Ubiquity of microscopic animals? Evidence from the morphological approach in species identification

Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms is Everything Small Everywhere?

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 244-283

  Artois, Tom ^a   Fontaneto, Diego ^b,c   Hummon, William D ^d   Mc Innes, Sandra J ^e   Todaro, M Antonio ^f   Sørensen, Martin V ^g   Zullini, Aldo ^h  

^a HASSELT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^g UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928648134     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511974878.014     Document Type: Chapter

References (209)

1. Andrassy, I. (1964). SusswasserNematoden aus den grossen Gebirgsgegenden Ostafrikas. Acta Zoologica, Budapest 10, 1-59.
2. Artois, T., Tessens, B. (2008). Polycystididae (Rhabditophora: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Indian Ocean, with the description of twelve new species. Zootaxa 1849, 1-27.
3. Artois, T., Willems, W., De Roeck, Jocque, M., Brendonck, L. (2004). Freshwater Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) from ephemeral rock pools from Botswana, with the description of four new species and one new genus. Zoological Science 21, 1063-1072.
4. Baker, J.M., Giribet, G. (2007). A molecular phylogenetic approach to the phylum Cycliophora provides further evidence for cryptic speciation in Symbion americanus. Zoologica Scripta 36, 353-359.
5. Baker, J.M., Funch, P., Giribet, G. (2007). Cryptic speciation in the recently discovered American cycliophoran Symbion americanus; genetic structure and population expansion. Marine Biology 151, 2183-2193.
6. Balian, E.V., Segers, H., Leveque, C., Martens, K. (2008). Freshwater animal diversity assessment: an introduction to the Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment (FADA) project. Hydrobiologia 595, 3-8.
7. Ball, I.R. (1976). Nature and formulation of biogeographical hypothesis. Systematic Zoology 24, 407-430.
8. Balsamo, M. (1992) Hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis in lower Bilateria: Gnathostomulida and Gastrotricha. In Dallai, R. (ed.), Sex Origin and Evolution, pp 309-327. Modena: Mucchi editore.
9. Balsamo, M., Todaro, M.A. (1988). Life history traits of two chaetonotids (Gastrotricha) under different experimental conditions. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 14, 161-176.
10. Balsamo, M., d'Hondt, J.-L., Kisielewski, J., Pierboni, L. (2008). Global diversity of astrotrichs (Gastrotricha) in fresh waters. Hydrobiologia 595, 85-91.
11. Balsamo, M., d'Hondt, J.-L., Pierboni, L., Grilli, P. (2009). Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on freshwater Gastrotricha. Zootaxa 2158, 1-19.
12. Baujard, P., Martiny, B. (1994). Transport of nematodes by wind in the peanut cropping area of Senegal, West Africa. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17, 543-550.
13. Bertolani, R. (1982). Cytology and reproductive mechanisms in tardigrades. In Nelson, D.R. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Tardigrada, pp 93-114. August 3-6, 1980, Johnson City, Tennessee. Johnson City, TN: East Tennessee State University Press.
14. Bertolani, R. (1987) Sexuality, reproduction, and propagation in tardigrades. In Bertolani, R. (ed.), Biology of Tardigrades. Selected Symposia and Monographs UZI 1, 93-101.
15. Bertolani, R., Grimaldi, D. (2000). A New Eutardigrade (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) in amber from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Jersey. In Grimaldi, D. (ed.), Studies on Fossils in Amber, with Particular Reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey, pp 103-110. Leiden: Backhuys Publishers.
16. Bertolani, R., Rebecchi, L. (1993). A revision of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group (Tardigrada, Macrobiotidae), with some observations on the taxonomic characters of eutardigrades. Zoologica Scripta 22, 127-152.
17. Bertolani, R., Rebecchi, L. (1999). Tardigrada. In Knobil, E., Neill, J.D. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Vol. 4, pp 703-718. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
18. Binda, M.G., Kristensen, R.M. (1986). Notes on the genus Oreella (Oreellidae) and the systematic position of Carphania fluviatilis Binda, 1978 (Carphanidae fam. nov., Heterotardigrada). Animalia 13, 9-20.
19. Boaden, P.J.S. (1964). Grazing in the interstitial habitat: a review. In Crisp, D.J. (ed.), Grazing in terrestrial and marine environments. British Ecological Society Symposium 4, 299-303.
20. Boaden, P.J.S. (1968). Water movement - a dominant factor in interstitial ecology. Sarsia 34, 125-136.
21. Boag, B., Yeates, G.W. (1998). Soil nematode biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. Biodiveristy and Conservation 7, 617-630.
22. Carroll, J.J., Viglierchio, D.R. (1981). On the transport of nematodes by the wind. Journal of Nematology 13, 476-482.
23. Casu, M., Curini-Galletti, M. (2006) Genetic evidence for the existence of cryptic species in the mesopsammic flatworm Pseudomonocelis ophiocephala (Rhabditophora: Proseriata). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 87, 553-576.
