Surveillance of antibiotic resistance

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 370, Issue 1670, 2015, Pages

  Johnson, Alan P ^a  

^a PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antibiotic susceptibility testing; Interventions; Public health threat

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; DEMOGRAPHY; ENGLAND; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TEST; PROCEDURES; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; ENGLAND; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE;

EID: 84928654247     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0080     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Chief Medical Officer. 2013 Chief Medical Officer annual report 2011, volume 2: Infections and the rise of antimicrobial resistance. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/chief-medical-officer-annual-report-volume-2.
2. World Health Organisation. 2012 The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action. http://www.who.int/patientsafety/implementation/amr/publication/en/.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013 Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/.
4. Thacker SB, Berkelman RL. 1988 Public health surveillance in the United States. Epidemiol. Rev. 10, 164-190.
5. Henry R. 1996 CoSurv: a regional computing strategy for communicable disease surveillance. PHLS Microbiol. Digest 13, 26-28.
6. Grant AD, Eke B. 1993 Application of information technology to the laboratory reporting of communicable disease in England and Wales. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Rev. 3, R75-R78.
7. Reacher MH et al. 2000 Bacteraemia and antibiotic resistance of its pathogens reported in England and Wales between 1990 and 1998: trend analysis. Br. Med. J. 320, 213-216. (doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7229.213)
8. Hope R, Livermore DM, Brick G, Lillie M, Reynolds R. 2008 Non-susceptibility trends among staphylococci from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001-06. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(Suppl. 2), 265-274. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkn353)
9. Brown DF, Hope R, Livermore DM, Brick G, Broughton K, George RC, Reynolds R. 2008 Non-susceptibility trends among enterococci and non-pneumococcal streptococci from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001-06. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(Suppl. 2), 275-285. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkn354)
10. Livermore DM, Hope R, Brick G, Lillie M, Reynolds R. 2008 Non-susceptibility trends among Enterobacteriaceae from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001-06. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(Suppl. 2), 241-254. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkn351)
11. Livermore DM, Hope R, Brick G, Lillie M, Reynolds R. 2008 Non-susceptibility trends among Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001-06. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(Suppl. 2), 255-263. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkn352)
12. Henderson KL, Muller-Pebody B, Blackburn RM, Johnson AP. 2010 Reduction in erythromycin resistance in invasive pneumococci from young children in England and Wales. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65, 369-370. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkp442)
13. Livermore DM, Hope R, Reynolds R, Blackburn R, Johnson AP, Woodford N. 2013 Declining cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility among bloodstream Enterobacteriaceae from the UK: links to prescribing change? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68, 2667-2674. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkt212)
14. United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service. See http://www.ukneqas.org.uk/content/PageServer.asp?S=412800196&C=1252&Type=G&ID=62.
15. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/documentsx/Pages/documents.aspx.
16. White AR. 2008 The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Resistance Surveillance Project: a successful collaborative model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(Suppl. 2), 23-214. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkn348)
17. Public Health England. 2013 Gonococcal resistance to antimicrobials surveillance programme (GRASP) report. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/gonococcal-resistance-to-antimicrobials-surveillance-programme-grasp-report.
18. Johnson AP, Speller DC, George RC, Warner M, Domingue G, Efstratiou A. 1996 Prevalence of antibiotic resistance and serotypes in pneumococci in England and Wales: results of observational surveys in 1990 and 1995. Br. Med. J. 312, 1454-1456. (doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7044.1454)
19. Johnson AP, Pearson A, Duckworth G. 2005 Surveillance and epidemiology of MRSA bacteraemia in the UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 56, 455-462. (doi:10.1093/jac/dki266)
20. Flynn P. HANSARD 1803-2005. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Written Answers—March 11, 1997. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/search/mrsa%20nhs?page=4.
21. Johnson AP, Davies J, Guy R, Abernethy JK, Sheridan EA, Pearson A, Duckworth G. 2012 Mandatory surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in England: the first 10 years. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67, 802-809. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkr561)
22. Health Protection Agency. 2004 Health secretary announces MRSA target. Commun. Dis. Rep. CDR Wkly 14, 46. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140714084352/http://www.hpa.org.uk/cdr/archives/2004/cdr4604.pdf.
