Total lobbying: What lobbyists want (and how they try to get it)

Total Lobbying: What Lobbyists Want (And How They Try to Get it)

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-269

  Nownes, Anthony J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928701865     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511840395     Document Type: Book

References (357)

1. Frank R. Baumgartner and Beth L. Leech, Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 33.
2. Lester W. Milbrath, The Washington Lobbyists (Chicago: Rand McNally & Company, 1963).
3. Robert H. Salisbury, "Washington Lobbyists: A Collective Portrait," in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, Second Edition, (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1986), pp. 146-161.
4. Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests, p. 34.
5. Paul A. Sabatier, "The Need for Better Theories," in Paul A. Sabatier (ed.), Theories of the Policy Process (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999), pp. 3-17.
6. Clive S. Thomas, "Introduction: The Study of Interest Groups," in Clive S. Thomas (ed.), Research Guide to U.S. and International Interest Groups (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2004), pp. 1-23.
7. Anthony J. Nownes, Pressure and Power: Organized Interests in American Politics (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001), p. 8.
8. William P. Browne, Groups, Interests, and U.S. Public Policy (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1998), pp. 11-12.
9. Kay Lehman Schlozman and John T. Tierney, Organized Interests and American Democracy (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1986).
10. Jack L. Walker, "The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America," American Political Science Review 77 (1983), 390-406.
11. Robert H. Salisbury, "Interest Representation: The Dominance of Institutions," American Political Science Review 78 (1984), 64-76.
12. Thomas, "Introduction," p. 6.
13. Kevin Phillips, Arrogant Capital: Washington, Wall Street, and the Frustration of American Politics (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1994), p. 33.
14. John R. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress: Lobbying, Contributions, and Influence (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1996), p. 10.
15. Robert J. Hrebenar, Interest Group Politics in America, Third Edition (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1997), p. 17.
16. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 11.
17. Valerie S. Sheridan (ed.), National Directory of Corporate Public Affairs 2004, Twenty-Second Edition (Washington, DC: Columbia Books, Inc. 2004).
18. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 11.
19. Buck Downs (ed.), National Trade and Professional Associations of the United States, 2005 (Washington, DC: Columbia Books, Inc. 2005).
20. "About Us," (Washington, DC: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.uschamber.com/about/default on December 16, 2005.
21. "Careers at the Nam" (Washington, DC: National Association of Manufacturers, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.nam.org/s nam/sec.asp?CID=201992&DID=232221 on December 16, 2005.
22. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 13.
23. Downs (ed.), National Trade and Professional Associations of the United States, 2005.
24. "About the ABA" (Chicago: American Bar Association, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.abanet.org/about/home.html on December 20, 2005.
25. "Membership Eligibility" (Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.amaassn. org/ama/pub/category/12051.html on December 16, 2005.
26. "About APII" (Haddon Heights, NJ: Professional Association of Innkeepers, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://www.paii.org/contactus.asp on December 21, 2005.
27. "About the Association of Professional Chaplains" (Schaumburg, IL: Association of Professional Chaplains, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.professionalchaplains.org/index. aspx?id=95&Tier Slicer1 TSMenu Target ID=6&Tier Slicer1 TSMenu Target Type= 4&Tier Slicer1 TSMenu ID=1 on December 16, 2005.
28. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 13.
29. CQ Editors (eds.), Public Interest Group Profiles, 2004-2005 (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2004).
30. "50+: AARP Annual Report 2003" (Washington, DC: AARP, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://assets.aarp.org/www.aarp.org /articles/aboutaarp/AARPCorporate AR2003.pdf on December 12, 2005.
31. "NRA.org" (Washington, DC: National Rifle Association, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.nra.org on December 16, 2005.
32. "Inside Sierra Club" (San Francisco: Sierra Club, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.sierraclub.org/inside on December 16, 2005.
33. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 12.
34. Directory of Labor Unions (n.p., n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.unionism.com/director.htm on December 16, 2005.
35. "Who Are the Teamsters" (Washington, DC: International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://org.teamster.org/whoare.htm on December 16, 2005.
36. "About AFSCME" (Washington, DC: American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.afscme.org/about/index.html on December 16, 2005.
37. "About Us," (Washington, DC: ALF-CIO, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://aflcio.org/aboutus on December 16, 2005.
38. Nownes, Pressure and Power, pp. 14 and 15.
39. Ronald G. Shaiko, "Making the Connection: Organized Interests, Political Representation, and the Changing Rules of the Game in Washington Politics," in Paul S. Herrnson, Ronald G. Shaiko, and Clyde Wilcox (eds.), The Interest Group Connection: Electioneering, Lobbying, and Policymaking in Washington, Second Edition (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2005), pp. 1-24.
40. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 14.
41. James G. McGann, "Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research Industry," PS: Political Science and Politics 25 (1992), 733-740.
42. "About AEI" (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.aei.org/about/filter.all/default.asp on December 16, 2005.
43. "About the Heritage Foundation" (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.heritage.org/about/on December 16, 2005.
44. http://www.clpi.org/. Electronic document accessed on December 16, 2005.
45. "Advocacy: Take Action Now" (Chicago: Alzheimer's Association, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.alz.org/Advocacy/overview.asp on December 16, 2005.