24. Claxton, S.K. (1998). A revision of the genus Minibiotus (Tardigrada: Macrobiotidae) with descriptions of eleven new species from Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 50, 125-160.
25. Convey, P., McInnes, S. (2005). Exceptional tardigrade-dominated ecosystems in Ellsworth Land, Antarctica. Ecology 86, 519-527.
26. Coomans, A. (1996). Phylogeny of the Longidoridae. Russian Journal of Nematology 4, 51-60.
27. Cooper, K.W. (1964). The first fossil tardigrade: Beorn leggi Cooper, from Cretaceous amber. Psyche 71, 41-48.
28. Cromer, L., Gibson, J.A.E., Swadling, K.M., Hodgson, D.A. (2006). Evidence for a lacustrine faunal refuge in the Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica, during the Last Glacial Maximum. Journal of Biogeography 33, 1314-1323.
29. Cromer, L., Gibson, J.A.E., McInnes, S.J., Agius, J.T. (2008). Tardigrade remains from lake sediments. Journal of Paleolimnology 39, 143-150.
30. Curcic, B.P.M., Sudhaus, W., Dimitrijevic, R.N. (2004). Phoresy of Rhabditophanes schneideri (Bütschli) (Rhabditida: Alloionematidae) on pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). Nematology 6, 313-317.
31. Curini-Galletti, M.C., Puccinelli, I. (1998). The Gyratix hermaphroditus species complex (Kalyptorynchia: Polycystididae) in marine habitats of eastern Australia. Hydrobiologia 383, 287-298.
32. Dao, F. (1970). Climatic influence on the distribution pattern of plant parasitic and soil inhabiting nematodes. Mededelingen Landbouwhogenschool Wageningen 70, 1-181.
33. De Ridder, M. (1981). Some considerations on the geographic distribution of rotifers. Hydrobiologia 85, 209-225.
34. De RooiJ-van der Goes, P.C.E.M., van Dijk, C., van der Putten, W.H, Jungerius, P.D. (1997). Effects of sand movement by wind on nematodes and soil-borne fungi in coastal foredunes. Journal of Coastal Conservation 3, 133-142.
35. De Smet, W.H. (2002). A new record of Limnognathia maerski Kristensen & Funch, 2000 (Micrognathozoa) from the subantarctic Crozet Islands, with redescription of the trophi. Journal of Zoology 258, 381-393.
36. Degma, P., Guidetti, R. (2007). Notes to the current checklist of Tardigrada. Zootaxa 1579, 41-53.
37. Dózsa-Farkas, K. (1965). Untersuhungen über die Fauna des Budapester Leitungswassers, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nematoden. Opuscola Zoologica, Budapest 5, 173-181.
38. Dumont, H.J. (1980). Workshop on taxonomy and biogeography. Hydrobiologia 73, 205-206.
39. Dumont, H.J. (1983). Biogeography of rotifers. Hydrobiologia 104, 19-30.
40. Dumont, H., Segers, H. (1996). Estimating lacustrine zooplankton species richness and complementarity. Hydrobiologia 341, 125-132.
41. Ettema, C.H., Wardle, D. (2002). Spatial soil ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17, 177-183.
42. Euyalem-Abebe, Coomans, A. (1995). Freshwater nematodes of the Galápagos. Hydrobiologia 299, 1-51.
43. Eyualem-Abebe, Decraemer, W., De Ley, P. (2008). Global diversity of nematodes (Nematoda) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595, 67-78.
44. Faubel, A., Gollasch, S. (1996). Cryptostylochus hullensis sp. nov. (Polycladida, Acotylea, Platyhelminthes): a possible case of transoceanic dispersal on a ship's hull. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 50, 533-537.
45. Faulkner, L.R., Bolander, W.J. (1966). Occurrence of large nematode populations in irrigation canals in South Central Washington. Nematologica 12, 591-600.
46. Faulkner, L.R., Bolander, W.J. (1970). Agriculturally-polluted irrigation water as a source of plant-parasitic nematode infestation. Journal of Nematology 2, 368-374.
47. Fenchel, T., Finlay, B.J. (2004). The ubiquity of small species: patterns of local and global diversity. Bioscience 54, 777-784.
48. Ferris, V.R., Goseco, C.G., Ferris, J.M. (1976). Biogeography of free-living soil nematodes from the perspective of plate tectonics. Science 193, 508-510.
49. Ferris, V.R., Ferris, J.M., Goseco, C.G. (1981). Phylogenetic and biogeographic hypotheses in Leptonchidae (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) and a new classification. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society, Washington 48, 163-171.
50. Foissner, W. (2006). Biogeography and dispersal of micro-organisms: a review emphasizing protists. Acta Protozoologica 45, 111-136.
51. Fontaneto, D., Melone, G. (2003). Redescription of Pleuretra hystrix, an endemic alpine bdelloid rotifer. Hydrobiologia 497, 153-160.
