A review of chemistry principles and reactions. Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct. 20 (2), 138-151.
77. Nabid, M. R., Sedghi, R., Bagheri, A., Behbahani, M., Taghizadeh, M., Oskooie, H. A. & Heravi, M. M. 2012 Preparation and application of poly(2-amino thiophenol)/MWCNTs nanocomposite for adsorption and separation of cadmium and lead ions via solid phase extraction. J. Hazard. Mater. 203-204, 93-100.
78. Najafi, F., Norouzi, M., Zare, K. & Fakhri, A. 2013 Removal of ethidium bromide by carbon nanotube in aqueous solution: isotherms, equilibrium mechanism studies, and its comparison with nanoscale of zero valent iron as adsorbent. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 3, 60-66.
79. Ngomsik, A. F., Bee, A., Draye, M., Cote, G. & Cabuil, V. 2005 Magnetic nano- and microparticles for metal removal and environmental applications: a review. C.R. Chim. 8 (6), 963-970.
80. Ok, Y. S., Usman, A. R. A., Lee, S. S., Abd El-Azeem, S. A. M., Choi, B., Hashimoto, Y. & Yang, J. E. 2011 Effects of rapeseed residue on lead and cadmium availability and uptake by rice plants in heavy metal contaminated paddy soil. Chemosphere 85 (4), 677-682.
81. Panda, G. C., Das, S. K., Chatterjee, S., Maity, P. B., Bandopadhyay, T. S. & Guha, A. K. 2006 Adsorption of cadmium on husk of Lathyrus sativus: Physico-chemical study. Colloid Surf. B Biointerfaces 50 (1), 49-54.
82. 2+onto carbon-based materials, a comparative study. Microchimica Acta 169, 7-13.
83. Qdais, H. A. & Moussa, H. 2004 Removal of heavy metals from wastewater by membrane processes: a comparative study. Desalination 164 (2), 105-110.
84. Ramana, D. K. V., Yu, J. S. & Seshaiah, K. 2013 Silver nanoparticles deposited multiwalled carbon nanotubes for removal of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from water: Surface, kinetic, equilibrium, and thermal adsorption properties. Chem. Eng. J. 223 (1), 806-815.
85. Rao, K. S., Mohapatra, M., Anand, S. & Venkateswarlu, P. 2010 Review on cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. Int. Eng. Sci. Tech. 2 (7), 81-103.
86. Salam, M. A. 2013 Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions with multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10 (4), 677-688.
87. Salam, M. A., Makki, M. S. I. & Abdelaal, M. Y. A. 2011 Preparation and characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan nanocomposite and its application for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. J. Alloy. Comp. 509 (5), 2582-2587.
88. Salam, M. A., Zhrani, G. A. & Kosa, S. A. 2012 Simultaneous removal of copper(II), lead(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Comp. Rend. Chim. 15 (5), 398-408.
89. Sankararamakrishnan, N., Jaiswal, M. & Verma, N. 2014 Composite nanofloral clusters of carbon nanotubes and activated alumina: An efficient sorbent for heavy metal removal. Chem. Eng. J. 235 (1), 1-9.
90. Shamsudin, M. S., Mohammad, M., Zobir, S. A. M., Asli, N. A., Bakar, S. A., Abdullah, S., Yahya, S. Y. S. & Mahmood, M. R. 2013 Synthesis and nucleation-growth mechanism of almost catalyst-free carbon nanotubes grown from Fe-filled spherelike graphene-shell surface. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 3, 13-24.
91. Sharma, A. & Bhattacharyya, K. G. 2005 Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf powder as a biosorbent for removal of Cd(II) from aqueous medium. J. Hazard. Mater. 125 (1-3), 102-112.
92. Sheikh, A. H. E. 2008 Effect of oxidation of activated carbon on its enrichment efficiency of metal ions: comparison with oxidized and non-oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Talanta 75 (1), 127-134.
93. Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. & Marshall, F. M. 2010 Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48 (2) 611-619.
94. Singh, R. P. & Agrawal, M. 2010 Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 73 (4), 632-641.
95. Sud, D., Mahajan, G. & Kaur, M. P. 2008 Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions - A review. Bioresource Technol. 99 (14), 6017-6027.
96. Swaddiwudhipong, W., Limpatanachote, P., Mahasakpan, P., Krintratun, S., Punta, B. & Funkhiew, T. 2012 Progress in cadmium-related health effects in persons with high environmental exposure in northwestern Thailand: A five-year follow-up. Environ. Res. 112, 194-198.
97. Tadjarodi, A., Imani, M. & Kerdari, H. 2013 Adsorption kinetics, thermodynamic studies, and high performance of CdO cauliflower-like nanostructure on the removal of Congo red from aqueous solution. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 3 (1), 1-8.