23. BBC News. 2007 MRSA target 'likely to be missed'. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6249149.stm.
24. Pearson A, Chronias A, Murray M. 2009 Voluntary and mandatory surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) bacteraemia in England. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64(Suppl. 1), 111-117. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkp260)
25. Public Health England. 2014 Annual Epidemiological Commentary: mandatory MRSA, MSSA and E. coli bacteraemia and C. difficile infection data. 2013/14. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/330529/HCAI_mandatory_surveillance:annual_epidemiological_commentary_2013_14.pdf.
26. NHS Commissioning Board. 2013 Everyone counts: planning for patients 2013/14. http://www.england. nhs.uk/everyonecounts/.
27. NHS England. 2014 Guidance on the reporting and monitoring arrangements and post infection review process for MRSA bloodstream infections from April 2014 (version 2). http://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/mrsa-pir-guid-april14.pdf.
28. Khairulddin N, Bishop L, Lamagni TL, Sharland M, Duckworth G. 2004 Emergence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia among children in England and Wales, 1990-2001. Arch. Dis. Child. 89, 378-379. (doi:10.1136/adc.2003.028712)
29. Sharland M. 2007 The use of antibacterials in children: a report of the Specialist Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance (SACAR) Paediatric Subgroup. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60(Suppl. 1), i15-i26. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkm153)
30. Nicoll A, Lynn R, Rahi J, Verity C, Haines L. 2000 Public health outputs from the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit and similar clinician-based systems. J. R. Soc. Med. 93, 580-585.
31. Johnson AP et al. 2010 Enhanced surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia in children in the UK and Ireland. Arch. Dis. Child. 95, 781-785. (doi:10.1136/adc.2010.162537)
32. Health Protection Agency. 2007 Surveillance of Healthcare Associated Infections Report 2007. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070205105506/http://hpa.org.uk/webw/HPAweb&HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1196942166935?p=1158945066450.
33. Marsh B. 2006 Hospital superbug 'out of control' as child MRSA cases rise to 150. The Telegraph,10 September 2006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1528475/Hospital-superbug-out-of-control-as-child-MRSA-cases-rise-to-150.html.
34. Combined working party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, the Hospital Infection Society and the Infection Control Nurses Association. 1998 Revised guidelines for the control of methicillin-resistant Staphlococcus aureus infection in hospitals. J. Hosp. Infect. 39, 253-290. (doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90293-6)
35. Enright MC, Robinson DA, Randle G, Feil EJ, Grundmann H, Spratt BG. 2002 The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7687-7692. (doi:10.1073/pnas.122108599)
36. Johnson AP, Aucken HM, Cavendish S, Ganner M, Wale MC, Warner M, Livermore DM, Cookson BD. 2001 Dominance of EMRSA-15 and-16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteraemia in the UK: analysis ofisolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS). J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48, 143-144. (doi:10.1093/jac/48.1.143)
37. Monnet DL, MacKenzie FM, Lopez-Lozano JM, Beyaert A, Camacho M, Wilson R, Stuart D, Gould IM. 2004 Antimicrobial drug use and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Aberdeen, 19962000. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1432-1441. (doi:10.3201/eid1008.020694)
38. Hoiby N, Jarlov JO, Kemp M, Tvede M, Bangsborg JM, Kjerulf A, Pers C, Hansen H. 1997 Excretion of ciprofloxacin in sweat and multiresistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Lancet 349, 167-169. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09229-X)
39. Bisognano C, Vaudaux P, Rohner P, Lew DP, Hooper DC. 2000 Induction of fibronectin-binding proteins and increased adhesion of quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by subinhibitory levels of ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 1428-1437. (doi:10.1128/AAC.44.6.1428-1437.2000)
