A geometric morphometric analysis of hominin lower molars: Evolutionary implications and overview of postcanine dental variation

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 82, Issue , 2015, Pages 34-50

  Gómez Robles, Aida ^a   Bermúdez de Castro, José María ^b   Martinón Torres, María ^b   Prado Simón, Leyre ^c   Arsuaga, Juan Luis ^d  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CENTRO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LA EVOLUCIÓN HUMANA CENIEH   (Spain)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^d INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

Author keywords

Atapuerca; Dental anthropology; European middle pleistocene; Generalized procrustes analysis; Homo antecesor; Homo heidelbergensis; Neanderthals; Sima de los huesos

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; ANTHROPOLOGY; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; HOMINID; MORPHOMETRY; NEANDERTHAL; PLEISTOCENE; TOOTH;

HOMO ANTECESSOR; HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS;

AFRICA; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; ASIA; CANINE TOOTH; CLASSIFICATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EUROPE; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; HISTORY; HOMINID; MOLAR TOOTH;

AFRICA; ANIMALS; ASIA; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; CLASSIFICATION; CUSPID; EUROPE; FOSSILS; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HOMINIDAE; MOLAR;

EID: 84928704695     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.013     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Arnold L.J., Demuro M., Parés J.M., Arsuaga J.L., Aranburu A., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. Luminescence dating and palaeomagnetic age constraint on hominins from Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca. Spain. J. Hum. Evol. 2014, 67:85-107.
2. Arsuaga J.L., Martínez I., Gracia A., Lorenzo C. The Sima de los Huesos crania (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). A comparative study. J.Hum. Evol. 1997, 33:219-281.
3. Arsuaga J.L., Martínez I., Lorenzo C., Gracia A., Muñoz A., Alonso O., Gallego J. The human cranial remains from Gran Dolina Lower Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). J.Hum. Evol. 1999, 37:431-457.
4. Arsuaga J.L., Martínez I., Arnold L.J., Aranburu A., Gracia-Téllez A., Sharp W.D., Quam R.M., Falguères C., Pantoja-Pérez A., Bischoff J., Poza-Rey E., Parés J.M., Carretero J.M., Demuro M., Lorenzo C., Sala N., Martinón-Torres M., García N., Alcázar de Velasco A., Cuenca-Bescós G., Gómez-Olivencia A., Moreno D., Pablos A., Shen C.-C., Rodríguez L., Ortega A.I., García R., Bonmatí A., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. Neandertal roots: cranial and chronological evidence from Sima de los Huesos. Science 2014, 344:1358-1363.
5. Bailey S.E. Acloser look at Neanderthal postcanine dental morphology: I. The mandibular dentition. New Anat. 2002, 269:148-156.
6. Bailey S.E. Neandertal dental morphology: implications for modern human origins 2002, Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University.
7. Bailey S.E. Amorphometric analysis of maxillary molar crowns of Middle-Late Pleistocene hominins. J.Hum. Evol. 2004, 47:183-198.
8. Bailey S.E., Lynch J.M. Diagnostic differences in mandibular P4 shape between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2005, 126:268-277.
9. Bailey S.E., Pilbrow V.C., Wood B.A. Interobserver error involved in independent attempts to measure cusp base areas of Pan M1s. J.Anat. 2004, 205:323-331.
10. Bailey S.E., Weaver T.D., Hublin J.-J. Who made the Aurignacian and other early Upper Paleolithic industries?. J.Hum. Evol. 2009, 57:11-26.
11. Bailey S.E., Skinner M.M., Hublin J.-J. What lies beneath? An evaluation of lower molar trigonid crest patterns based on both dentine and enamel expression. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2011, 145:505-518.
12. Bailey S.E., Benazzi S., Hublin J.-J. Allometry, merism, and tooth shape of the upper deciduous M2 and permanent M1. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2014, 154:104-114.