46. "Advocacy and Public Policy" (Washington, DC: American Cancer Society, Inc., 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.cancer.org/docroot/AA/content/AA 2 3 Advocacy and Public Policy.asp?sitearea=AA on December 16, 2005.
47. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 15.
48. Constance Ewing Cook, Lobbying for Higher Education: How Colleges and Universities Influence Federal Policy (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 1998).
49. Alan Rosenthal, The Third House: Lobbyists and Lobbying in the States, Second Edition (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2001), p. 148.
50. Kevin W. Hula, Lobbying Together: Interest Group Coalitions in Legislative Politics (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1999).
51. http://www.taxreliefcoalition.org/. Electronic document accessed on December 16, 2005.
52. http://www.sustainableenergy.org/. Electronic document accessed on December 16, 2005.
53. Nownes, Pressure and Power, pp. 14-15.
54. Shaiko, "Making the Connection," pp. 12-16.
55. Glenn Abney and Thomas P. Lauth, "Interest Group Influence in City Policy-Making: The Views of Administrators," Western Political Quarterly 38 (1985), 148-161.
56. Christopher A. Cooper and Anthony J. Nownes, "Citizen Groups in Big City Politics," State and Local Government Review 35 (2003), 102-111.
57. Robert Jay Dilger, Neighborhood Politics: Residential Community Associations in American Governance (New York: New York University Press, 1992).
58. David R. Elkins, "The Structure and Context of the Urban Growth Coalition: The View from the Chamber of Commerce," Policy Studies Journal 23.
59. Virginia Gray and David Lowery, The Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Lobbying Communities in the American States (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1996).
60. Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive S. Thomas (eds.), Interest Group Politics in the Southern States (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2002).
61. Ronald J. Hrebenar and Clive S. Thomas (eds.), Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993).
62. Anthony J. Nownes and Patricia Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States," Journal of Politics 60 (1998), 86-112.
63. Rosenthal, The Third House.
64. Joseph A. Dunn, New York Temporary State Commission on Lobbying: 2004 Annual Report (New York: New York Temporary State Commission on Lobbying, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://www.nylobby.state.ny.us/annreport/03artext.html on December 16, 2005.
65. 2004 Annual Report to the Governor and the General Assembly (Nashville: Tennessee Registry of Election Finance, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:43J7Z0qp HPc J:www.state.tn.us/tref/forms/ar2004.pdf+ number+of+registered+lobbyists+2004&hl=en on December 16, 2005.
66. "Number of Lobbyists and Lobbyist Agents, 2004," (Lansing: State of Michigan, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://www.michigan.gov/documents/L-Number of L and L Agents-info sheet 04 108724 7.pdf on December 16, 2005.
67. W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm, "The Fruits of Free Trade," The Insider (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2003), pp. 3-6 Electronic document accessed at http://www.heritage.org/about/community/insider/2003/aug03/fruits.pdf. on December 16, 2005.
68. "2004 Lobbying Registrations," (Los Angeles: Los Angeles City Ethics Commission, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://ethics.lacity.org /EFS2003/index.cfm?fuseaction=lobreports.firmbylobbyist&year=2004 on December 16, 2005.
69. "Individual Lobbyist Registered with Los Angeles County," (Los Angeles: County of Los Angeles, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://bos.co.la.ca.us/lobbyist/reglob.htm on December 16, 2005.
70. "Registered Lobbyist, 2004" (Anchorage, AK: Municipality of Anchorage, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://www.muni.org/iceimages/Assembly2/2004 lobbyist 1-24-05.pdf on December 16, 2005.
71. "Registered Lobbyists Index, 2004," (Nashville: The Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee, 2004).
72. "Registered Lobbyists Index, 2005" (Nashville: The Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.nashville.gov/mc/lobbyist index 2005.htm on December 19, 2005.
73. Cooper and Nownes, "Citizen Groups in Big City Politics," p. 107.
74. Thomas L. Gais and Jack L. Walker, Jr., "Pathways to Influence in American Politics," in Jack L. Walker, Jr. (ed.), Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions and Social Movements (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991), pp. 103-121.
75. Ken Kollman, Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and Interest Group Strategies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).
76. Nownes and Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States," p. 92.
77. Kay Lehman Schlozman and John T. Tierney, "More of the Same: Washington Pressure Group Activity in a Decade of Change," Journal of Politics 45 (1983), 357.
78. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress.
79. Marie Hojnacki and David C. Kimball, "Organized Interests and the Decision of Whom to Lobby in Congress," American Political Science Review 92 (1998), 775-790.
80. Kevin M. Leyden, "Interest Group Resources and Testimony at Congressional Hearings," Legislative Studies Quarterly 20 (1995), 431-439.
81. Bruce C. Wolpe and Bertam J. Levine, Lobbying Congress: How the System Works, Second Edition (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1996).
82. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress, pp. 40-43.
83. Rosenthal, The Third House, pp. 111-114.
84. Steven J. Balla and John R. Wright, "Interest Groups, Advisory Committees, and Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy," American Journal of Political Science 45 (2001), 799-812.
85. Daniel P. Carpenter, "Groups, the Media, Agency Waiting Costs, and FDA Drug Approval," American Journal of Political Science 46 (2002), 490-505.
86. Scott R. Furlong, "Exploring Interest Group Participation in Executive Policymaking," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, Second Edition, pp. 282-297.
87. Marissa Martino Golden, "Interest Groups in the Rule-Making Process: Who Participates? Whose Voices Get Heard?" Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 8 (1998), 245-270.