40. Ellington MJ, Hope R, Livermore DM, Kearns AM, Henderson K, Cookson BD, Pearson A, Johnson AP. 2010 Decline of EMRSA-16 amongst methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing bacteraemias in the UK between 2001 and 2007. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65, 446-448. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkp448)
41. Wyllie D et al. 2011 Decline of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Oxfordshire hospitals is strain-specfic and preceded infection-control intensification. Br. Med. J. Open 1, e000160. (doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000160)
42. Wyllie D, Paul J, Crook D. 2011 Waves of trouble: MRSA strain dynamics and assessment of the impact of infection control. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66, 2685-2688. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkr392)
43. Datta N, Kontomichalou P. 1965 Penicillinase synthesis controlled by infectious R factors in Enterobacteriaceae. Nature 208, 239-241. (doi:10.1038/208239a0)
44. Abraham EP, Chain E. 1940 An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin. Nature 146, 837. (doi:10.1038/146837a0)
45. Brunton J, Clare D, Meier MA. 1986 Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance plasmids of Haemophilus species and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Rev. Infect. Dis. 8, 713-724. (doi:10.1093/clinids/8.5.713)
46. Turner PJ. 2005 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41(Suppl. 4), S273-S275. (doi:10.1086/430789)
47. Sykes R. 2010 The 2009 Garrod lecture: the evolution of antimicrobial resistance: a Darwinian perspective. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 65, 1842-1852. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkq217)
48. Livermore DM, Nichols T, Lamagni TL, Potz N, Reynolds R, Duckworth G. 2003 Ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli from bacteraemias in England; increasingly prevalent and mostly from men. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52, 1040-1042. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkg479)
49. Public Health England. 2014 Voluntary surveillance of Escherichia coli bacteraemia in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2009-2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/escherichia-coli-bacteraemia-annual-trends-in-voluntary-surveillance.
50. Public Health England. 2014 Voluntary surveillance of Klebsiella spp. bacteraemia in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2009-2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/klebsiella-spp-bacteraemia-voluntary-surveillance-2009-to-2013.
51. Public Health England. 2014 Voluntary surveillance of bacteraemia caused by Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Citrobacter spp. in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2009-2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/364824/4014_enterobacter_final_v2.pdf.
52. Livermore DM. 1995 Beta-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8, 557-584.
53. Public Health England. 2014 English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilisation and resistance (ESPAUR) report 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/english-surveillance-programme-antimicrobial-utilisation-and-resistance-espaur-report.
54. Health Protection Agency. 2012 English national point prevalence survey on healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use, 2011: preliminary data. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/331871/English_National_Point_Prevalence:Survey_on_Healthcare_associated_Infections_and_Antimicrobial_Use_2011.pdf.
55. Department of Health. 2013 UK five year antimicrobial resistance strategy 2013 to 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-5-year-antimicrobial-resistance-strategy-2013-to-2018.
56. Johnson AP, Weinbren MJ, Ayling-Smith B, Du Bois SK, Amyes SG, George RC. 1992 Outbreak of infection in two UK hospitals caused by a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to cefotaxime and ceftazidime. J. Hosp. Infect. 20, 97-103. (doi:10.1016/0195-6701(92)90111-X)
57. Cookson B et al. 1995 International interand intrahospital patient spread of a multiple antibiotic-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Infect. Dis. 171, 511-513. (doi:10.1093/infdis/171.2.511)
58. Shannon K, Stapleton P, Xiang X, Johnson A, Beattie H, El Bakri F, Cookson B, French G. 1998 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains causing nosocomial outbreaks of infection in the United Kingdom. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 3105-3110.