52. Fontaneto, D., Ficetola, G.F., Ambrosini, R., Ricci, C. (2006). Patterns of diversity in microscopic animals: are they comparable to those in protists or in larger animals? Global Ecology and Biogeography 15, 153-162.
53. Fontaneto, D., Herniou, E.A., Barraclough, T.G., Ricci C. (2007). On the global distribution of microscopic animals: new worldwide data on bdelloid rotifers. Zoological Studies 46, 336-346.
54. Fontaneto, D., Kaya, M., Herniou, E.A., Barraclough, T.G. (2009). Extreme levels of hidden diversity in microscopic animals (Rotifera) revealed by DNA taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53, 182-189.
55. Freckman, D.W., Virginia, R.A. (1997). Low-diversity Antarctic soil nematode communities: distribution and response to disturbance. Ecology 78, 363-369.
56. Friedrich, C., Hendelberg, J. (2001). On the ecology of Acoela living in the Arctic Sea ice. Belgian Journal of Zoology 131 (Supplement 1), 213-216.
57. Funch, P., Kristensen, R.M. (1995). Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 378, 711-714.
58. Funch, P., Kristensen, R.M. (1997). Cycliophora. In Harrison, F.W., Woollacott, R.M. (eds.), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates, Vol. 13. Lophophorates, Entoprocta, and Cycliophora, pp 409-474. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.
59. Gad, G. (2005a). Successive reduction of the last instar larva of Loricifera, as evidenced by two new species of Pliciloricus from the Great Meteor Seamount (Atlantic Ocean). Zoologischer Anzeiger 243, 239-271.
60. Gad, G. (2005b). Giant Higgins-larvae with paedogenetic reproduction from the deep sea of the Angola Basin - evidence for a new life cycle and for abyssal gigantism in Loricifera? Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 5, 59-75.
61. Gad, G. (2005c). A parthenogenetic, simplified adult in the life cycle of Pliciloricus pedicularis sp. n. (Loricifera) from the deep sea of the Angola Basin (Atlantic). Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 5, 77-103.
62. Gad, G., Martinez Arbizu, P. (2005). First description of an Arctic Loricifera - a new Rugiloricus-species from the Laptev Sea. Marine Biology Research 1, 313-325.
63. GaOrdóñez, D., Pardos, F., Benito, J. (2008). Three new Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha, Cyclorhagida) from North Spain, with new evolutionary aspects in the genus. Zoologischer Anzeiger 247, 95-111.
64. Gaugler, R., Bilgrami, A.L. (2004). Nematode Behaviour. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
65. Gerlach, S.A. (1977). Means of meiofauna dispersal. Microfauna Meeresboden 61, 89-103.
66. Goeze, J.A.E. (1773). Über den kleinen Wasserbär. In Bonnet, K. (ed.), Abhandlungen aus der Insektologie, pp 367-375. Halle: JJ Gebauers Wittwe und Joh Jac Gebauer.
67. Gómez, A., Serra, M., Carvalho, G.R., Lunt, H. (2002). Speciation in ancient cryptic species complexes: evidence from the molecular phylogeny of Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera). Evolution 56, 1431-1445.
68. Gradinger, R., Friedrich, C., Spindler, M. (1999). Abundance, biomass and composition of the sea ice biota of the Greenland sea pack ice. Deep Sea Research II46, 1457-1472.
69. Graff, L. von (1913). Platyhelminthes. Turbellaria II. Rhabdocoelida. Tierreich 35 II-XX, 1-484.
70. Green, J. (1972). Latitudinal variations in associations of planktonic rotifers. Journal of Zoology 167, 31-39.
71. Guidetti, R., Bertolani, R. (2005). Tardigrade taxonomy: an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification. Zootaxa 845, 1-46.
72. Hagerman, G.M., Rieger, R.M. (1981). Dispersal of benthic meiofauna by wave and current action in Bogue Sound, N.C., USA. PSZN Marine Ecology 2, 245-270.
73. Heiner, I. (2004). Armorloricus kristenseni (Nanaloricidae, Loricifera), a new species from the Faroe Bank (north Atlantic). Helgoland Marine Research 58, 192-205.
74. Heiner, I. (2008). Rugiloricus bacatus sp. nov. (Loricifera - Pliciloricidae) and a ghost-larva with paedogenetic reproduction. Systematics and Biodiversity 6, 225-247.
75. Heiner, I., Boesgaard, T.M., Kristensen, R.M. (2009). First time discovery of Loricifera from Australian waters and marine caves. Marine Biology Research 5, 529-546.
76. Heitkamp, U. (1988). Life-cycles of microturbellarians of pools and their strategies of adaptation to their habitats. Progress in Zoology 36, 449-456.
77. Hejnol, A., Obst, M., Stamatakis, A. et al. (2010). Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276, 4261-4270.