13. Benazzi S., Coquerelle M., Fiorenza L., Bookstein F., Katina S., Kullmer O. Comparison of dental measurement systems for taxonomic assignment of first molars. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2011, 144:342-354.
14. Benazzi S., Douka K., Fornai C., Bauer C.C., Kullmer O., Svoboda J., Pap I., Mallegni F., Bayle P., Coquerelle M., Condemi S., Ronchitelli A., Harvati K., Weber G.W. Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour. Nature 2011, 479:525-528.
15. Bermúdez de Castro J.M. Third molar agenesis in human prehistoric populations of the. Canary Islands. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1989, 79:207-215.
16. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Nicolás M.E. Posterior dental size reduction in hominids: the Atapuerca evidence. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1995, 96:335-356.
17. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Nicolás M.E. Changes in the lower premolar-size sequence during hominid evolution. Phylogenetic implications. Hum. Evol. 1996, 11:205-215.
18. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Arsuaga J.L., Carbonell E., Rosas A., Martinez I., Mosquera M. Ahominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans. Science 1997, 276:1392-1395.
19. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Rosas A., Carbonell E., Nicolás M.E., Rodríguez J., Arsuaga J.L. Amodern human pattern of dental development in Lower Pleistocene hominids from Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1999, 96:4210-4213.
20. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Rosas A., Nicolás M.E. Dental remains from Atapuerca-TD6 (Gran Dolina site, Burgos, Spain). J.Hum. Evol. 1999, 37:523-566.
21. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Martinón-Torres M., Sarmiento S., Lozano M. Gran Dolina-TD6 versus Sima de los Huesos dental samples from Atapuerca: evidence of discontinuity in the European Pleistocene population?. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2003, 30:1421-1428.
22. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Martinón-Torres M., Sarmiento S., Lozano M., Arsuaga J.L., Carbonell E. Rates of anterior tooth wear in Middle Pleistocene hominins from Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2003, 100:11992-11996.
23. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Martinón-Torres M., Carbonell E., Sarmiento S., Rosas A., Van der Made J., Lozano M. The Atapuerca sites and their contribution to the knowledge of human evolution in Europe. Evol. Anthropol. 2004, 13:25-41.
24. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Pérez-González A., Martinón-Torres M., Gómez-Robles A., Rosell J., Prado L., Sarmiento S., Carbonell E. Anew early Pleistocene hominin mandible from Atapuerca-TD6, Spain. J.Hum. Evol. 2008, 55:729-735.
25. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Martinón-Torres M., Prado L., Gómez-Robles A., Rosell J., López-Polín L., Arsuaga J.L., Carbonell E. New immature hominin fossil from European Lower Pleistocene shows the earliest evidence of a modern human dental development pattern. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107:11739-11744.
26. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carretero J.M., García-González R., Rodríguez-García L., Martinón-Torres M., Rosell J., Blasco R., Martín-Francés L., Modesto M., Carbonell E. Early Pleistocene human humeri from the Gran Dolina-TD6 site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2012, 147:604-617.
27. Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Quam R., Martinón-Torres M., Martínez I., Gracia-Téllez A., Arsuaga J.L., Carbonell E. The medial pterygoid tubercle in the Atapuerca Early and Middle Pleistocene mandibles: Evolutionary implications. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2015, 156:102-109.
28. Bischoff J.L., Shamp D.D., Aramburu A., Arsuaga J.L., Carbonell E., Bermudez de Castro J.M. The Sima de los Huesos hominids date to beyond U/Th equilibrium (>350 kyr) and perhaps to 400-500 kyr: new radiometric dates. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2003, 30:275-280.
29. Bischoff J.L., Williams R.W., Rosenbauer R.J., Aramburu A., Arsuaga J.L., García N., Cuenca-Bescós G. High-resolution U-series dates from the Sima de los Huesos hominids yields 600 kyrs: implications for the evolution of the early Neanderthal lineage. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2007, 34:763-770.