88. Cornelius M. Kerwin, Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1994).
89. Mark A. Peterson, "The Presidency and Organized Interests: White House Patterns of Interest Group Liaison," American Political Science Review 86 (1992), 612-625.
90. Joseph A. Pika, "Opening Doors for Kindred Souls: The White House Office of Public Liaison," in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, Third Edition, (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1991), pp. 277-298.
91. Kathryn Dunn Tenpas, "Lobbying the Executive Branch: Outside-In and Inside-Out," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, Second Edition, pp. 249-257.
92. Tenpas, "Lobbying the Executive Branch," pp. 252-253.
93. Furlong, "Exploring Interest Group Participation in Executive Policymaking," p. 289.
94. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress, p. 52.
95. Suzanne J. Piotrowski and David H. Rosenbloom, "The Legal-Institutional Framework for Interest Group Participation in Federal Administrative Policymaking," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, Second Edition, pp. 258-281.
96. Gregory A. Caldeira and John R. Wright, "Amici Curiae before the Supreme Court: Who Participates, When, and How Much?" Journal of Politics 52 (1990), 782-806.
97. Gregory A. Caldeira and John R. Wright, "Organized Interests and Agenda Setting in the U.S. Supreme Court," American Political Science Review 82 (1988), 1109-1127.
98. Lee Epstein, "Exploring the Participation of Organized Interests in State Court Litigation," Political Research Quarterly 47 (1994), 335-351.
99. Joseph F. Kobylka, "A Court-Created Context for Group Litigation: Libertarian Groups and Obscenity," Journal of Politics 49 (1987), 1061-1078.
100. Susan M. Olson, "Interest-Group Litigation in Federal District Court: Beyond the Political Disadvantage Theory," Journal of Politics 52 (1990), 854-882.
101. Karen O'Connor, "Lobbying the Justices or Lobbying for Justice? The Role of Organized Interests in the Judicial Process," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, Second Edition, pp. 319-340.
102. Jeffrey M. Berry, The Interest Group Society, Third Edition (New York: Longman, 1997), p. 175.
103. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Electronic document accessed at http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=347&invol=483 on December 16, 2005.
104. O'Connor, "Lobbying the Justices or Lobbying for Justice? The Role of Organized Interests in the Judicial Process," pp. 329-331.
105. Berry, The Interest Group Society, p. 116.
106. Clyde Wilcox and Dong-Young Kim, "Continuity and Change in the Congressional Connection," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, Second Edition, pp. 129-140.
107. Wilcox and Kim, "Continuity and Change in the Congressional Connection," p. 137.
108. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 171.
109. "Initiatives, Referendum and Recall," (Denver: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.ncsl.org/programs/legman/elect/initiat.htm on December 16, 2005.
110. Robert M. Alexander, Rolling the Dice with State Initiatives: Interest Group Involvement in Ballot Campaigns (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002).
111. Elisabeth R. Gerber, The Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence and the Promise of Direct Legislation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
112. Robert Biersack, Paul S. Herrnson, and Clyde Wilcox (eds.), After the Revolution: PACs, Lobbies, and The Republican Congress (Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 1999).
113. M. Margaret Conway, Joanne Connor Green, and Marian Currinder, "Interest Group Money in Elections," in Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis (eds.), Interest Group Politics, Sixth Edition (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002), pp. 117-140.
114. Gary C. Jacobson, "The Effect of the AFL-CIO's 'Voter Education' Campaigns on the 1996 House Elections," Journal of Politics 61 (1999), 185-194.
115. Timothy B. Krebs, "Urban Interests and Campaign Contributions: Evidence from Los Angeles," Journal of Urban Affairs 27 (2005), 165-176.
116. David Magleby (ed.), Election Advocacy: Soft Money and Issue Advocacy in the 2000 Congressional Elections (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2000).
117. Mark J. Rozell, Clyde Wilcox, and David Madland, Interest Groups in American Campaigns: The New Face of Electioneering, Second Edition (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006).
118. David Schultz (ed.), Money, Politics, and Campaign Finance Reform Law in the States (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2002).
119. Paul S. Herrnson, "Interest Groups and Campaigns: The Electoral Connection," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, Second Edition, pp. 25-48.
120. Robert Biersack and Marianne H. Viray, "Interest Groups and Federal Campaign Finance: The Beginning of a New Era," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, Second Edition, pp. 49-74.
121. Mark J. Rozell and Clyde Wilcox, Interest Groups in American Campaigns: The New Face of Electioneering (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1999), p. 113.
122. John C. Green, Mark J. Rozell, and Clyde Wilcox (eds.), The Christian Right in American Politics: Marching to the Millennium (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003).
123. John C. Green, Mark J. Rozell, and Clyde Wilcox (eds.), Prayers in the Precincts: The Christian Right in the 1998 Elections (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000).
124. James L. Guth, Lyman A. Kellstedt, John C. Green, and Corwin E. Smidt, "A Distant Thunder? Religious Mobilization in the 2000 Elections," in Cigler and Loomis, Interest Group Politics, Sixth Edition, pp. 161-184.
125. "2004 Sierra Club Endorsements" (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://www.sierraclub.org/endorsements/2004/on December 16, 2005.