78. Higgins, R.P. (1977). Redescription of Echinoderes dujardinii (Kinorhyncha) with descriptions of closely related species. Contributions to Zoology 248, 1-26.
79. Higgins, R.P., Kristensen, R.M. (1986). New Loricifera from Southeastern United States Coastal Waters. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 438, 1-70.
80. Hillier, L.W., Miller, R.D., Baird, S.E. et al.. Comparison of C. elegans and briggsae genome sequence reveals extensive conservation of chromosome organization and synteny. PLoS Biology 5, 1603-1616.
81. Hochberg, R. (2005). Musculature of the primitive gastrotrich Neodasys (Chaetonotida): Functional adaptations to the interstitial environment and phylogenetic significance. Marine Biology 146, 315-323.
82. Hodda, M., Ocaña, A., Traunspurger, W. (2006). Nematodes from extreme freshwater habitats. In Abebe, E., Traunspurgerm, W., Andrássy, I. (eds.), Freshwater Nematodes: Ecology and Taxonomy, pp 179-210. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
83. Hugot, J.P., Baujard, P., Morand, S. (2001). Biodiversity in helminths and nematodes as a field of study: an overview. Nematology 3, 199-208.
84. Hummon, M.R. (1984). Reproduction and sexual development in a freshwater gastrotrich. 1. Oogenesis of parthenogenic eggs (Gastrotricha). Zoomorphologie 104, 33-41.
85. Hummon, W.D. (2008). Gastrotricha of the North Atlantic Ocean: 1. Twenty four new and two redescribed species of Macrodasyida. Meiofauna Marina 16, 117-174.
86. Hummon, W.D., Todaro, M.A. (2007). A new species of Xenotrichulidae (Gastrotricha) from southern and southeastern USA. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 48, 297-302.
87. Hummon, W.D., Todaro, M.A. (2010). Analytic taxonomy and notes on marine, brackish-water and estuarine Gastrotricha. Zootaxa 2392, 1-32.
88. Hutchinson, G.E. (1967). A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. II. Introduction to Lake Biology and the Limnoplankton. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
89. Hyman, L.H. (1951). The Invertebrates. Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela. The Acoelomate Bilateria, Vol II. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
90. Ingole, B.S. (1987). Occurrence of resting eggs in Macrostomum orthostylum (M. Braun, 1885) (Turbellaria: Macrostomida). Zoologischer Anzeiger 219, 19-24.
91. Janiec, K. (1996). Short distance wind transport of microfauna in maritime Antarctic (King George Island, South Shetland Islands). Polish Polar Research 17, 203-211.
92. Jankovska, V. (1991). Unbekannte Objekte in Pollenpräparaten - Tardigrada. In Kovar-Eder, J. (ed.), Palaeovegetational Development in Europe and Regions Relevant to its Palaeofloristic Evolution, pp 19-23. Pan-European Palaeobotanical Conference, Vienna, Austria, September.
93. Janssen, H.H., Gradinger, R. (1999). Turbellaria (Archoophora: Acoela) from Antarctic sea ice endofauna: examination of their micromorphology. Polar Biology 21, 410-416.
94. Johnston, T.H. (1938). Echinoderida. Scientific Reports, Ser. C.- Zoology and Botany. Sydney: David Harold Paisley, Government Printer.
95. Kanneby, T., Todaro, M.A., Jondelius, U. (2009). One new species and records of Ichthydium Ehrenberg, 1830 (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) from Sweden with a key to the genus. Zootaxa 2278, 26-46.
96. Karling, T.G., Mack-Fira, V., Dörjes, J. (1972). First report on marine microturbellarians from Hawaii. Zoologica Scripta 1, 251-269.
97. Kaya, M., De Smet, W.H., Fontaneto, (2010). Survey of moss-dwelling bdelloid rotifers from middle Arctic Spitsbergen (Svalbard). Polar Biology 33, 833-842.
98. Kinchin, I.M. (1994). The Biology of Tardigrades. Chapel Hill, NC: Portland Press.
99. Kiontke, K. (1996). The phoretic association of Diplogaster coprophila Sudhaus & Rehfeld, 1990 (Diplogastridae) from cow dung with its carriers, in particular flies of the family Sepsidae. Nematologica 42, 354-366.
100. Kisielewski, J. (1991). Inland-water Gastrotricha from Brazil. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 43 (Suppl. 2), 1-168.
101. Kisielewski, J. (1999). A preliminary study of the inland-water Gastrotricha of Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 45, 135-157.
102. Kozloff, E.N. (2007). Stages of development, from first cleavage to hatching, of an Echinoderes (Phylum Kinorhyncha: Class Cyclorhagida). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 48, 199-206.
103. Kristensen, R.M. (1983). Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 21, 163-180.
104. Kristensen, R.M. (1987). Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. In Bertolani, R. (ed.), Biology of Tardigrades. Selected Symposia and Monographs UZI, 1, 261-335.