30. Bookstein F.L. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
31. Carbonell E., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Arsuaga J.L., Allue E., Bastir M., Benito A., Cáceres I., Canals T., Díez J.C., van der Made J., Mosquera M., Ollé A., Pérez-González A., Rodríguez J., Rodríguez X.P., Rosas A., Rosell J., Sala R., Vallverdú J., Vergés J.M. An Early Pleistocene hominin mandible from Atapuerca-TD6. Spain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2005, 102:5674-5678.
32. Carretero J.M., Arsuaga J.L., Lorenzo C. Clavicles, scapulae and humeri from the Sima de los Huesos Site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). J.Hum. Evol. 1997, 33:357-408.
33. Carretero J.M., Lorenzo C., Arsuaga J.L. Axial and appendicular skeleton of Homo antecessor. J.Hum. Evol. 1999, 37:459-499.
34. Caumul R., Polly P.D. Phylogenetic and environmental components of morphological variation: skull, mandible, and molar shape in marmots (Marmota, Rodentia). Evolution 2005, 59:2460-2472.
35. Dennell R.W., Martinón-Torres M.a., Bermúdez de Castro J.M. Hominin variability, climatic instability and population demography in Middle Pleistocene Europe. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:1511-1524.
36. Emonet E.-G., Tafforeau P., Chaimanee Y., Guy F., de Bonis L., Koufos G., Jaeger J.-J. Three-dimensional analysis of mandibular dental root morphology in hominoids. J.Hum. Evol. 2012, 62:146-154.
37. Endicott P., Ho S.Y., Stringer C. Using genetic evidence to evaluate four palaeoanthropological hypotheses for the timing of Neanderthal and modern human origins. J.Hum. Evol. 2010, 59:87-95.
38. Freidline S.E., Gunz P., Harvati K., Hublin J.-J. Evaluating developmental shape changes in Homo antecessor subadult facial morphology. J.Hum. Evol. 2013, 65:404-423.
39. García-González R., Carretero J.M., Rodríguez L., Gómez-Olivencia A., Arsuaga J.L., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Martínez I., Lorenzo C. Étude analytique d'une clavicule complète de subadulte d'Homo antecessor (site de Gran Dolina, Sierra d'Atapuerca, Burgos, Espagne). L'Anthropologie 2009, 113.
40. Gharaibeh W.S. Correcting for the effect of orientation in geometric morphometrics studies of side-view images of human heads. Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology 2005, 117-143. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. D.E. Slice (Ed.).
41. Gómez-Olivencia A. Estudios paleobiológicos sobre la columna vertebral y la caja torácica de los humanos fósiles del pleistoceno, con especial referencia a los fósiles de la Sierra de Atapuerca 2009, Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad de Burgos.
42. Gómez-Olivencia A., Carretero J.M., Arsuaga J.L., Rodríguez-García L., García-González R., Martínez I. Metric and morphological study of the upper cervical spine from the Sima de los Huesos site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). J.Hum. Evol. 2007, 53:6-25.
43. Gómez-Olivencia A., Carretero J.M., Lorenzo C., Arsuaga J.L., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E. The costal skeleton of Homo antecessor: preliminary results. J.Hum. Evol. 2010, 59:620-640.
44. Gómez-Robles A. Análisis de la forma dental en la filogenia humana. Tendencias y modelos evolutivos basados en métodos de morfometría geométrica 2010, Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad de Granada.
45. Gómez-Robles A., Polly P.D. Morphological integration in the hominin dentition: evolutionary, developmental, and functional factors. Evolution 2012, 66:1024-1043.
46. Gómez-Robles A., Martinón-Torres M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Margvelashvili A., Bastir M., Arsuaga J.L., Pérez-Pérez A., Estebaranz F., Martínez L.M. Ageometric morphometric analysis of hominin upper first molar shape. J.Hum. Evol. 2007, 53:272-285.
