Nematodes from extreme freshwater habitats

Freshwater Nematodes: Ecology and Taxonomy

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 179-210

  Hodda, Mike ^a   Ocaña, Amelia ^b   Traunspurger, Walter ^c  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^c BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890192367     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (147)

1. Allgen, C. (1929) Uber einige freilebende Moosnematoden. Nytt magasin for naturvidenskapene 67, 211-230.
2. Andrássy, I. (1959) Nematoden aus der Tropfsteinhoehle "Baradla" bei Aggletek (Ungarn), nebst einer Uebersicht der bisher aus Hoehlen bekannten freilebenden Nematoden-Arten. Acta Zoologica Hungarica 4, 253-277.
3. Andrássy, I. (1965) Nematodes and their role in caves. In: Rapoport, E.H. (ed.) Progressos en biologia del suelo: Actas del primer coloquio latino americo de boilogia del suelo en la Universidad Nacional del Sur Bahia Blanca (Argentina). UNESCO, Montevideo, Uruguay, pp. 303-312.
4. Andrássy, I. (1967) Die Unterfamilie Cephalobina (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) und ihre Arten. Acta Zoologica Hungarica 13, 1-37.
5. Andrássy, I. (1973) Nematodes from coastal and cave biotopes in Cuba. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 19, 233-270.
6. Andrássy, I. (1978) Nematoda. A checklist of the animals inhabiting European inland waters with accounts of their distribution and ecology. In: Illies, J. (ed.) Limnofauna Europaea, 2nd edn. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 98-117.
7. Andrássy, I. (1998) Nematodes in the sixth continent. Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics 1, 107-186.
8. Baldwin, J.G., Mundo-Ocampo, M. and McClure, M.A. (1997) Cactodera salina n. sp. from the estuary plant, Salicornia bigelovii, in Sonora, Mexico. Journal of Nematology 29, 465-473.
9. Bird, A.F., and Bird, J. (1991) The Structure of Nematodes. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
10. Bird, A.F., McClure, S.G., and Nicholas, W.L. (1991) Observations on crystalloid bodies in the pseudocoelom of Eutobrilus heptapapillatus. Journal of Nematology 23, 39-47.
11. Bongers, T. (1988) The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia 83, 14-19.
12. Bongers, T., and van der Haar, J. (1990) On the potential of basing an ecological typology of aquatic sediments on the nematode fauna: an example from the River Rhine. Hydrobiological Bulletin 24, 37-45.
13. Bor, N.A., and S'Jacob, J.J. (1966) Pratylenchoides maritimus, a new nematode species from the Boscplaat, Terschelling. Nematologica 12, 462-466.
14. Botosaneanu, L. (1998) Studies in Crenobiology: The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks. Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands.
15. Boulton, A.J., and Stanley, E.H. (1995) Hyporheic processes during flooding and drying in a Sonoran Desert stream. II. Faunal dynamics. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 134, 27-52.
16. Bryant, C., Nicholas, W.L., and Hodda, M. (1983) Does anaerobic metabolism facilitate the survival of free-living nematodes? Report to Australian Marine Sciences and Technologies Scheme, 56 pp.
17. Bunt, J.S. (1954) Soil-inhabiting nematodes from Macquarie Island. Australian Journal of Zoology 2, 264-274.
18. Cayrol, J.C. (1973) Fluctuations observées dans les populations de nématodes cavernicoles en fonction de la pluviométrie. Comptes Rendus du 96e Congrès National des Sociétés Savantes, Toulouse 1971. Section des Sciences, t. III. Biologie Générale et Animale, pp, 157-164.
19. Chitwood, B.G. (1938) Some nematodes from the caves of Yucatan. In: Pearse, A.S. (ed.) Fauna of the Caves of Yucatan. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, DC, pp. 51-56.
20. Cobb, N.A. (1914) Nematodes and Their Relationships. US Department of Agriculture Yearbook 1914, pp. 457-490.
21. Coomans, A., and Heyns, J. (1983) Oncholaimus sahariensis sp.n. (Nematoda) from the Algerian Sahara. Hydrobiologia 107, 193-201.
22. Coomans, A., and Jacobs, L.J. (1983) Halalaimus algeriensis n. sp. (Nematoda) from the Sahara. Hydrobiologia 102, 39-44.
23. Dartnall, H.J.G. (1980) Freshwater biology at Rothera Point, Adelaide Island: 1. General description of the pools and the fauna. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 50, 51-54.