105. Kristensen, R.M., Funch, P. (2000). Micrognathozoa: A new class with complicated jaws like those of Rotifera and Gnathostomulida. Journal of Morphology 246, 1-49.
106. Kristensen, R.M., Norrevang, A. (1977). On the fine structure of Rastrognathia macrostoma gen. et sp. n. placed in Rastrognathiidae fam. n. (Gnathostomulida). Zoologica Scripta 6, 27-41.
107. Kristensen, R.M., Norrevang, A. (1978). On the fine structure of Valvognathia pogonostoma gen. et sp.n. (Gnathostomulida, Onychognathiidae) with special reference to the jaw apparatus. Zoologica Scripta 7, 179-186.
108. Kristensen, R.M., Shirayama, Y. (1988). Pliciloricus hadalis (Pliciloricidae), a new loriciferan species collected from the Izu-Ogasawara Trench, Western Pacific. Zoological Science 5, 875-881.
109. Krnjaic, D.J., Krnjaic, S. (1973). Dispersion of nematodes by wind. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria F. Silvestri, Portici 30, 66-70.
110. Lambshead, J.D. (2004). Marine nematode biodiversity. In Chen, Z.X., Chen, S.Y., Dickson, D.W. (eds.), Nematology, Advances and Perspectives, Vol. I, pp 438-468. Cambridge, MA: Tsinghua University Press and CABI Publishing.
111. Leasi, F., Todaro, M. A. (2009). Meiofaunal cryptic species revealed by confocal microscopy: the case of Xenotrichula intermedia (Gastrotricha). Marine Biology 156, 1335-1346.
112. Leasi, F., Todaro, M.A. (2010). The gastrotrich community of a north Adriatic Sea site, with a redescription of Musellifer profundus (Chaetonotida: Muselliferidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK 90, 645-653.
113. Loof, P.A.A. (1971). Freeliving and plant parasitic nematodes from Spitzbergen, collected by Mr. H. Van Rossen. Mededelingen Landbouwhogenschool Wageningen 71-7, 1-86.
114. Lupi, E., Ricci, V., Burrini, D. (1994). Occurrence of nematodes in surface water used in a drinking water plant. Journal Water SRT-Aqua 43, 107-112.
115. Luther, A. (1955). Die Dalyelliiden (Turbellaria, Neorhabdocoela): eine Monographie. Acta Zoologica Fennica 87, 1-337.
116. Luther, A. (1960). Die Turbellarien Ostfennoskandiens. I. Acoela, Catenulida, Macrostomida, Lecithoepitheliata, Prolecithophora und Proseriata. Fauna Fennica 7, 1-155.
117. Marcus, E. (1929). Tardigrada. In Bronn, H.G. (ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Vol. 5, pp 1-608. Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft.
118. Marcus, E. (1936). Tardigrada. In Schultze, F. (ed.), Das Tierreich, Vol. 66, pp 1-340. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
119. Martiny, J.B.H., Bohannan, B.J.M., Brown, J.H. et al. (2006). Microbial biogeography: putting microorganisms on the map. Nature Reviews 4, 102-112.
120. McInnes, S.J., Pugh, P.J.A. (2007). An attempt to revisit the global biogeography of limno-terrestrial Tardigrada. Journal of Limnology 66, 90-96.
121. Melnikov, I.A. (1997). The Arctic Sea Ice Ecosystem. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
122. Miller, W.R., Heatwole, H.F. (2003). Tardigrades of the sub-Antarctic: 5000 year old eggs from Marion Island. Abstract: 9th International Symposium on Tardigrada, Florida, USA.
123. Mott, J.B., Harrison, A.D. (1983). Nematodes from river drift and surface drinking water supplies in southern Ontario. Hydrobiologia 102, 27-38.
124. Murray, J. (1906). Scottish National Antarctic Expedition: Tardigrada of the South Orkneys. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 45, 323-338.
125. Navas, A., Baldwin, J.G., Barrios, L., Nombela, G. (1993). Phylogeny and biogeography of Longidorus (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in Euromediterranea. Nematologia Mediterranea 21, 71-88.
126. Nedved, O. (2004). Occurrence of the phylum Cycliophora in the Mediterranean. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 277, 297-299.
127. Nelson, D.R. (1982a) Developmental biology of the Tardigrada. In Harrison, F., Cowden, R. (eds.), Developmental Biology of Freshwater Invertebrates, pp 363-368. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss.
128. Nelson, D.R. (2002). Current status of the Tardigrada: evolution and ecology. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42, 652-659.
129. Nelson, D.R., McInnes, S.J. (2002). Tardigrades. In Rundle, S.D, Robertson, A.L., Schmid-Araya, J.M. (eds.), Freshwater Meiofauna: Biology and Ecology, pp 177-215. Leiden: Buckhuys.
130. Neves, R.C., Cunha, M.R., Funch, P., Kristensen, R.M., Wanninger, A. (2010). Comparative myoanatomy of cycliophoran life cycle stages. Journal of Morphology 271, 596-611.