126. Nownes, Pressure and Power, p. 147.
127. Rozell and Wilcox, Interest Groups in American Campaigns, p. 126.
128. "2004 Christian Coalition Voter Guide" (Washington, DC: Christian Coalition of America, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://www.cc.org/voterguides2004/national.pdf on December 16, 2005.
129. "Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002," (Washington, DC: Federal Election Commission, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.fec.gov/pages/bcra/bcra update.shtml on December 16, 2005.
130. Hula, Lobbying Together.
131. Kevin W. Hula, "Dolly Goes to Washington: Coalitions, Cloning, and Trust," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, Second Edition, pp. 229-248.
132. Kollman, Outside Lobbying;.
133. Nownes and Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States," pp. 91-92.
134. Darrell M. West and Burdett A. Loomis, The Sound of Money: How Political Interests Get What They Want (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998).
135. Hula, Lobbying Together.
136. Matthew C. Fellowes and Patrick J. Wolf, "Funding Mechanisms and Policy Instruments: How Business Campaign Contributions Influence Congressional Votes," Political Research Quarterly 57 (2004), 315-324.
137. Christine De Gregorio, "Assets and Access: Linking Lobbyists and Lawmakers in Congress," in Paul S. Herrnson, Ronald G. Shaiko, and Clyde Wilcox (eds.), The Interest Group Connection: Electioneering, Lobbying, and Policymaking in Washington (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, Inc. 1998), pp. 137-153.
138. Richard L. Hall and Frank W.Wayman, "Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees," American Political Science Review 84 (1990), 797-820.
139. Dennis P. Quinn and Robert Y. Shapiro, "Business Political Power: The Case of Taxation," American Political Science Review 85 (1991), 851-874.
140. John R.Wright, "PACs, Contributions, and Roll Calls: An Organizational Perspective," American Political Science Review 79 (1985), 400.
141. Jeffrey M. Berry, Lobbying for the People: The Political Behavior of Public Interest Groups (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977).
142. James G. Gimpel, "Grassroots Organizations and Equilibrium Cycles in Group Mobilization and Access," in Herrnson et al., The Interest Group Connection, pp. 100-115.
143. Kelly Patterson, "The Political Firepower of the National Rifle Association," in Cigler and Loomis, Interest Group Politics, Fifth Edition, pp. 119-142.
144. West and Loomis, The Sound of Money.
145. Berry, Lobbying for the People, Chapter 8.
146. Milbrath, The Washington Lobbyists, Chapters 11 and 12.
147. Clive S. Thomas, "Interest Group Power and Influence," in Thomas, Research Guide to U.S. and International Interest Groups, pp. 192-196.
148. Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests, Chapter 8.
149. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress.
150. Kevin M. Esterling, The Political Economy of Expertise: Information and Efficiency in American National Politics (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2004).
151. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress, p. 82.
152. Raymond A. Bauer, Ithiel de Sola Pool, and Lewis Anthony Dexter, American Business and Public Policy: The Politics of Foreign Trade, Second Edition (Chicago: Aldine Atherton, Inc., 1972).
153. Kollman, Outside Lobbying, Chapter 1.
154. John Mark Hansen, Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919-1981 (Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1991), Chapter 1.
155. Milbrath, The Washington Lobbyists, especially Chapter 15.
156. Frank R. Baumgartner and Beth L. Leech, "Interest Niches and Policy Bandwagons: Patterns of Interest Group Involvement in National Politics," Journal of Politics 63 (2001), 1191-1213.
157. Baumgartner and Leech, Basic Interests, Chapter 5.
158. Virginia Gray and David Lowery, "The Institutionalization of State Communities of Organized Interests," Political Research Quarterly 54 (2001), 265-284.
159. Gray and Lowery, "The Demography of Interest Organization Communities.".
160. Abney and Lauth, "Interest Group Influence in City Policy-Making".
161. Paul Schumaker and Russell W. Getter, "Structural Sources of Unequal Responsiveness to Group Demands in American Cities," Western Political Quarterly 36 (1983), 7-29.
162. Berry, The Interest Group Society, p. 68.
163. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
164. John P. Heinz, Edward O. Laumann, Robert L. Nelson, and Robert H. Salisbury, The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policy Making (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
165. Nownes and Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States," pp. 94-96.
166. Rosenthal, The Third House, pp. 65-71.
167. Robert H. Salisbury, "The Paradox of Interest Groups in Washington-More Groups, Less Clout," in Anthony King (ed.), The New American Political System, Second Version (Washington, DC: The AEI Press, 1990), pp. 203-229.
168. Salisbury, "The Paradox of Interest Groups in Washington-More Groups, Less Clout," p. 225.
169. Elizabeth A. Capell and Clive S. Thomas, "The Role of Lobbyists," in Thomas, Research Guide to U.S. and International Interest Groups, pp. 154-160.
170. Richard A. Harris, "Politicized Management: The Changing Face of Business in American Politics," in Richard A. Harris and Sidney M. Milkis (eds.), Remaking American Politics (Boulder, CO:Westview Press, 1989), pp. 261-286.
171. Heinz et al., The Hollow Core.
172. Nownes and Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States".
173. Rosenthal, The Third House.
174. Rogan Kersh, "Corporate Lobbyists as Political Actors: A View from the Field," in Cigler and Loomis, Interest Group Politics, Sixth Edition, pp. 225-248.
175. Kersh, "Corporate Lobbyists as Political Actors," p. 236.
176. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961).