59. Mushtaq S, Woodford N, Potz N, Livermore DM. 2003 Detection of CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in the United Kingdom. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52, 528-529. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkg353)
60. Woodford N et al. 2004 Community and hospital spread of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 54, 735-743. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkh424)
61. Potz NA, Hope R, Warner M, Johnson AP, Livermore DM. 2006 Prevalence and mechanisms of cephalosporin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in London and South-East England. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58, 320-326. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkl217)
62. Lau SH et al. 2008 UK epidemic Escherichia coli strains A-E, with CTX-M-15 beta-lactamase, all belong to the international O25:H4-ST131 clone. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62, 1241-1244. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkn380)
63. Rogers BA, Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL. 2011 Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: a pandemic, multiresistant, community-associated strain. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66, 1-14. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkq415)
64. Dhanji H, Doumith M, Rooney PJ, O'Leary MC, Loughrey AC, Hope R, Woodford N, Livermore DM. 2011 Molecular epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant ST131 Escherichia coli producing CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in nursing homes in Belfast, UK. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66, 297-303. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkq463)
65. Dhanji H, Patel R, Wall R, Doumith M, Patel B, Hope R, Livermore DM, Woodford N. 2011 Variation in the genetic environments of blaCTX-M-15 in Escherichia coli from the faeces of travellers returning to the United Kingdom. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66, 1005-1012. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkr041)
66. Dhanji H, Murphy NM, Akhigbe C, Doumith M, Hope R, Livermore DM, Woodford N. 2011 Isolation of fluoroquinolone-resistant O25b:H4-ST131 Escherichia coli with CTX-M-14 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from UK river water. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66, 512-516. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkq472)
67. Woerther PL, Burdet C, Chachaty E, Andremont A. 2013 Trends in human fecal carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the community: toward the globalization of CTX-M. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26, 744-758. (doi:10.1128/CMR.00023-13)
68. Tangden T, Adler M, Cars O, Sandegren L, Lowdin E. 2013 Frequent emergence of porin-deficient subpopulations with reduced carbapenem susceptibility in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli during exposure to ertapenem in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68, 1319-1326. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkt044)
69. Nordmann P, Dortet L, Poirel L. 2012 Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae: here is the storm!. Trends Mol. Med. 18, 263-272. (doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2012.03.003)
70. Woodford N, Warner M, Pike R, Zhang J. 2011 Evaluation of a commercial microarray to detect carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 66, 2887-2890. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkr374)
71. Jain A et al. 2014 NDM carbapenemases in the United Kingdom: an analysis of the first 250 cases. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69, 1777-1784. (doi:10.1093/jac/dku084)
72. Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1985 Antibiotic treatment of streptococcal and staphylococcal endocarditis. Lancet 326, 815-817. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90803-7)
73. Shanson DC. 1998 New guidelines for the antibiotic treatment of streptococcal, enterococcal and staphylococcal endocarditis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 42, 292-296. (doi:10.1093/jac/42.3.292)
74. Gould FK, Denning DW, Elliott TS, Foweraker J, Perry JD, Prendergast BD, Sandoe JA, Spry MJ, Watkin RW. 2012 Guidelines for the diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults: a report of the Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67, 269-289. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkr450)
75. Lim WS et al. 2009 British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 64(Suppl. 3), 1-55. (doi:10.1136/thx.2009.121434)
76. Muller-Pebody B, Johnson AP, Heath PT, Gilbert RE, Henderson KL, Sharland M. 2011 Empirical treatment of neonatal sepsis: are the current guidelines adequate? Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed. 96, F4-F8. (doi:10.1136/adc.2009. 178483)
77. Bignell CJ. 2004 BASHH guideline for gonorrhoea. Sex. Transm. Infect. 80, 330-331. (doi:10.1136/sti. 2004.012781)
78. Fenton KA, Ison C, Johnson AP, Rudd E, Soltani M, Martin I, Nichols T, Livermore DM. 2003 Ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales in 2002. Lancet 361, 1867-1869. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13489-7)
79. Bignell C, FitzGerald M. 2011 UK national guideline for the management of gonorrhoea in adults, 2011. Int. J. STD AIDS 22, 541-547. (doi:10.1258/ijsa. 2011.011267)
80. Public Health England. The resistance alert system. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140714084352/http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/AntimicrobialResistance/Guidelines/antimTheResistanceAlertSystem/.
81. Public Health England. 2013 Acute trust toolkit for the early detection, management and control of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carbapenemase-producing-enterobacteriaceae-early-detection-management-and-control-toolkit-for-acute-trusts.
82. NHS England. 2014 Patient Safety Alert. Addressing rising trends and outbreaks in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. http://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/psa-carbapenemase.pdf.