131. Nkem, J.N., Wall, D.H., Virginia, R.A. et al. (2006). Wind dispersal of soil invertebrates in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Polar Biology 29, 346-352.
132. Obst, M., Funch, P. (2003). Dwarf male of Symbion pandora (Cycliophora). Journal of Morphology 255, 261-278.
133. Obst, M., Funch, P., Kristensen, R.M. (2006). A new species of Cycliophora from the mouthparts of the American lobster, Homarus americanus (Nephropidae, Decapoda). Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 6, 83-97.
134. Orr, C.C., Newton, O.H. (1971). Distribution of nematodes by wind. Plant Disease 55, 61-63.
135. Palmer, M.A. (1988). Dispersal of marine meiofauna: a review and conceptual model explaining passive transport and active emergence with implications for recruitment. Marine Ecology - Progress Series 48, 81-91.
136. Pejler, B. (1977). On the global distribution ofthe family Brachionidae (Rotatoria). Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie (Suppl.) 53, 255-306.
137. Pilato, G. (1979). Correlations between cryptobiosis and other biological characteristics in some soil animals. Bollettino di Zoologica, 46, 319-332.
138. Pilato, G., Binda, M.G. (2001). Biogeography and limnoterrestrial tardigrades: are they truly incompatible binomials? Zoologischer Anzeiger 240, 511-516.
139. Procter, D.L.C. (1984). Towards a biogeography of free-living soil nematodes. I. Changing species richness, diversity and densities with changing latitude. Journal of Biogeography 11, 103-117.
140. Procter, D.L.C. (1990). Global overview of the functional roles of soil-living nematodes in terrestrial communities and ecosystems. Journal of Nematology 22, 1-7.
141. Pugh, P.J.A., McInnes, S.J. (1998). The origin of Arctic terrestrial and freshwater tardigrades. Polar Biology 19, 177-182.
142. Ramazzotti, G. (1962). Il Phylum Tardigrada. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 16, 1-595.
143. Ramazzotti, G. (1972). Il Phylum Tardigrada. II edizione. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 19, 101-212.
144. Ramazzotti, G., Maucci, W. (1983). Il Phylum Tardigrada. III edizione riveduta e aggiornata. Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 41, 1-1012.
145. Rebecchi, L., Bertolani, R. (1988). New cases of parthenogenisis and polyploidy in the genus Ramazzottius (Tardigrada, Hypsibiidae) and a hypothesis concerning their origin. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 14, 187-196.
146. Rebecchi, L., Bertolani, R. (1994). Maturative pattern of ovary and testis in eutardigrades of freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 26, 107-117.
147. Reisinger, E., Steinbock, O. (1927). Forelobig meddelelse om vor zoologiske Rejse i Gr0nland 1926. Meddelelser om Gr0nland, K0benhavn 74, 33-42.
148. Ricci, C., Fontaneto, D. (2009). The importance of being a bdelloid: ecological and evolutionary consequences of dormancy. Italian Journal of Zoology 76, 240-249.
149. Ricci, C., Melone, G., Sotgia, C. (1993). Old and new data on Seisonidea (Rotifera). Hydrobiologia 255/256, 495-511.
150. Richters, F. (1905). Moss dwellers. Scientific American Supplement 60 (1556), 24937.
151. Riedl, R.J. (1969). Gnathostomulida from America - This is the first record of the new phylum from North America. Science 163, 445-452.
152. Roccuzzo, G., Ciancio, A. (1991). Notes on nematodes found in irrigation water in southern Italy. Nematologia Mediterranea 19, 105-108.
153. Rousselet, C.F. (1909). On the geographical distribution of the Rotifera. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club Ser. 2. 10, 465-470.
154. Schockaert, E.R., Hooge, M., Sluys, S. et al. (2008). Global diversity of free- living flatworms (Platyhelminthes, –Turbellaria—) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595, 41-48.
155. Schroeder, T., Walsh, E.J. (2007). Cryptic speciation in the cosmopolitan Epiphanes senta complex (Monogononta, Rotifera) with the description of new species. Hydrobiologia 595, 129-140.
156. Segers, H. (1996). The biogeography of littoral Lecane Rotifera. Hydrobiologia S2S, 169-197.
157. Segers, H. (2003). A biogeographical analysis of rotifers of the genus Trichocerca Lamarck. 1801 (Trichocercidae, Monogononta, Rotifera), with notes on taxonomy. Hydrobiologia 500, 103-114.
158. Segers, H. (2007). A global checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera). Zootaxa iSB4, 1-104.
159. Segers, H. (2008). Global diversity of rotifers (Rotifera) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595, 49-59.
160. Segers, H., De Smet, W.H. (2008). Diversity and endemism in Rotifera: a review, and Keratella Bory de St Vincent. Biodiversity Conservation 17, 303-316.
161. Sekera, E. (1906). Über die Verbreitung der Selbstbefruchtung bei den Rhabdocoeliden. Zoologischer Anzeiger SG, 142-153.