24. Davide, R.G. (1980) Occurrence and observations on Halenchus fucicola found occurring in galls of Ascophyllum nodosum on the south coast of Ireland. Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society Series A 6, 385-396.
25. De Coninck, L.A. (1935) Contribution à la connaissance de Nématodes libres du Congo Belge. I. Les Nématodes libres des marais de la Nyamuamba (Ruwenzori) et des sources chaudes du Mont Banze (Lac Kivu). Revue Zoologique et Botanique Africain 26, 249-326.
26. De Man, J.G. (1892) Ueber eine neue, in Gallen einer Meeresalge lebende Art der Gattung Tylenchus Bast. Festschrift zum 70 Geburtstage Rudolf Leuckarts, Leipzig, Germany.
27. De Man, J.G. (1921) Nouvelles recherches sur les Nématodes libres terricoles de la Hollande. Capita Zoologica 1, 1-62.
28. Dormann, C.F., and Van Der Wal, R. (2001) Impact of soil nematodes on salt-marsh plants: a pilot experiment. Journal of Coastal Research 17, 383-388.
29. Duval, B., Duval, E., and Hoham, R.W. (1999) Snow algae of the Sierra Nevada, Spain, and High Atlas mountains of Morocco. International Microbiology 2, 39-42.
30. Ebsary, B.A., and Eveleigh, E.S. (1983) Meloidogyne aquatilis n. sp (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) from Spartina pectinata with a key to the Canadian species of Meloidogyne (root knot nematode). Journal of Nematology 15, 349-353.
31. Eder, R. (1975) Zwei neue Funde von Stenonchulus troglodytes Schneider 1940 (Onchulidae, Nematoda). Carinthia II 165, 291-294.
32. Eyualem-Abebe, Mees, J., and Coomans, A. (2001) Nematode communities of Lake Tana and other inland water bodies of Ethiopia. Hydrobiologia 462, 41-73.
33. Fuchs, A.G. (1937) Neue parasitische und halbparasitische Nematoden bei Borkenkaefern und einige andere Nematoden. I. Teil. Zoologischer Jahrbuecher Abteilung fuer Systematik Oekologie und Geographie der Tiere 70, 291-380.
34. Furstenberg, J.P., and De Wet, A.G. (1983) Effect of salt marsh vegetation on Helicotylenchus and Tylenchus species of Swartkops Estuary. Nematological Society of Southern Africa Newsletter 16, 5-6.
35. Gagarin, V.G., and Lemzina, L.V. (1992) The nematode fauna of mineral springs in Kyrghyzstan. Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod Informatsionnyi Byulleten 94, 51-55.
36. Garrad, L.S. (1978) Radley college records of the intertidal marine fauna. Calf of Man Bird Observatory Annual Report 1976-1977, 109-122.
37. Gerber, K., and Smart, G.C. Jr (1987a) Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with aquatic vascular plants. In: Veech, J.A., and Dickson, D.W. (eds) Vistas on Nematology: a Commemoration of the Twentyfifth Anniversary of the Society of Nematologists. Society of Nematologists, Hyattsville, Maryland, pp. 488-501.
38. Gerber, K., and Smart, G.C. Jr (1987b) Effect of Hirschmanniella caudacrena on the submersed aquatic plants Ceratophyllum demersum and Hydrilla verticillata. Journal of Nematology 19, 447-453.
39. Gerlach, S.A. (1956) Brasilianische Meeres-Nematoden. I. Boletim do Instituto Oceanographico (Sao Paulo) 5, 3-69.
40. Gerlach, S.A. (1957) Zwei Meeres-Nematoden aus dem Nicaragua-See. Zoologischer Anzeiger 159, 251-254.
41. Gerlach, S.A., and Riemann, F. (1974) The Bremerhaven checklist of aquatic nematodes. Veroeffentlichungen des Instituts fuer Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven Supplement 4, 1-736.
42. Goossens, A. (1976) A study of the aquatic nematodes of the Adrar mountains in Mauretania. Biologisch Jaarboek Dodonaea 44, 178-190.
43. Grootaert, P. (1976) A note on the aquatic nematodes from Rio de Oro (North-western Sahara). Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, A. 38 (4), 832-835.
44. Heyns, J. (1993) Eudorylaimus nudicaudatus sp. n. from Antarctica (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). South African Journal of Antarctic Research 23, 33-36.
