Association of high blood pressure with body mass index, smoking and physical activity in healthy young adults

Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 5-17

  Papathanasiou, George ^a   Zerva, Efthimia ^b   Zacharis, Ioannis ^b   Papandreou, Maria ^b   Papageorgiou, Effie ^b   Tzima, Christina ^c   Georgakopoulos, Dimitris ^d   Evangelou, Angelos ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WEST ATTICA   (Greece)

^b TEI of Athens ^*  (Greece)

^c UNIVERSITY OF IOANNINA   (Greece)

^d AGHIA SOPHIA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Greece)

Author keywords

Blood pressure; Body mass index; Obesity; Physical activity; Risk factors; Smoking

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; COHORT ANALYSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MULTICENTER STUDY; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SMOKING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84928892519     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18741924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874192401509010005     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. World Health Organization. Raised blood pressure. Situations and trends. Geneva 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence:text/en/ (12 December 2013, date last accessed).
2. World Health Organization. A global brief on hypertension. Silent killer, global public health crisis. Geneva 2013. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79059/1/WHO_DCO_WHD_2013.2_eng.pdf?ua=1 (16 January 2014, date last accessed).
3. Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA 2013; 310(9): 959-68.
4. World Health Organization. World health statistics. A snapshot of global health. Geneva 2012. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70889/1/WHO_IER_HSI_12.1_eng.pdf?ua=1 (16 January 2014, date last accessed).
5. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013; 34(28): 2159-219.
6. Strong K, Mathers C, Leeder S, Beaglehole R. Preventing chronic disease: how many lives can we save? Lancet 2005; 366(9496): 1578-82.
7. Kokkinos PF, Giannelou A, Manolis A, Pittaras A. Physical activity in the prevention and management of high blood pressure. Hellenic J Cardiol 2009; 50(1): 52-9.
8. Efstratopoulos AD, Voyaki SM, Baltas AA, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Hellas, Greece: the Hypertension Study in General Practice in Hellas (HYPERTENSHELL) national study. Am J Hypertens 2006; 19(1): 53-60.
9. Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, Naska A, Lenas D, Trichopoulos D, Trichopoulou A. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in a general population sample of 26,913 adults in the Greek EPIC study. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33(6): 1345-52.
10. European Union. Special eurobarometer on sports and physical activity. Eurobarometer 334, 2010. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_334_en.pdf (12 December 2013, date last accessed).
11. European Union. Special Eurobarometer on Tobacco. Eurobarometer 332, 2010. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/ health/tobacco/docs/ebs332_en.pdf (24 January 2011, date last accessed).
12. Kapantais E, Tzotzas T, Ioannidis I, et al. First national epidemiological survey on the prevalence of obesity and abdominal fat distribution in Greek adults. Ann Nutr Metab 2006; 50(4): 330-8.
13. Tzotzas T, Kapantais E, Tziomalos K, et al. Epidemiological survey for the prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity in Greek adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16(7): 1718-22.
14. Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Circulation 2008; 117: 3171–80.
15. Papathanasiou G, Georgoudis G, Papandreou M, et al. Reliability Measures of the Short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in Greek young adults. hellenic J Cardiol 2009; 50: 283-94.
16. Papathanasiou G, Georgoudis G, Georgakopoulos D, Katsouras C, Kalfakakou V, Evangellou A. Criterion-Related Validity of IPAQ-short Against exercise capacity in young adults. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010; 17: 380-6.
17. Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet 2005; 366(9492): 1197-209.
18. Gooding HC, McGinty S, Richmond TK, Gillman MW, Field AE. Hypertension awareness and control among young adults in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. J Gen Intern Med 2014; 29(8): 1098-104.
19. Kastorini CM, Milionis HJ, Goudevenos JA, Panagiotakos DB. Mediterranean diet and coronary heart disease: is obesity a link? A systematic review. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20(7): 536-51.
20. Kokkinos P, Panagiotakos DB, Polychronopoulos E. Dietary Influences on Blood Pressure: The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on the Prevalence of Hypertension Body mass index and blood pressure. J Clin Hypertensive (Greenwich) 2005; 7(3): 165-72.
21. World Health Organization. Fact Sheet No 311. Obesity and overweight. Geneva 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/ (18 November 2013, date last accessed)
22. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases. Obesity - data and statistics. Geneva 2013. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity/data-and-statistics (16 January 2014, date last accessed)
23. Martins D, Tareen N, Pan D, Norris K. The relationship between body mass index, blood pressure and pulse rate among normotensive and hypertensive participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2003; 49(8): 1305-9.
24. Saely CH, Riscb L, Frey F, et al. Body mass index, blood pressure and serum cholesterol in young Swiss men: an analysis on 56784 army conscripts. Swiss Med Wkly 2009; 139(35-36): 518-24.
25. Jebb SA, Rennie KL, Cole TJ. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among young people in Great Britain. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7(3): 461-5.
26. Savva SC, Kourides YA, Hadjigeorgioua C, Tornaritis MJ. Overweight and obesity prevalence and trends in children and adolescents in Cyprus 2000-2010. Obesity Res Clin Pract 2013; ORCP-348, article in press.
27. Mensink GBM, Schienkiewitz A, Haftenberger M, Lampert T, Ziese T, Scheidt-Nave C. Overweight and obesity in Germany. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheits for schung Gesundheitsschutz 2013; 56(5-6): 786-94.
28. Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. 12th ed. Philadelphia PA: Saunders-Elsevier 2011.
29. Thethi T, Kamiyama M, Kobori H. The link between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and renal injury in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14(2): 160-9.
30. Marcus Y, Shefer G, Stern N. Adipose tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and progression of insulin resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 378: 1-14.
31. Boden G. Obesity, insulin resistance and free fatty acids. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18(2): 139-43.
32. Karpe F, Dickmann JR, Frayn KN. Fatty acids, obesity and insulin resistance: time for a reevaulation. Diabetes 2011; 60: 2441-9.
33. Kim F, Tysseling KA, Rice J, et al. Free fatty acid impairment of nitric oxide production in endothelial cells is mediated by IKKβ. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 989-94.
34. Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286(5): H1597-602.
35. Rahmouni K, Correia MLG, Haynes WG, Mark AL. Obesity-associated hypertension: new insights into mechanisms. Hypertension 2005; 45: 9-14.
36. Haynes GW. Role of leptin in obesity-related hypertension. Exp Physiol 2005; 90: 683-8.
37. Grassi G. Leptin, sympathetic nervous system, and baroreflex function. Curr Hypertens Rep 2004; 6(3): 236-40.
38. Punjabi NM. The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008; 5: 136-43.
39. Dopp JM, Reichmuth KJ, Morgan BJ. Obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension: mechanisms, evaluation and management. Curr Hypertens Rep 2007; 9(6): 529-34.
40. Wolk R, Shamsuzzaman AS, Somers VK. Obesity, sleep apnea and hypertension. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1067-74.
41. Oldridge NB. Economic burden of physical inactivity: healthcare costs associated with cardiovascular disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: 130-9.
42. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008. Washington, DC, 2008. Available from: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/report/pdf/CommitteeReport.pdf (12 December 2013, date last accessed).
43. Nocon M, Hiemann T, Muller-Riemenschneider F, Thalau F, Rolland S, Willich SN. Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15: 239-46.
44. Sjöström M, Oja P, Hagströmer M, Smith BJ, Bauman A. Health-enhancing physical activity across European Union countries: the Eurobarometer study. J Public Health 2006; 14: 291-300.
45. Alexopoulos EC, Jelastopulu E, Aronis K, Dougenis D. Cigarette smoking among university students in Greece: a comparison between medical and other students. Environ Health Prev Med 2010; 15: 115-20.
46. Haase A, Steptoe A, Sallis JF, Wardle J. Leisure-time physical activity in university students from 23 countries: associations with health beliefs, risk awareness, and national economic development. Prev Med 2004; 39: 182-90.
47. Charilaou M, Karekla M, Constantinou M, Price S. Relationship between physical activity and type of smoking behavior among adolescents and young adults in Cyprus. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11: 969-76.
48. Skinner JS, Gaskill SE, Rankinen T, et al. Heart rate versus %VO2max: age, sex, race, initial fitness, and training response—HERITAGE. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35(11): 1908-13.
49. Chen J, Das S, Barlow CE, Grundy S, Lakoski SG. Fitness, fatness, and systolic blood pressure: data from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. Am Heart J 2010; 160(1): 166-70.
50. Ekelund U, Luan J, Sherar LB, Esliger DW, Griew P, Cooper A. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. JAMA 2012; 307(7): 704-12.