162. Sohlenius, B. (1980). Abundance, biomass and contribution to energy flow by soil nematodes in terrestrial ecosystems. Oikos S4, 186-194.
163. Sohlenius, B., Boström, S. (2005). The geographic distribution of metazoan microfauna on East Antarctic nunataks. Polar Biology 2S, 439-448.
164. Sorensen, M.V. (2003). Further structures in the jaw apparatus of Limnognathia maerski (Micrognathozoa), with notes on the phylogeny of the Gnathifera. Journal of Morphology 255, 131-145.
165. Sorensen, M.V. (2008). A new kinorhynch genus from the Antarctic deep sea and a new species of Cephalorhyncha from Hawaii (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida:Echinoderidae). Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 8, 230-232.
166. Sorensen, M.V., Pardos, F. (2008). Kinorhynch systematics and biology - an introduction to the study of kinorhynchs, inclusive identification keys to the genera. Meiofauna Marina 16, 21-73.
167. Sorensen, M.V., Rho, H.S. (2009). Triodontoderes anulap gen. et sp. nov. - A new cyclorhagid kinorhynch genus and species from Micronesia. Journal of the Marine Biology Association UK 89, 1269-1279.
168. Sorensen, M.V., Sterrer, W. (2002). New characters in the gnathostomulid mouth parts revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Morphology 253, 310-334.
169. Spallanzani, L. (1776). II tardigrado Volume II, Opuscolo IV, Sezione II, 222-253. Opuscoli di Fisica Animale e Vegetabile. Modena.
170. Steinböck, O. (1931). Marine Turbellaria. Zoology of the Faroes 8, 1-26.
171. Sterrer, W. (1968). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gnathostomulida I. Anatomie und Morphologie des Genus Pterognathia Sterrer. Arkiv för Zoologi, Ser. 2 22, 1-125.
172. Sterrer, W. (1972). Systematics and evolution within the Gnathostomulida. Systematic Zoology 21, 151-173.
173. Sterrer, W. (1973). Plate tectonics as a mechanism for dispersal and speciation in interstitial sand fauna. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 7, 200-222.
174. Sterrer, W. (1991). Gnathostomulida from Fiji, Tonga and New Zealand. Zoologica Scripta 20, 107-128.
175. Sterrer, W. (1997). Gnathostomulida from the Canary Islands. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110, 186-197.
176. Sterrer, W. (1998). Gnathostomulida from the (sub)tropical northwestern Atlantic. Studies on the Natural History of the Caribbean Region 74, 1-178.
177. Sterrer, W. (2001). Gnathostomulida from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 42, 363-395.
178. Sterrer, W., Farris, R. (1975). Problognathia minima n. g., n. sp., representative of a new family of Gnathostomulida, Problognathidae n. fam. from Bermuda. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 94, 357-367.
179. Sudzuki, M. (1972). An analysis of colonization in freshwater micro - organisms. II. Two simple experiments on the dispersal by wind. Japanese Journal of Ecology 22, 222-225.
180. Tchesunov, A.V. (2006). Biology of Marine Nematodes. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press Ltd. (in Russian).
181. Thorne, G. (1968). Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains. I. Tylenchida (Nemata, Secernentea), pp 1-111. Brookings, SD: Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University.
182. Thulin, G. (1928). Über die Phylogenie und das System der Tardigraden. Hereditas 11, 207-266.
183. Timoshkin, O.A., Kawakatsu, M., Korgina, M., Vvedenskaya, T.L. (2004). Preliminary analysis of the stylets of the Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg, 1831 species complex (Platyhelminthes, Neorhabdocoela, Kalyptorhynchia) from lakes of central Russia, Pribaikalye and Kamachatka, lakes Baikal and Biwa. In Timoshkin, O.A, Sitnikova, T.Ya., Rusinek, O.T. et al. (eds.), Index of Animal Species Inhabiting Lake Baikal and its Catchment Area. Vol. 1. Lake Baikal, Book 2, pp 1321-1343. Novosibirsk: Nauka.
184. Todaro, M.A., Hummon, W.D. (2008). An overview and a dichotomous key to genera of the phylum Gastrotricha. Meiofauna Marina 16, 3-20.
185. Todaro, M.A., Kristensen, R.M. (1998). A new species and first report of the genus Nanaloricus (Loricifera, Nanaloricida, Nanaloricidae) from the Mediterranean Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology 65, 219-226.
186. Todaro, M.A., Rocha, C.E.F. (2004). Diversity and distribution of marine Gastrotricha along the northern beaches of the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil), with description of a new species of Macrodasys (Macrodasyida, Macrodasyidae). Journal of Natural History 38, 1605-1634.
187. Todaro, M.A., Rocha, C.E.F. (2005). Further data on marine gastrotrichs from the State of Sao Paulo and the first records from the State of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Meiofauna Marina 14, 27-31.