47. Gómez-Robles A., Martinón-Torres M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Prado L., Sarmiento S., Arsuaga J.L. Geometric morphometric analysis of the crown morphology of the lower first premolar of hominins, with special attention to Pleistocene Homo. J.Hum. Evol. 2008, 55:627-638.
48. Gómez-Robles A., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Martinón-Torres M., Prado-Simón L. Crown size and cusp proportions in Homo antecessor upper first molars. A comment on Quam etal. 2009. J.Anat. 2011, 218:258-262.
49. Gómez-Robles A., Martinón-Torres M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Prado-Simón L., Arsuaga J.L. Ageometric morphometric analysis of hominin upper premolars. Shape variation and morphological integration. J.Hum. Evol. 2011, 61:688-702.
50. Gómez-Robles A., Olejniczak A.J., Martinón-Torres M., Prado-Simón L., Bermúdez de Castro J.M. Evolutionary novelties and losses in geometric morphometrics: a practical approach through hominin molar morphology. Evolution 2011, 65:1772-1790.
51. Gómez-Robles A., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Martinón-Torres M., Prado-Simón L., Arsuaga J.L. Ageometric morphometric analysis of hominin upper second and third molars, with particular emphasis on European Pleistocene populations. J.Hum. Evol. 2012, 63:512-526.
52. Gómez-Robles A., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Arsuaga J.-L., Carbonell E., Polly P.D. No known hominin species matches the expected dental morphology of the last common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110:18196-18201.
53. Green R.E., Krause J., Briggs A.W., Maricic T., Stenzel U., Kircher M., Patterson N., Li H., Zhai W., Fritz M.H.-Y., Hansen N.F., Durand E.Y., Malaspinas A.-S., Jensen J.D., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Prüfer K., Meyer M., Burbano H.A., Good J.M., Schultz R., Aximu-Petri A., Butthof A., Höber B., Höffner B., Siegemund M., Weihmann A., Nusbaum C., Lander E.S., Russ C., Novod N., Affourtit J., Egholm M., Verna C., Rudan P., Brajkovic D., Kucan Z., Gusic I., Doronichev V.B., Golovanova L.V., Lalueza-Fox C., de la Rasilla M., Fortea J., Rosas A., Schmitz R.W., Johnson P.L.F., Eichler E.E., Falush D., Birney E., Mullikin J.C., Slatkin M., Nielsen R., Kelso J., Lachmann M., Reich D., Pääbo S. Adraft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 2010, 328:710-722.
54. Grine F.E. Dental evidence for dietary differences in Australopithecus and Paranthropus: a quantitative analysis of permanent molar microwear. J.Hum. Evol. 1986, 15:783-822.
55. Guatelli-Steinberg D., Irish J.D. Early hominin variability in first molar dental trait frequencies. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2005, 128:477-484.
56. Gunz P., Mitteroecker P., Bookstein F. Semilandmarks in three dimensions. Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology 2005, 73-98. Springer, New York. D.E. Slide (Ed.).
57. Hlusko L.J., Maas M.L., Mahaney M.C. Statistical genetics of molar cusp patterning in pedigreed baboons: implications for primate dental development and evolution. J.Exp. Zool. 2004, 302B:268-283.
58. Ho S.Y.W., Phillips M.J., Cooper A., Drummond A.J. Time dependency of molecular rate estimates and systematic overestimation of recent divergence times. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2005, 22:1561-1568.
59. Hublin J.-J. The origins of Neandertals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106:16022-16027.
60. Irish J.D. Ancestral dental traits in recent sub-Saharan Africans and the origins of modern humans. J.Hum. Evol. 1998, 34:81-98.
61. Irish J.D., Guatelli-Steinberg D. Ancient teeth and modern human origins: an expanded comparison of African Plio-Pleistocene and recent world dental samples. J.Hum. Evol. 2003, 45:113-144.