45. Heyns, J. (1994) Chiloplacoides antarcticus n. gen., n. sp. from western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (Nematoda: Cephalobidae). Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17, 333-338.
46. Heyns, J. (1995) Plectus antarcticus de Man, 1904 from western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Nematologica 41, 1-6.
47. Heyns, J., and Coomans, A. (1980) Freshwater nematodes from South Africa. 5. Chronogaster Cobb, 1913. Nematologica 26(2), 187-208.
48. Hodda, M. (1999) Nematodes of Australia: free-living, insect- and plant-associated. Available at: http:/www.ento.csiro.au/science/nematodes/nematodes
49. Hodda, M. (2003) Checklist of Aphelenchida. Available at: http:/www.ento.csiro.au/science/nematodes/checklist_dec2003.rtf
50. Hodda, M., and Nicholas, W.L. (1985) Meiofauna associated with mangroves in the Hunter River estuary and Fullerton Cove. Australian Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research 36, 41-50.
51. Hoeppli, R.J.C. (1926) Studies of free-living nematodes from the thermal waters of Yellowstone Park. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 45, 234-255.
52. Hoeppli, R., and Chu, H.J. (1932) Free-living nematodes from hot springs in China and Formosa. Hongkong Naturalist Supplement 1, 15-28.
53. Hynes, H.B.N. (1970) The Ecology of Running Waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario.
54. Iversen, T.M. (1988) Secondary production and trophic relationships in a spring invertebrate community. Limnology and Oceanography 33, 582-592.
55. Jacobs, L.J. (1984) The free-living inland aquatic nematodes of Africa - a review. Hydrobiologia 113, 259-291.
56. Jacobs, L.J. (1987) A Checklist of the Monhysteridae (Nematoda, Monhysterida). Rand Africans University, Johannesburg.
57. Jairajpuri, S., and Ahmad, W. (1992) Dorylaimida: Free-living, Predaceous and Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi.
58. Kirjanova, E.S. (1958) Antarctic specimens of freshwater nematodes of the genus Plectus Bastian (Nematoda: Plectidae). Information Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition 3, 163-165 [English summary - Russian version pp. 101-103.
59. Leeper, D.A., and Taylor, B.E. (1998) Abundance, biomass and production of aquatic invertebrates in Rainbow Bay, a temporary wetland in South Carolina, USA. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 143, 335-362.
60. Loof, P.A.A. (1971) Free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes from Spitzbergen, collected by Mr H. van Rossen. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 71, 1-86.
61. Lorenzen, S. (1994) Phylogenetic Systematics of Freeliving Nematodes. Ray Society, London.
62. Maggenti, A.R., Raski, D.J., Koshy, P.K., and Sosamma, V.K. (1983) A new species of Chronogaster Cobb, 1913 (Nemata: Plectidae) with an amended diagnosis of the genus and discussion of cuticular ornamentation. Revue de Nematologie 6, 257-263.
63. Marchant, R., and Lillywhite, P. (1994) Survey of stream invertebrate communities on Macquarie Island. Australian Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research 45, 471-481.
64. Maslen, N.R. (1979) Additions to the nematode fauna of the Antarctic region with keys to taxa. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 49, 207-229.
65. Maslen, N.R. (1982) An unidentified nematode-trapping fungus from a pond on Alexander Island. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 51, 285-287.
66. Meyl, H. (1953a) Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Nematodenfauna vulkanisch erhitzer Biotope. I. Die terrikolen Nematoden im Bereich von Fumarolen auf der Insel Ischia. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Oekologie der Tiere 42, 67-116.
67. Meyl, H. (1953b) Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Nematodenfauna vulkanisch erhitzer Biotope. II. Die in Thermalgewaessern der Insel Ischia vorkommenden Nematoden. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Oekologie der Tiere 42, 159-208.
68. Meyl, H. (1954) Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Nematodenfauna vulkanisch erhitzer Biotope. III. Mitteilung. Nematoden aus der Mischungszone strandnaher, heisser Suesswasserquellen mit dem Meerwasser auf der Insel Ischia. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Oekologie der Tiere 42, 421-448.
69. Micoletzky, H. (1925) Die freilebenden Suesswasser- und Moornematoden Daenemarks. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 10, 55-310.
70. Millward, R.N., and Grant, A. (1995) Assessing the impact of copper on nematode communities from a chronically metal-enriched estuary using pollution-induced community tolerance. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30, 701-706.