177. David B. Truman, The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1951).
178. David Lowery and Holly Brasher, Organized Interests and American Government (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2004), p. 18.
179. Browne, Groups, Interests, and U.S. Public Policy, Chapter 7.
180. Heinz et al., The Hollow Core, Chapter 11.
181. William P. Browne, "Organized Interests and Their Issue Niches: A Search for Pluralism in a Policy Domain," Journal of Politics 52 (1990), 477-509.
182. Heinz et al., The Hollow Core, p. 351.
183. Clive S. Thomas, "Lobbyists: Definitions, Types, and Varying Designations," in Thomas, Research Guide to U.S. and International Interest Groups, pp. 151-154.
184. Salisbury, "Washington Lobbyists," p. 154.
185. Rosenthal, The Third House, pp. 102-107.
186. Wolpe and Levine, Lobbying Congress, p. 13.
187. Milbrath, The Washington Lobbyists, Chapter 5.
188. Rosenthal, The Third House, Chapter 2.
189. Salisbury, "Washington Lobbyists," pp. 151-153.
190. Gais and Walker, "Pathways to Influence in American Politics".
191. Kollman, Outside Lobbying, Chapter 2.
192. David Austen-Smith and John R.Wright, "Counteractive Lobbying," American Journal of Political Science 38 (1994), 25-44.
193. Thomas T. Holyoke, "Choosing Battlegrounds: Interest Group Lobbying across Multiple Venues," Political Research Quarterly 56 (2003), 325-336.
194. Austen-Smith and Wright, "Counteractive Lobbying".
195. Arthur T. Denzau and Michael C. Munger, "Legislators and Interest Groups: How Unorganized Interests get Represented," American Political Science Review 80 (1986), 89-106.
196. Hojnacki and Kimball, "Organized Interests and the Decision of Whom to Lobby in Congress".
197. John R. Wright, "Contributions, Lobbying, and Committee Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review 84 (1990), 417-438.
198. Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993).
199. Thomas G. Hansford, "Lobbying Strategies, Venue Selection, and Organized Interest Involvement at the U.S. Supreme Court," American Politics Research 32 (2004), 170-197.
200. Olson, "Interest-Group Litigation in Federal District Court.".
201. Scott Ainsworth, "Regulating Lobbyists and Interest Group Influence," Journal of Politics 55 (1993), 41-56.
202. Scott H. Ainsworth, "The Role of Legislators in the Determination of Interest Group Influence," Legislative Studies Quarterly 22 (1997), 517.
203. Rosenthal, The Third House, pp. 38-39.
204. James E. Anderson, Public Policymaking, Fourth Edition, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Company, 2000), p. 4.
205. "Definitions of law on the Web" (n.p., n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&rls=GGLD, GGLD:2003-33, GGLD:en&oi=defmore&q=define:law on December 16, 2005.
206. "Glossary of Terms," (Columbus: State of Ohio General Assembly, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/glossary.cfm on December 20, 2005.
207. Norman J. Ornstein, Thomas E. Mann, and Michael J. Malbin, Vital Statistics on Congress, 2001-2002 (Washington, DC: The AEI Press, 2002), p. 149.
208. Gary L. Galemore, Presidential Vetoes, 1789-Present: A Summary Overview (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2003). Electronic document accessed at http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:3LM s Ob8Hoo J:lugar.senate.gov/CRS%2520reports/Presidential Vetoes 1789-Present A Summary Overview.pdf+number+of+vetoes+overridden&hl=en on December 16, 2005.
209. James Fesler and Donald Kettl, The Politics of the Administrative Process (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1991).
210. Charles Goodsell, The Case for Bureaucracy: A Public Administration Polemic, Second Edition (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1985).
211. Michael S. Greve, "Power without Responsibility: How Congress Abuses the People through Delegation-book reviews," Reason (January, 1995). Electronic document accessed on-line at http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi m1568/is n8 v26/ai 16530812on December16, 2005.
212. "California Code of Regulations, Frequently Asked Questions" (Sacramento: State of California, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.calregs.com/faq.htm on December 16, 2005.
213. Robert Crowe, "Gay Couples Face Hurdles as Judges Interpret Law," Houston Chronicle, June 25, 2004. Electronic document accessed at http://www.hrc.org/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=20390&TEMPLATE=/Content Management/Content Display.cfm on December 19, 2005.
214. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1984), p. 4.
215. Salisbury, "The Paradox of Interest Groups in Washington," pp. 225-228.
216. "State Legislative Monitoring," (Arlington, VA: Stateside Associates, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.stateside.com/intelligence/state.shtml on December 19, 2005.
217. "Regulatory Services," (Arlington, VA: Stateside Associates, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.stateside.com/intelligence/regulatory.shtml on December 19, 2005.
218. Kersh, "Corporate Lobbyists as Political Actors.".
219. Kollman, Outside Lobbying, p. 35.
220. Nownes and Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States," p. 92.
221. Schlozman and Tierney, "More of the Same," p. 357.
222. Kollman, Outside Lobbying, Chapter 2.
223. Nownes and Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States," p. 92.
224. Schlozman and Tierney, "More of the Same," p. 357.
225. Peterson, "The Presidency and Organized Interests".
226. Rosenthal, The Third House, pp. 11-12.
227. Robert E. England, "City Managers and the Urban Bureaucracy," in John P. Pelissero (ed.), Cities, Politics, and Policy: A Comparative Analysis (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2003), pp. 196-216.
