Decline of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Oxfordshire hospitals is strain-specific and preceded infection-control intensification

BMJ Open

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Wyllie, David H ^a   Walker, A Sarah ^a,b   Miller, Ruth ^a   Moore, Catrin ^c   Williamson, Susan R ^a   Schlackow, Iryna ^a   Finney, John M ^a   O’Connor, Lily ^a   Peto, Tim E A ^a   Crook, Derrick W ^a  

^a NIHR OXFORD BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b MRC CLINICAL TRIALS UNIT   (United Kingdom)

^c MAHIDOL OXFORD TROPICAL MEDICINE RESEARCH UNIT   (Thailand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85102899770     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000160     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, et al. National trends in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates: impact on economic burden and mortality over a 6-year period (1998e2003). Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1132e40.
2. de Kraker ME, Wolkewitz M, Davey PG, et al. Clinical impact of antimicrobial resistance in European hospitals: excess mortality and length of hospital stay related to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55:1598e605.
3. Harris SR, Feil EJ, Holden MT, et al. Evolution of MRSA during hospital transmission and intercontinental spread. Science 2010;327:469e74.
4. Holden MT, Lindsay JA, Corton C, et al. Genome sequence of a recently emerged, highly transmissible, multi-antibiotic- and antiseptic-resistant variant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sequence type 239 (TW). J Bacteriol 2010;192:888e92.
5. Oliveira DC, Tomasz A, de Lencastre H. Secrets of success of a human pathogen: molecular evolution of pandemic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:180e9.
6. Robinson DA, Kearns AM, Holmes A, et al. Re-emergence of early pandemic Staphylococcus aureus as a community-acquired methicillin-resistant clone. Lancet 2005;365:1256e8.
7. Chambers HF, DeLeo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009;7:629e41.
8. Ellington MJ, Hope R, Livermore DM, et al. Decline of EMRSA-16 amongst methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causing bacteraemias in the UK between 2001 and 2007. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65:446e8.
9. Smyth ET, McIlvenny G, Enstone JE, et al. Four country healthcare associated infection prevalence survey 2006: overview of the results. J Hosp Infect 2008;69:230e48.
10. Reducing Healthcare Associated Infections in Hospitals in England. Report. London: National Audit Office, 2009.
11. Department of Health CMO. Winning Ways: Working Together to Reduce Healthcare Associated Infection in England. London: Deparment of Health, 2003. Contract No.: 3412.
12. Clean Your Hands Campaign. National Patient Safety Agency. 2003. http://www.npsa.nhs.uk/cleanyourhands/.
13. Department of Health CMO. Clean, Safe Care: Reducing MRSA and Other Healthcare Associated Infections. 2007. http://www.clean-safecare.nhs.uk/.
14. Benning A, Dixon-Woods M, Nwulu U, et al. Multiple component patient safety intervention in English hospitals: controlled evaluation of second phase. BMJ 2011;342:d199.
15. Wyllie DH, Crook DW, Peto TE. Mortality after Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in two hospitals in Oxfordshire, 1997e2003: cohort study. BMJ 2006;333:281.
16. Health Protection Standard Methods. Health Protection Agency. 2010. http://www.hpa-standardmethods.org.uk/.
17. Miller R, Walker AS, Knox K, et al. ‘Feral’ and ‘wild’-type methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138:655e65.
18. Hess KR. Assessing time-by-covariate interactions in proportional hazards regression models using cubic spline functions. Stat Med 1994;13:1045e62.
19. Walker S, Peto TE, O’Connor L, et al. Are there better methods of monitoring MRSA control than bacteraemia surveillance? An observational database study. PLoS One 2008;3:e2378.
20. Peacock SJ, Moore CE, Justice A, et al. Virulent combinations of adhesin and toxin genes in natural populations of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2002;70:4987e96.
21. Hayward A, Knott F, Petersen I, et al. Increasing hospitalizations and general practice prescriptions for community-onset staphylococcal disease, England. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:720e6.
22. Amorim ML, Faria NA, Oliveira DC, et al. Changes in the clonal nature and antibiotic resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates associated with spread of the EMRSA-15 clone in a tertiary care Portuguese hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:2881e8.
23. Wilson J, Elgohari S, Livermore DM, et al. Trends among pathogens reported as causing bacteraemia in England, 2004 to 2008. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:451e8.
24. Stone S, Slade R, Fuller C, et al. Early communication: does a national campaign to improve hand hygiene in the NHS work? Initial English and Welsh experience from the NOSEC study (National Observational Study to Evaluate the CleanYourHandsCampaign). J Hosp Infect 2007;66:293e6.
25. Beres SB, Sylva GL, Sturdevant DE, et al. Genome-wide molecular dissection of serotype M3 group A Streptococcus strains causing two epidemics of invasive infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:11833e8.
26. Henriques-Normark B, Blomberg C, Dagerhamn J, et al. The rise and fall of bacterial clones: Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat Rev Microbiol 2008;6:827e37.
27. Stephens DS, Greenwood B, Brandtzaeg P. Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis. Lancet 2007;369:2196e210.
28. Gupta S, Ferguson N, Anderson R. Chaos, persistence, and evolution of strain structure in antigenically diverse infectious agents. Science 1998;280:912e15.
29. Yokoe DS, Mermel LA, Anderson DJ, et al. A compendium of strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29(Suppl 1):S12e21.
30. NHS to Track a Wider Range of Infections. 2010. http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/MediaCentre/Pressreleases/DH_120208.