62. Jernvall J. Linking development with generation of novelty in mammalian teeth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2000, 97:2641-2645.
63. Kaifu Y., Baba H., Aziz F., Indriati E., Schrenk F., Jacob T. Taxonomic affinities and evolutionary history of the early Pleistocene hominids of Java: dentognathic evidence. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2005, 128:709-726.
64. Klingenberg C.P., Gidaszewski N.A. Testing and quantifying phylogenetic signals and homoplasy in morphometric data. Syst. Biol. 2010, 59:245-261.
65. Klingenberg C.P. MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2011, 11:353-357.
66. Klingenberg C.P., Marugán-Lobón J. Evolutionary covariation in geometric morphometric data: analyzing integration, modularity, and allometry in a phylogenetic context. Syst. Biol. 2013, 62:591-610.
67. Kondo S., Yamada H. Cusp size variability of the maxillary molariform teeth. Anthropol. Sci. 2003, 111:255-263.
68. Krings M., Stone A., Schmitz R.W., Krainitzki H., Stoneking M., Pääbo S. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 1997, 90:19-30.
69. Krings M., Geisert H., Schmitz R.W., Krainitzki H., Pääbo S. DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the Neandertal type specimen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1999, 96:5581-5585.
70. Kupczik K., Hublin J.-J. Mandibular molar root morphology in Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene and recent Homo sapiens. J.Hum. Evol. 2010, 59:525-541.
71. Lacruz R.S., de Castro J.M.B., Martinón-Torres M., O'Higgins P., Paine M.L., Carbonell E., Arsuaga J.L., Bromage T.G. Facial morphogenesis of the earliest Europeans. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e65199.
72. Lordkipanidze D., Ponce de León M.S., Margvelashvili A., Rak Y., Rightmire G.P., Vekua A., Zollikofer C.P.E. Acomplete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo. Science 2013, 342:326-331.
73. Lorenzo C. Evolución de la mano de los homínidos. Análisis morfológico de los fósiles de la Sierra de Atapuerca 2007, Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
74. Lorenzo C., Arsuaga J.L., Carretero J.M. Hand and foot remains from the Gran Dolina Early Pleistocene site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). J.Hum. Evol. 1999, 37:501-522.
75. Lozano M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Arsuaga J.L. Non-masticatory uses of anterior teeth of Sima de los Huesos individuals (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). J.Hum. Evol. 2008, 55:713-728.
76. Macaluso P.J. Variation in dental remains from Dmanisi, Georgia. Anthropol. Sci. 2010, 118:31-40.
77. Macho G.A., Moggi-Cecchi J. Reduction of maxillary molars in Homo sapiens sapiens: a different perspective. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1992, 87:151-159.
78. Maddux S.D., Franciscus R.G. Allometric scaling of infraorbital surface topography in Homo. J.Hum. Evol. 2009, 56:161-174.
79. Manzi G., Mallegni F., Ascenzi A. Acranium for the earliest Europeans: phylogenetic position of the hominid from Ceprano, Italy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2001, 98:10011-10016.
80. Margvelashvili A. The morphological description of the dental remains from the early Paleolithic site of Dmanisi (Georgia) 2006, M.Sc. Dissertation, Instituto Politécnico de Tomar-Universidade de Trás-os-Montes, Portugal, and Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain.
81. Martínez de Pinillos M., Martinón-Torres M., Skinner M.M., Arsuaga J.L., Gracia-Téllez A., Martínez I., Martín-Francés L., Bermúdez de Castro J.M. Trigonid crests expression in Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos lower molars: internal and external morphological expression and evolutionary inferences. C.R. Palevol 2014, 13:205-221.
82. Martínez I., Arsuaga J.L. The temporal bones from Sima de los Huesos site (1984-1994). J.Hum. Evol. 1997, 33:283-318.