98. Tan, G. & Xiao, D. 2009 Adsorption of cadmium ion from aqueous solution by ground wheat stems. J. Hazard. Mater. 164 (2-3), 1359-1363.
99. Tehrani, M. S., Azar, P. A., Namin, P. E. & Dehaghi, S. M. 2013 Removal of lead ions from wastewater using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. J. Environ. Protec. 4 (6), 529-536.
100. 2+sorption of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Chemosphere 89 (11), 1316-1322.
101. Tofighy, M. A. & Mohammadi, T. 2011 Adsorption of divalent heavy metal ions from water using carbon nanotube sheets. J. Hazard. Mater. 185 (15), 140-147.
102. Velickovic, Z. S., Bajic, Z. J., Ristic, M. D., Djokic, V. R., Marinkovic, A. D., Uskokovic, P. S. & Vurna, M. M. 2013 Modification of multi-wall carbon nanotubes for the removal of cadmium, lead and arsenic from wastewater. Digest J. Nanomat. Biostr. 8 (2), 501-511.
103. Vukovic, G. D., Marinkovic, A. D., Colic, M., Ristic, M. crossed D sign., Aleksic, R., Peric-Grujic, A. A. & Uskokovic, P. S. 2010 Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by oxidized and ethylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem. Eng. J. 157 (1), 238-248.
104. Vukovic, G. D., Marinkovic, A. D., Skapin, S. D., Ristic, M. crossed D sign., Aleksic, R., Peric-Grujic, A. A. & Uskokovic, P. S. 2011 Removal of lead from water by amino modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem. Eng. J. 173 (3), 855-865.
105. Waalkes, M. 2003 Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 533, 107-120.
106. Waalkes, M. P. 2000 Cadmium carcinogenesis in review. J. Inorg. Biochem. 79 (1-4), 241-244.
107. Wang, H. J., Zhou, A. L., Peng, F., Yu, H. & Chen, L. F. 2007 Adsorption characteristic of acidified carbon nanotubes for heavy metal Pb(II) in aqueous solution. Mat. Sci. Eng. A. 466 (1-2), 201-206.
108. Wang, M., Qu, R., Sun, C., Yin, P. & Chen, H. 2013 Dynamic adsorption behavior and mechanism of transition metal ions on silica gels functionalized with hydroxyl- or aminoterminated polyamines. Chem. Eng. J. 221, 264-274.
109. Wang, X., Jia, G. & Wang, H. 2009 Diameter effects on cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 9 (5), 3025-3033.
110. Wang, X. B., Cai, W. P., Lin, Y. X., Wang, G. Z. & Liang, C. H. 2010 Mass production of micro/nanostructured porous ZnO plates and their strong structurally enhanced and selective adsorption performance for environmental remediation. J. Mat. Chem. 20 (39), 8582-8590.
111. Weber, W. J. & Morris, J. C. 1963 Intraparticle diffusion during the sorption of surfactants onto activated carbon. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. 89 (1), 53-61.
112. WHO 2008 Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality: Recommendations, vol. 1, 3rd edn, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
113. Wildgoose, G., Banks, C., Leventis, H. & Compton, R. 2006 Chemically modified carbon nanotubes for use in electroanalysis. Microchim. Acta 152 (3-4), 187-214.
114. Wu, X., Liang, Y., Jin, T., Ye, T., Kong, Q., Wang, Z., Lei, L., Bergdahl, I. A. & Nordberg, G. F. 2008 Renal effects evolution in a Chinese population after reduction of cadmium exposure in rice. Environ. Res. 108 (2), 233-238.
115. Xiao, Z. H., Zhang, R., Chen, X. Y., Li, X. L. & Zhou, T. F. 2012 Magnetically recoverable Ni@carbon nanocomposites: Solid-state synthesis and the application as excellent adsorbents for heavy metal ions. Appl. Surf. Sci. 263, 795-803.
116. 2coated carbon nanotubes by using ETAAS. Desalination 278 (1-3), 65-69.
117. Yang, K. & Xing, B. S. 2007 Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons from carbon nanomaterials in water. Environ. Pollut. 145 (2), 529-537.
118. Yang, S., Guo, Z., Sheng, G. & Wang, X. 2012 Investigation of the sequestration mechanisms of Cd(II) and 1-naphthol on discharged multi-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous environment. Sci. Total Environ. 420 (1), 214-221.
119. Yin, Y. F., Mays, T. & McEnaney, B. 1999 Adsorption of nitrogen in carbon nanotube arrays. Langmuir 15 (25), 8714-8718.
120. Zhao, G., Li, J., Ren, X., Chen, C. & Wang, X. 2011a Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (24), 10454-10462.
121. Zhao, X., Lv, L., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. 2011b Polymer-supported nanocomposites for environmental application: A review. Chem. Eng. J. 170 (2-3), 381-394.