83. Department of Health. 2014 UK 5 year antimicrobial resistance (AMR) strategy 2013-2018: measuring success. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/322358/Outcome_measures.pdf.
84. Garcia AL, Aylin P, Tian J, King C, Catchpole M, Hassall S, Whittaker-Axon K, Holmes A. 2011 Data linkage between existing healthcare databases to support hospital epidemiology. J. Hosp. Infect. 79, 231-235. (doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.06.016)
85. Goossens H, Ferech M, Vander SR, Elseviers M. 2005 Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 365, 579-587. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17907-0)
86. Blackburn RM, Henderson KL, Minaji M, Muller-Pebody B, Johnson AP, Sharland M. 2012 Exploring the epidemiology of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in children in England (January 2009-March 2010) by linkage of national hospital admissions and microbiological databases. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1, 284-294. (doi:10.1093/jpids/pis084)
87. Green N, Johnson AP, Henderson KL, Muller-Pebody B, Thelwall S, Robotham JV, Sharland M, Wolkewitz M, Deeny SR. In press. Quantifying the burden of hospital-acquired bloodstream infection in children in England by estimating excess length of hospital stay and mortality using a multistate analysis of linked, routinely collected data. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. (doi:10.1093/jpids/piu073)
88. Abernethy JK, Johnson AP, Guy R, Hinton N, Sheridan EA, Hope RJ. In press. Thirty day all-cause mortality in patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia in England. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. (doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.001)
89. Harron K, Goldstein H, Wade A, Muller-Pebody B, Parslow R, Gilbert R. 2013 Linkage, evaluation and analysis of national electronic healthcare data: application to providing enhanced blood-stream infection surveillance in paediatric intensive care. PLoS ONE 8, e85278. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085278)
90. Ironmonger D, Edeghere O, Gossain S, Bains A, Hawkey PM. 2013 AmWeb: a novel interactive web tool for antimicrobial resistance surveillance, applicable to both community and hospital patients. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68, 2406-2413. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkt181)
91. Johnson AP. 2013 Improving antimicrobial stewardship: AmWeb, a tool for helping microbiologists in England to 'Start Smart' when advising on antibiotic treatment. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68, 2181-2182. (doi:10.1093/jac/dkt158)
92. Harris SR et al. 2013 Whole-genome sequencing for analysis of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a descriptive study. Lancet 13, 130-136. (doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70268-2)
93. Price JR et al. 2014 Whole-genome sequencing shows that patient-to-patient transmission rarely accounts for acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. Clin. Infect. Dis. 58, 609-618. (doi:10.1093/cid/cit807)
94. Stoesser N et al. 2014 Genome sequencing of an extended series of NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from neonatal infections in a Nepali hospital characterizes the extent of community-versus hospital-associated transmission in an endemic setting. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 58, 7347-7357. (doi:10.1128/AAC.03900-14)
95. Mathers AJ et al. 2015 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae at a single institution: insights into endemicity from whole genome sequencing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59, 1656-1663. (doi:10.1128/AAC.04292-14)
96. Torok ME, Peacock SJ. 2012 Rapid whole-genome sequencing of bacterial pathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory—pipe dream or reality? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67, 2307-2308. (doi:10.1093/jac/dks247)
97. Koser CU, Ellington MJ, Peacock SJ. 2014 Whole-genome sequencing to control antimicrobial resistance. Trends Genet. 30, 401-407. (doi:10.1016/j.tig.2014.07.003)
98. de Kraker ME, Davey PG, Grundmann H. 2011 Mortality and hospital stay associated with resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteremia: estimating the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. PLoS Med. 8, e1001104. (doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001104)
99. Bates J et al. 2014 Point of care testing for urinary tract infection in primary care (POETIC): protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the clinical and cost effectiveness of FLEXICULT informed management of uncomplicated UTI in primary care. BMC Fam. Pract. 15, 187. (doi:10.1186/s12875-014-0187-4)
100. Longitude Prize, 2014. https://longitudeprize.org.
101. The Clinical Practice Research Datalink. http://www. cprd.com/home/.
102. CSD Health Research. The Health Improvement Network. http://www.thin-uk.com.