83. Martinón-Torres M. Evolución del aparato dental en homínidos: estudio de los dientes humanos del Pleistoceno de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) 2006, Ph.D. Dissertation, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
84. Martinón-Torres M., Bastir M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Gómez A., Sarmiento S., Muela A., Arsuaga J.L. Hominin lower second premolar morphology: evolutionary inferences through geometric morphometric analysis. J.Hum. Evol. 2006, 50:523-533.
85. Martinón-Torres M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Gómez-Robles A., Arsuaga J.L., Carbonell E., Lordkipanidze D., Manzi G., Margvelashvili A. Dental evidence on the hominin dispersals during the Pleistocene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2007, 104:13279-13282.
86. Martinón-Torres M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Gómez-Robles A., Bastir M., Sarmiento S., Muela A., Arsuaga J.L. Gran Dolina-TD6 and Sima de los Huesos dental samples: preliminary approach to some dental characters of interest for phylogenetic studies. Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution 2007, 65-79. Springer, Berlin. S.E. Bailey, J.-J. Hublin (Eds.).
87. Martinón-Torres M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Gómez-Robles A., Margvelashvili A., Prado L., Lordkipanidze D., Vekua A. Dental remains from Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia): morphological analysis and comparative study. J.Hum. Evol. 2008, 55:249-273.
88. Martinón-Torres M., Bermúdez de Castro J.M., Gómez-Robles A., Prado-Simón L., Arsuaga J.L. Morphological description and comparison of the dental remains from Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos site (Spain). J.Hum. Evol. 2012, 62:7-58.
89. Martinón-Torres M., Spěváčková P., Gracia-Téllez A., Martínez I., Bruner E., Arsuaga J.L., Bermúdez de Castro J.M. Morphometric analysis of molars in a Middle Pleistocene population shows a mosaic of 'modern' and Neanderthal features. J.Anat. 2013, 223:353-363.
90. Meyer M., Kircher M., Gansauge M.-T., Li H., Racimo F., Mallick S., Schraiber J.G., Jay F., Prüfer K., de Filippo C., Sudmant P.H., Alkan C., Fu Q., Do R., Rohland N., Tandon A., Siebauer M., Green R.E., Bryc K., Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Dabney J., Shendure J., Kitzman J., Hammer M.F., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Patterson N., Andrés A.M., Eichler E.E., Slatkin M., Reich D., Kelso J., Pääbo S. Ahigh-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 2012, 338:222-226.
91. Meyer M., Fu Q., Aximu-Petri A., Glocke I., Nickel B., Arsuaga J.-L., Martinez I., Gracia A., de Castro J.M.B., Carbonell E., Pääbo S. Amitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos. Nature 2014, 505:403-406.
92. Moggi-Cecchi J., Boccone S. Maxillary molars cusp morphology of South African australopithecines. Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution 2007, 53-64. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. S.E. Bailey, J.-J. Hublin (Eds.).
93. Moggi-Cecchi J., Grine F.E., Tobias P.V. Early hominid dental remains from members 4 and 5 of the Sterkfontein Formation (1966-1996 excavations): catalogue, individual associations, morphological descriptions and initial metrical analysis. J.Hum. Evol. 2006, 50:239-328.
94. Molnar S. Human tooth wear, tooth function and cultural variability. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1971, 34:175-190.
95. Muttoni G., Scardia G., Kent D.V., Swisher C.C., Manzi G. Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominin sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2009, 286:255-268.
96. Ovchinnikov I.V., Gotherstrom A., Romanova G.P., Kharitonov V.M., Liden K., Goodwin W. Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus. Nature 2000, 404:490-493.
97. Pérez S.I., Bernal V., González P.N. Differences between sliding semi-landmark methods in geometric morphometrics, with an application to human craniofacial and dental variation. J.Anat. 2006, 208:769-784.