228. "Environmental Permitting Handbook," (Nashville: State of Tennessee, Department of Environment and Conservation, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.state.tn.us/environment/permits accessed on December 19, 2005.
229. John W. Kingdon, Congressmen's Voting Decisions, Second Edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1981).
230. David R. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974).
231. Berry, The Interest Group Society, p. 117.
232. Kingdon, Congressmen's Voting Decisions,.
233. Mayhew, Congress.
234. R. Kenneth Godwin, One Billion Dollars of Influence: The Direct Marketing of Politics (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, Inc., 1988).
235. Stephen Moore, Sidney M. Wolfe, Deborah Lindes, and Clifford E. Douglas, "Epidemiology of Failed Tobacco Control Legislation," Journal of the American Medical Association 272 (1994), 1171-1175.
236. Quinn and Shapiro, "Business Political Power.".
237. Janet M. Grenzke, "PACs and the Congressional Supermarket: The Currency is Complex," American Journal of Political Science 33 (1989), 1-24.
238. Wright, "PACs, Contributions, and Roll Calls".
239. Wright, "Contributions, Lobbying, and Committee Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives.".
240. Rosenthal, The Third House, pp. 136-140.
241. Hall and Wayman, "Buying Time".
242. Wright, "Contributions, Lobbying, and Committee Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives.".
243. "Woody Allen Quotes," (n.p.: Brainy Media, Inc., 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/w/woody allen.html on December 19, 2005.
244. Thomas E. Patterson, The Vanishing Voter: Public Involvement in an Age of Uncertainty (New York: Vintage Books, 2003).
245. Martin P. Wattenberg, Where Have All the Voters Gone? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
246. West and Loomis, The Sound of Money.
247. "Self-Realization Fellowship," (Charlottesville, VA: The Religious Movements Homepage Project, 1998). Electronic document accessed at http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/Self Real.html on December 19, 2005.
248. "The Life of Paramahansa Yogananda," (Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship, 2000). Electronic document accessed at http://www.yogananda-srf.org/py-life/index.html on December 19, 2005.
249. "Paramhansa Yogananda," (Portland, OR: Extra Gentle Yoga, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://www.extragentleyoga.com/Master.htm on December 19, 2005.
250. Kristen Holland, "Yogi's Movement Still Growing 50 Years after Death," Dallas Morning News, March 9, 2002. Electronic document accessed at http://www.rickross.com/reference/selfreal/selfreal5.html on December 19, 2005.
251. Ron Russell, "Return of the Swami," Los Angeles New Times, July 1.
252. http://www.rickross.com/reference/selfreal/selfreal2.html on December 19, 2005.
253. Ron Russell, "A Mountain of Discontent," Los Angeles New Times, June 1, 2000. Electronic document accessed at http://www.rickross.com/reference/selfreal/selfreal1.html on December 19, 2005.
254. Paul E. Peterson, City Limits (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 25.
255. Stuart Meck, Paul Wack, and Michelle J. Zimet, "Zoning and Subdivision Regulations," in Charles J. Hoch, Linda C. Dalton, and Frank S. So (eds.), The Practice of Local Government Planning, Third Edition (Washington, DC: The International City/County Management Association, 2000), pp. 343-374.
256. Arnold Fleischmann, "Politics, Administration, and Local Land-Use Regulation: Analyzing Zoning as a Policy Process," Public Administration Review 49 (1989), 337-344.
257. Meck et al., "Zoning and Subdivision Regulations," p. 350.
258. "Frequently Asked Questions about the Comprehensive Plan," (Hendersonville: Henderson County, North Carolina, n.d.) Electronic document accessed at http://www.hendersoncountync.org/planning/ccp/FAQ.html on December 19, 2005.
259. "A Citizen's Guide to Planning," (Sacramento, CA: Governor's Office of Planning and Research, 2001), pp. 3-5.
260. "The Conditional Use Permit," (Sacramento, CA: Governor's Office of Planning and Research, 1997). Electronic document accessed at http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/cup/condition.htm on December 19, 2005.
261. Eric Damian Kelly, "Zoning," in Frank S. So and Judith Getzels (eds.), The Practice of Local Government Planning, Second Edition (Washington, DC: The International City Management Association, 1988), pp. 251-284.
262. "Pierce County Planning and Land Services: Zoning Code Quick Answers," (Pierce County, WA: Pierce County, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://www.co.pierce.wa.us/text/services/home/property/pals/regs/zoning.htm on December 19, 2005.
263. "Glossary of Terms" (Various locations: Crye-Leike Realtors, 2004). Electronic document accessed at http://www.crye-leike.com/commercial/glossary.php on December 19, 2005.
264. Katherine Barnard, "Zoning Variances: A Citizen's Guide to Westport's Permit Process" (Westport: The Town of Westport, CT, 1999). Electronic document accessed at http://www.ci.westport.ct.us/publication/forms/forms/variance guide.pdf on December 19, 2005.
265. Michael E. Kraft, and Bruce B. Clary, "Citizen Participation and the NIMBY Syndrome: Public Response to Radioactive Waste Disposal," Western Political Quarterly 44 (1991), 299-328.
266. Berry G. Rabe, Beyond NIMBY: Hazardous Waste Siting in Canada and the United States (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1994).