188. Todaro, M.A., Fleeger, J.W., Hummon, W.D. (1995). Marine gastrotrichs from the sand beaches of the northern Gulf of Mexico: Species list and distribution. Hydrobiologia 310, 107-117.
189. Todaro, M.A., Fleeger, J.W., Hu, Y.P., Hrincevich, A.W., Foltz, D.W. (1996). Are meiofauna species cosmopolitan? Morphological and molecular analysis of Xenotrichula intermedia (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida). Marine Biology 125, 735-742.
190. Todaro, M.A., Balsamo, M., Kristensen, R.M. (2005). A new genus of marine chaetonotids (Gastrotricha), with a description of two new species from Greenland and Denmark. Journal of the Marine Biological Association UK 85, 1391-1400.
191. Traunspurger, W. (1991). Das Meiobenthos des Königssees: systematische und ökologische Untersuhungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Nematoda. Fischbiologie des Königssees. Nahrunsangebot und Nahrungswahl. Band I. Nationalpark Berchtesgaden: Forschungsbericht 22.
192. Traunspurger, W., Michiels, I.C., Eyualem Abebe (2006). Composition and distribution of free-living freshwater nematodes: global and local perspectives. In Eyualem-Abebe, Traunspurger, W., Andrassy, I. (eds.), Freshwater Nematodes: Ecology and Taxonomy, pp 46-76. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
193. Tyler, S., Schilling, S., Hooge, M., Bush, L.F. (comp.) (2006-2009). Turbellarian Taxonomic Database. Version 1.5 http://turbellaria.umaine.edu.
194. Vanschoenwinkel, B., Gielen, S., Vandewaerde, H., Seaman, M., Brendonck, L. (2008a). Relative importance of different dispersal vectors for small aquatic invertebrates in a rock pool metacommunity. Ecography 31, 567-577.
195. Vanschoenwinkel, B., Gielen, S., Seaman, M., Brendonck, L. (2008b). Any way the wind blows - frequent wind dispersal drives species sorting in ephemeral aquatic communities. Oikos 117, 125-134.
196. Vanschoenwinkel, B., Waterkeyn, A., Vandecaetsbeek, T. et al. (2008c). Dispersal of freshwater invertebrates by large terrestrial mammals: a case study with wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Mediterranean wetlands. Freshwater Biology 53, 2264-2273.
197. Vanschoenwinkel, B., Gielen, S., Seaman, M., Brendonck, L. (2009). Wind mediated dispersal of freshwater invertebrates in rock pool metacommunity: differences in dispersal capacities and modes. Hydrobiologia 635, 363-372.
198. Van Steenkiste, N., Davison, P., Artois, T. (2010). Bryoplana xerophila n.g. n.sp., a new limnoterrestrial microturbellarian (Platyhelminthes, Typhloplanidae, Protoplanellinae) from epilithic mosses, with notes on its ecology. Zoological Science 27, 285-291.
199. Wallace, R.L., Snell, T.W., Ricci, C., Nogrady, T. (2006). Rotifera vol. 1: biology, ecology and systematics (2nd edition). In Segers, H., Dumont, H.J. (eds.), Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, 23. Gent: Kenobi Productions and The Hague: Backhuys Academic Publishing BV.
200. Weiss, M.J. (2001). Widespread hermaphroditism in freshwater gastrotrichs. Invertebrate Biology 120, 308-341.
201. Wharton, D.A. (2004). Survival strategies. In Gaugler, R., Bilgrami, A.L. (eds.), Nematode Behaviour, pp 371-399. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
202. Willems, W.R., Wallberg, A., Jondelius, U. et al. (2006). Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 185 ribosomal DNA sequences. Zoologica Scripta 35, 1-17.
203. Womersley, C.Z., Wharton, D., Higa, L.M. (1998). Survival biology. In Perry, R.N., Wright, D.J. (eds.), The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-living and Plant- parasitic Nematodes, pp 271-302. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
204. Wright, J.C. (2001). Cryptobiosis 300 years on from van Leuwenhoek: what have we learned about tardigrades? Zoologischer Anzeiger 240, 563-582.
205. Wright, J.C., Westh, P., Raml0v, H. (1992). Cryptobiosis in Tardigrada. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 67, 1-29.
206. Young, J.O. (1974). The occurence of diapause in the egg stage of the life-cycle of Phaenocora typhlops (Vejdovsky) (Turbellaria: Neorhabdocoela). Journal of Animal Ecology 43, 719-731.
207. Young, J.O., Young, B.M. (1976). First records of eight species and new records of four species of freshwater microturbellaria from East Africa, with comments on modes of dispersal of the group. Zoologischer Anzeiger 96, 93-108.
208. Zelinka, C. (1913). Der Echinoderen der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903. Band 14. Berlin: Reimer.
209. Zullini, A. (1973). Su alcuni nematodi di alta quota del Nepal. Khumbu Himal 4, 401-412.