98. Rak Y., Kimbel W.H., Hovers E. ANeandertal infant from Amud Cave, Israel. J.Hum. Evol. 1994, 26:313-324.
99. Reich D., Green R.E., Kircher M., Krause J., Patterson N., Durand E.Y., Viola B., Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Johnson P.L., Maricic T., Good J.M., Marques-Bonet T., Alkan C., Fu Q., Mallick S., Li H., Meyer M., Eichler E.E., Stoneking M., Richards M., Talamo S., Shunkov M.V., Derevianko A.P., Hublin J.-J., Kelso J., Slatkin M., Pääbo S. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 2010, 468:1053-1060.
100. Rightmire G.P. Patterns of hominid evolution and dispersal in the Middle Pleistocene. Quatern. Int. 2001, 75:77-84.
101. Rohlf F.J. TpsRelw. TpsSeries 1998, Department of Ecology and Evolution, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York.
102. Rohlf F.J. TpsDig2. TpsSeries 2005, Department of Ecology and Evolution, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York.
103. Rohlf F.J., Slice D. Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Syst. Zool. 1990, 39:40-59.
104. Rosas A., Bermúdez de Castro J.M. The ATD6-5 mandibular specimen from Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Spain). Morphological study and phylogenetic implications. J.Hum. Evol. 1999, 37:567-590.
105. Scott G.R., Turner C.G. The Anthropology of Modern Human Teeth: Dental Morphology and its Variation in Recent Human Populations 1997, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
106. Schwartz J.H., Tattersall I. The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Early Hominids (Genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Orrorin), and Overview 2005, Wiley-Liss, New York.
107. Skinner M.M., Gunz P., Wood B.A., Hublin J.-J. Enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) morphology distinguishes the lower molars of Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. J.Hum. Evol. 2008, 55:979-988.
108. Stringer C. The status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908). Evol. Anthropol. 2012, 21:101-107.
109. Suwa G., Wood B.A., White T.D. Further analysis of mandibular molar crown and cusp areas in Pliocene and early Pleistocene hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1994, 93:407-426.
110. Suwa G., White T.D., Howell F.C. Mandibular postcanine dentition from the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia: crown morphology, taxonomic allocations, and Plio-Pleistocene hominid evolution. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1996, 101:247-282.
111. Takahashi M., Kondo S., Townsend G.C., Kanazawa E. Variability in cusp size of human maxillary molars, with particular reference to the hypocone. Arch. Oral Biol. 2007, 52:1146-1154.
112. Tobias P.V. Olduvai Gorge. The Skulls Endocasts and Teeth of Homo habilis 1991, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
113. Vialet A. La face supérieure et moyenne des hominidés fossiles depuis le Pléistocène inférieur récent 2005, Ph.D. Dissertation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
114. Vialet A. L'évolution de l'homme en Eurasie: nouveaux fossiles, nouveaux outils d'analyse. L'Anthropologie 2009, 113:245-254.
115. Weaver T.D. The meaning of Neandertal skeletal morphology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2009, 106:16028-16033.
116. Weaver T.D., Roseman C.C., Stringer C.B. Were Neandertal and modern human cranial differences produced by natural selection or genetic drift?. J.Hum. Evol. 2007, 53:135-145.
117. Williams B.A., Corruccini R.S. The relationship between crown size and complexity in two collections. Dent. Anthropol. 2007, 20:29-32.
118. Wood B.A., Abbott S.A. Analysis of the dental morphology of Plio-Pleistocene hominids I. Mandibular molars: crown area measurements and morphological traits. J.Anat. 1983, 136:197-219.
119. Wood B., Abbott S.A., Graham S.H. Analysis of the dental morphology of Plio-Pleistocene hominids II. Mandibular molars - study of cusp areas, fissure pattern and cross sectional shape of the crown. J.Anat. 1983, 137:287-314.
120. Zanolli C. Additional evidence for morpho-dimensional tooth crown variation in a new Indonesian H.erectus sample from the Sangiran Dome (Central Java). PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e67233.