267. Eric R. A. N. Smith and Marisela Marquez, "The Other Side of the NIMBY Syndrome," Society and Natural Resources 13 (2000), 273-280.
268. Robert H. Nelson, "The Rise of Private Neighborhood Associations:AConstitutional Revolution in Local Government,".
269. Hugh Butcher, Community Groups in Action: Case Studies and Analysis (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980).
270. Dilger, Neighborhood Politics.
271. John R. Logan and Gordana Rabrenovic, "Neighborhood Associations: Their Issues, Their Allies, and Their Opponents," Urban Affairs Quarterly 26 (1990), 68-94.
272. Robert C. Lowry, "All Hazardous Waste Politics Is Local: Grass-Roots Advocacy and Public Participation in Siting and Cleanup Decisions" Policy Studies Journal 26 (1998), 748-759.
273. David J. O'Brien, Neighborhood Organization and Interest-Group Processes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975).
274. Willett Kempton, Dorothy C. Holland, Katherine Bunting-Howarth, Christopher Payne, and Erin Hannan, "Local Environmental Groups: A Systematic Enumeration in Two Geographical Areas," Rural Sociology 66 (2001), 557-578.
275. Fleischmann "Politics, Administration, and Local Land use Regulation.".
276. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress, p. 88.
277. Danielle Brian, "Economic Impacts of the National Security Build-up: Government Procurement Practices," Council on Foreign Relations speech, Project on Government Oversight. Electronic document accessed at http://www.pogo.org/p/contracts/co-021101-reform.html on December 19, 2005.
278. Tanya N. Ballard, "Lawmaker Wants More Inquiries into Charge Card Abuses," Gov Exec.com (Washington, DC: National Journal Group, Inc., 2002). Electronic document accessed at http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1002/100802t1.htm on December 19, 2005.
279. Khi V. Thai, "Public Procurement Re-Examined," Journal of Public Procurement 1 (2001), 9-50.
280. Steven J. Kelman, "Contracting," in Lester M. Salamon (ed.), The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 282-318.
281. Kelman, "Contracting," p. 289 (italics his).
282. Scott A. Stanberry, Federal Contracting Made Easy (Vienna, VA: Management Concepts, 2001), p. 19.
283. Steven A. Watson and Donna Camp-Blair, Doing Business with Government: Federal, State, Local, and Foreign Government Purchasing Practices for Every Business and Public Institution (New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1992), pp 50-54.
284. Kelman, "Contracting," p. 290.
285. McManus, et al., Doing Business with Government, p. 54.
286. Kelman, "Contracting," p. 296.
287. MacManus et al., Doing Business with Government, p. 42.
288. Susan A. MacManus et al., Doing Business with Government, p. 47.
289. Women Business Owners: Selling to the Federal Government (Washington, DC: Small Business Administration, 1995). Electronic document accessed at http://www.sba.gov/gopher/Government-Contracting/Sell/sellall.txt on December 19, 2005.
290. Kelman, "Contracting," p. 299.
291. http://www.arnet.gov/far/current/html/Subpart%2042 15.html on December 19, 2005.
292. "Best Value Purchasing," (Frankfort: Finance and Administration, State of Kentucky, 1999), p. 7. Electronic document accessed at http://www.state.ky.us/agencies/adm/leadership/bestvalue/sld007.htm on December 19, 2005.
293. Kelman, "Contracting," p. 300.
294. John R. Bartle, and Ronnie La Course Korosec, "Procurement and Contracting in State Government, 2000," (Syracuse, NY: The Government Performance Project at the Campbell Public Affairs Institute at Syracuse University, 2001), pp. 13-14. Electronic document accessed at http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/gpp/pdfs/Procurement Contracting in State Government.pdf on March 28, 2006.
295. "Women Business Owners.".
296. Kelman, "Contracting," p. 303.
297. "Women Business Owners.".
298. http://farsite.hill.af.mil/reghtml/regs/far2afmcfars/fardfars/far/13.htm on December 19, 2005.
299. "Wal-Mart Stores Inc." (Yahoo Finance, Industry Center, 2005). Electronic document accessed at http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=WMT&d=t on December 19, 2005.
300. Stanberry, Federal Contracting Made Easy, p. 198.
301. Ellen McCarthy, "Contractors Take Message to Their People," Washington Post, November 28, 2005, p. D1. Electronic document accessed at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/27/AR2005112700758.html?nav=rss technology/techpolicy on December 16, 2005.
302. Wright, Interest Groups and Congress, p. 88.
303. Thai, "Public Procurement Re-Examined," p. 25.
304. "Federal Procurement Resources for Minority-and Woman-Owned Businesses" (Vienna, VA: Fairfax County Economic Development Authority, 2003). Electronic document accessed at http://www.fairfaxcountyeda.org/publications/minority procurement.pdf, on December 19, 2005.
305. http://www.arnet.gov/far/current/html/FARTOCP25.html on December 19, 2005. There are numerous exceptions to the Buy American Act.
306. Heinz et al., The Hollow Core, Chapter 11.
307. Thomas L. Gais, Mark A. Peterson, and Jack L. Walker, "Interest Groups, Iron Triangles and Representative Institutions in American National Government," British Journal of Political Science 14 (1984), 161-185.
308. Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Gilbert K. St. Clair, and Brian Woods, "Explaining Change in Policy Subsystems: Analysis of Coalition Stability and Defection over Time," American Journal of Political Science 35 (1991), 851-880.
309. Browne, "Organized Interests and Their Issue Niches.".
310. Baumgartner and Leech, "Interest Niches and Policy Bandwagons".
311. James Q. Wilson, Political Organizations (New York: Basic Books, Inc. Publishers, 1973), pp. 263-267.
312. Mark A. Smith, American Business and Political Power: Public Opinion, Elections, and Democracy (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000).
313. R. Kenneth Godwin and Barry J. Seldon, "What Corporations Really Want from Government: The Public Provision of Private Goods," in Cigler and Loomis, Interest Group Politics, Sixth Edition, pp. 205-224.
314. Rosenthal, The Third House, p. 181.
315. Wilson, Political Organizations, pp. 263-267.
316. Smith, American Business and Political Power, Chapter 5.
317. Peter F. Nardulli, Popular Efficacy in the Democratic Era: A Reexamination of Electoral Accountability in the United States, 1828-2000 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
318. Harris, "Politicized Management.".
319. William P. Browne, "Exchange Theory and the Institutional Impetus for Interest Group Formation," in Cigler and Loomis, Interest Group Politics, Sixth Edition, pp. 313-329.
320. David Plotke, "The Political Mobilization of Business," in Mark P. Petracca (ed.), The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed (Boulder, CO:Westview Press, 1992), pp. 175-198.
321. Graham K. Wilson, "Thirty Years of Business and Politics," paper presented at the IPSA Research Group on Business and Politics, May 2002, London, England.
322. David M. Hart, "'Business' Is Not an Interest Group: On the Study of Companies in American National Politics," Annual Review of Political Science 7 (2004), 47-69.
323. Gary Mucciaroni, Reversals of Fortune: Public Policy and Private Interests (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995).
324. Martha A. Derthick, Up in Smoke: From Legislation to Litigation in Tobacco Politics (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002).
325. James T. Hamilton, "Testing for Environmental Racism: Prejudice, Profits, Political Power?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 14 (1995), 107-132.
326. Andrew S. McFarland, "Interest Groups and Political Time: Cycles in America," British Journal of Political Science 21 (1991), 257-284.
327. Neil J. Mitchell, The Conspicuous Corporation: Business, Public Policy, and Representative Democracy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1997).
328. Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).
329. Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political-Economic Systems (New York: Basic Books Inc., Publishers, 1977).
330. Heinz et al., The Hollow Core, Chapter 11.
331. West and Loomis, The Sound of Money.
332. Fred Block, Revising State Theory: Essays in Politics and Postindustrialism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).
333. Jacob S. Hacker, and Paul Pierson, "Business Power and Social Policy: Employers and the Formation of the American Welfare State," Politics and Society 30 (2002), 277-325.
334. Lindblom, Politics and Markets.
335. Kersh, "Corporate Lobbyists as Political Actors.".
336. Berry, Lobbying for the People.
337. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, The Lobbyists: How Influence Peddlers Get Their Way in Washington (New York: Times Books, 1992).
338. Milbrath, The Washington Lobbyists.
339. Rosenthal, The Third House, Chapter 6.
340. David B. Magleby and Candice J. Nelson, The Money Chase: Congressional Campaign Finance Reform (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1990).
341. Larry J. Sabato, Paying for Elections: The Campaign Finance Thicket (New York: Priority Press Publications, 1989).
342. Frank J. Sorauf, Inside Campaign Finance: Myths and Realities (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).
343. Ronald J. Hrebenar, "Political Action Committees (PACs)," in Thomas, Research Guide to U.S. and International Interest Groups, pp. 147-149.
344. Ken Kollman, "Interest Groups and Public Opinion," in Thomas, Research Guide to U.S. and International Interest Groups, pp. 89-91.
345. Kollman, Outside Lobbying.
346. Arthur Lupia, "Busy Voters, Agenda Control, and the Power of Information," American Political Science Review 86 (1992), 390-403.
347. Kenneth D. Bailey, Typologies and Taxonomies: An Introduction to Classification Techniques (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994).
348. Catherine Marshall and Gretchen B. Rossman, Designing Qualitative Research, Second Edition (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995), p. 83.
349. Jeffrey M. Berry, "Validity and Reliability Issues In Elite Interviewing," (Medford, MA: Tufts University, Department of Political Science, n.d.). Electronic document accessed at http://ase.tufts.edu/polsci/faculty/berry/papervalidity. asp on December 20, 2005.
350. Earl Babbie, The Practice of Social Research, Eighth Edition (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998), p. 129.
351. Janet Buttolph Johnson and H. T. Reynolds, Political Science Research Methods, Fifth Edition (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2005), p. 272.
352. Berry, "Validity and Reliability Issues In Elite Interviewing.".
353. Berry, "Validity and Reliability Issues In Elite Interviewing.".
354. Kenneth Goldstein, "Getting in the Door: Sampling and Completing Elite Interviews," PS: Political Science and Politics 35 (2002), 669-672.
355. Berry, "Validity and Reliability Issues In Elite Interviewing.".
356. Steinar Kvale, Inter Views: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996), p. 101.
357. Martyn Denscombe, Ground Rules for Good Research: A 10 point Guide for Social Researchers (Buckingham, UK: Open University Press, 2002), pp. 149-150.