51. Alomari MA, Keewan EF, Qhatan R, et al. Blood pressure and circulatory relationships with physical activity level in young normotensive individuals: IPAQ validity and reliability considerations. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 33(5): 345-53.
52. Andersen LB. Blood pressure, physical fitness and physical activity in 17-year-old Danish adolescents. J Intern Med 1994; 236(3): 323-9.
53. Aadahl M, Kjaer M, Jørgensen T. Associations between overall physical activity level and cardiovascular risk factors in an adult population. Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22(6): 369-78.
54. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. The effects of exercise on resting blood pressure in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Cardiol 2003; 6(1): 8-16.
55. Gaya AR, Silva P, Martins C, Gaya A, Ribeiro JC, Mota J. Association of leisure time physical activity and sports competition activities with high blood pressure levels: study carried out in a sample of Portuguese children and adolescents. Child Care Health Dev 2011; 37(3): 329-34.
56. Bacon SL, Sherwood A, Hinderliter A, Blumenthal JA. Effects of exercise, diet and weight loss on high blood pressure. Sports Med 2004; 34(5): 307-16.
57. Carnethon MR, Evans NS, Church TS, et al. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension: coronary artery risk development in young adults. Hypertension 2010; 56(1): 49-55.
58. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14(1): 12-7.
59. Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011; 8: 115.
60. Paffenbarger RS, Blair SN, Lee IM, Hyde RT. Measurement of physical activity to assess health effects in free-living populations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 60-70.
61. Tsioufis C, Kyvelou S, Tsiachris D, et al. Relation between physical activity and blood pressure levels in young Greek adolescents: the Leontio Lyceum Study. Eur J Public Health 2011; 21(1): 63-8.
62. Kollias A, Antonodimitrakis P, Grammatikos E, Chatziantonakis N, Grammatikos EE, Stergiou GS. Trends in high blood pressure prevalence in Greek adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 23(6): 385-90.
63. Papathanasiou G, Papandreou M, Galanos A, et al. Smoking and physical activity interrelations in health science students. Is smoking associated with physical inactivity in young adults? Hellenic J Cardiol 2012; 53(1): 17-25.
64. Astrand PO, Rodahl K, Dahl HA, Stromme SB. Textbook of work physiology. Physiological basis of Exercise. Champagne, IL: Human Kinetics 2003.
65. World Health Organization. Report on the global tobacco epidemic. Geneva, 2008. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower report_full_2008.pdf (14 November 2013, date last accessed).
66. Sichletidis LT, Chloros D, Tsiotsios I, et al. High prevalence of smoking in northern Greece. Prim Care Respir J 2006; 15: 92-7.
67. Green MS, Jucha E, luz Y. Blood pressure in smokers and nonsmokers: epidemiologic findings. Am Heart J 1986; 111: 932-40.
68. Sandvik L, Eriksen G, Thaulow E. Long term effects of smoking on physical fitness and lung function: a longitudinal study of 1393 middle aged Norwegian men for seven years. BMJ 1995; 311: 715-8.
69. Okubo Y, Miyamoto Y, Suwazono Y, Kobayashi E, Nogawa K. An association between smoking habits and blood pressure in normotensive Japan men. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16: 91-6.
70. Liu K, Ruth KJ, Flack JM, et al. Blood pressure in young black and whites: relevance of obesity and life style factors in determining differences. The CARDIA Study. Circulation 1996; 93: 60-6.
71. Primatesta P, Falascheti E, Gupta S, Marmot MG, Poulter NR. Association between smoking and blood pressure. Evidence from the Health Survey for England. Hypertension 2001; 37: 187-93.
72. Bolinder G, Faire U. Ambulatory 24h blood pressure monitoring in healthy, middle aged smokeless tobacco users, smokers, and nontobacco users. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 1153-63.
73. Vriz O, Nesbitt S, Krause L, et al. Smoking is associated with higher cardiovascular risk in young women than in men: the Tecumseh Blood Pressure Study. J Hypertens 1997; 15: 127-34.
74. Mahmud A, Feely J. Effect of smoking on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure amplification. Hypertension 2003; 41: 183-7.
75. Kim JW, Park CG, Hong SJ, et al. Acute and chronic effects of cigarette smoking on arterial stiffness. Blood Press 2005; 14: 80-5.
76. Benowitz NL, Gourlay SG. Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for nicotine replacement therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 1422-31.
77. Lucini D, Bertocchi F, Malliani A, Pagani M. A controlled study of the autonomic changes produced by habitual cigarette smoking in healthy subjects. Cardiovascular Res 1996; 31: 633-9.
78. Niedermaier ON, Smith ML, Beightol LA, Zukowska-Grojec Z, Goldstein DS, Eckberg DL. Influence of cigarette smoking on human autonomic function. Circulation 1993; 88: 562-71.
79. Hayano J, Yamada M, Sakakibara Y, et al. Short and long-term effects of cigarette smoking on heart rate variability. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 84-8.