71. Millward, R.N., and Grant, A. (2000) Pollution-induced tolerance to copper of nematode communities in the severely contaminated Restronguet creek and adjacent estuaries, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19, 454-461.
72. Minckley, W.L. (1963) The ecology of a spring stream, Doe Run, Meade County, Kentucky. Wildlife Monographs 11, 1-124.
73. Minshall, G.W. (1967) Role of allochthonous detritus in the trophic structure of a woodland springbrook community. Ecology 48, 139-149.
74. Mulvey, R.H., and Anderson, R.V. (1980) Description and relationships of a new root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne sewelli n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) from Canada and a new host record for the genus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58, 1551-1556.
75. Mutwakil, M.H.A.Z., Reader, J.P., and Holdich, D.M. (1997) Use of stress-inducible transgenic nematodes as biomarkers of heavy metal pollution in water samples from an English river system. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 32, 146-153.
76. Nicholas, W.L. (1975) The Biology of Free-living Nematodes. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
77. Nicholas, W.L. (1993) Two new species of nematode (Nematoda: Enoplida: Thoracostomopsidae) from Lake Alexandrina, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 117, 163-170.
78. Nicholas, W.L., and Hodda, M. (2000) Dorylaimus baylyi sp. nov. (Dorylaimidae, Dorylaimida) a new nematode collected from freshwater in a rock-hole in the Northern Territory. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 124, 163-168.
79. Nicholas, W.L., and Marples, T.G. (1995) Observations on the geographical distribution and morphometrics of Enoploides stewarti Nicholas 1993 (Nematoda; Thoracostomopsidae). Bulletin van het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Wetenschappen 65, 41-51.
80. Nicholas, W.L., and Stewart, A. (1984a) Criconemella avicenniae n.sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) and Enchodelus coomansi n.sp. (Nematoda: Nordiidae) associated with the roots of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Nematologica 30, 429-436.
81. Nicholas, W.L., and Stewart, A. (1984b) Oncholaimus balli n. sp. (Nematoda: Oncholaimidae) from a volcanic crater lake in Papua New Guinea, with observations on the colonisation of the lake by nematodes. Nematologica 30, 1-10.
82. Nicholas, W.L., Goodchild, D.J., and Stewart, A. (1987) The mineral composition of intracellular inclusions in nematodes from thiobiotic mangrove mud-flats. Nematologica 33, 167-179.
83. Nicholas, W.L., Bird, A.F., Beech, T.A., and Stewart, A. (1992) The nematode fauna of the Murray River estuary, South Australia; the effects of the barrages across its mouth. Hydrobiologia 234, 87-101.
84. Nunn, R.A. (1993) Trophic Ecology of Nematodes from Spitzbergen. Honours Thesis, Brunel University, London.
85. Nuss, B. (1984) Ultrastructural and ecophysiological studies of crystalloid inclusions in the muscles of a sulphide-tolerant limnetic nematode (Tobrilus gracilis). Veroeffentlichungen des Instituts für Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven 20, 3-15.
86. Nuss, B., and Trimkowski, V. (1984) Physical microanalyses of crystalloid inclusions in Tobrilus gracilis (Nematoda, Enoplida). Veroeffentlichungen des Instituts für Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven 20, 17-27.
87. Ocaña, A. (1991a) Relationship between nematode species and the physico-chemical characteristics of spring waters. 1. Conductivity. Nematologia Mediterranea 19, 19-24.
88. Ocaña, A. (1991b) Relationship between nematode species and the physico-chemical characteristics of spring waters. 2. Temperature. Nematologia Mediterranea 19, 25-28.
89. Ocaña, A. (1991c) A redescription of two nematode species found in hot springs. Nematologia Mediterranea 19, 173-175.
90. Ocaña, A. (1993) Relationship between nematode species and physico-chemical characteristics of spring water. 3: pH, oxygen and iron. Nematologia Mediterranea 20, 181-186.
91. Ocaña, A., and Morales, R. (1992) The influence of ionic composition on the distribution of nematode species in springs of the province of Granada (Spain). Hydrobiologia 237, 81-92.
92. Ocaña, A., and Picazo, J.S. (1991) Study on nematode species encountered in the Monachil River (Granada, Spain): response to organic pollution. Internationale Vereinigung fuer Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Verhandlungen 24, 2729-2737.
93. Ocaña, A., Peña, R., and Morales, R. (1986) Distribucion de los nematodos del Orden Dorylaimida en determinados manantiales minero-medicinales de la provincia de Granada. Limnetica 2, 189-195.
94. Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
95. Odum, H.T. (1957) Trophic structure and productivity of Silver Springs, Florida. Ecological Monographs 27, 55-112.
96. Paetzold, D. (1958) Beitraege zur Nematodenfauna mitteldeutscher Salzstellen im Raum von Halle. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenburg (Mathematik-naturw Reihe) 8, 17-48.
97. Pax, F., and Soos, A. (1943) Die Nematoden der deutschen Schwefelquellen und Thermen. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 40, 123-183.
98. Pickup, J., and Rothery, P. (1991) Water-loss and anhydrobiotic survival in nematodes of Antarctic fellfields. Oikos 61, 379-388.
99. Poinar, G.O. Jr., and Sarbu, S.M. (1994) Chronogaster troglodytes sp. n. (Nemata: Chronogasteridae) from Movile Cave, with a review of cavernicolous nematodes. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 17, 231-237.
100. Por, F.D., and Masry, D. (1968) Survival of a nematode and an oligochaete species in the anaerobic benthal of Lake Tiberias. Oikos 19, 388-391.
101. Prejs, K. (1986) Occurrence of stylet-bearing nematodes associated with aquatic vascular plants. Ekologia Polska 34, 185-192.
102. Procter, D.L.C. (1982) Free-living soil nematodes of the Namib desert. Bulletin of the Desert Ecological Research Unit October 1982, 6-7.
103. Revilla, E.P., Sastroutomo, S.S., and Rahim, M.A.A. (1991) Survey on aquarium plants of quarantine importance and their associated nematodes. BIOTROP Special Publication 40, 205-215.
104. Riemann, F. (1975) Immigration of marine nematodes into freshwater. Investigations in Colombia compared with non-tropical regions. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 60, 393-407.
105. Samoiloff, M.R., Schulz, S., and Jordan, Y. (1980) A rapid simple long-term toxicity assay for aquatic contaminants using the nematode Panagrellus redivivus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 1167-1174.
106. Samoiloff, M.R., Pulak, R.A., and Birkholz, D.A. (1983) The nematode bioassay for toxicity in biological samples or sediments from contaminated aquatic ecosystems. Proceedings of the Third Biennial Plains Aquatic Research Conference, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, pp. 15-23.
107. Schiemer, F. (1978) Verteilung und Systematik der freilebenden Nematoden des Neusiedlersees. Hydrobiologia 58, 167-194.
108. Schiemer, F. (1984) Theristus franzbergeri n.sp., a groundwater nematode of marine origin from the Danube. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 101, 259-263.
109. Schiemer, F., and Duncan, A. (1974) The oxygen consumption of a freshwater benthic nematode, Tobrilus gracilis (Bastian). Oecologia 15, 121-126.
110. Schneider, W. (1937) Freilebende Nematoden der deutschen limnologischen Sundaexpedition nach Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplement 15, 30-108.
111. Schneider, W. (1940) Neue freilebende Nematoden aus Hoehlen und Brunnen. I. Nematoden aus jugoslawischen Hoehlen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 132, 84-94.
112. Schuurmans Stekhoven, J.H. (1950) Études biospeleologiques 33. Nématodes des grottes et des eaux souterraines de Roumanie. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 26, 1-3.
113. Seiml-Buchinger, R., and Traunspurger, W. (2005) Nematoda. In: Gerecke, R., and Franz, H. (eds) Quellen im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden, Nationalpark Berchtesgaden, Forschungsbericht, Berchtesgaden, Germany.
114. Sher, S.A. (1968) Revision of the genus Hirschmanniella Luc and Goodey, 1963 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Nematologica 14, 243-275.
115. Siddiqi, M.R. (2000) Tylenchida Parasites of Plants and Insects, 2nd edn. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
116. Siddiqi, M.R., and Booth, W. (1991) Meloidogyne (Hypsoperine) mersa sp. n. (Nematoda; Tylenchina) attacking Sonneratia alba trees in mangrove forest in Brunei Darussalam. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology 1, 212-220.
117. Sinclair, B.J., and Sjursen, H. (2001) Terrestrial invertebrate abundance across a habitat transect in Keble Valley, Ross Island, Antarctica. Pedobiologia 45, 134-145.
118. Sota, T. (1996) Effects of capacity on resource input and the aquatic metazoan community structure in phytotelmata. Researches on Population Ecology 38, 65-73.
119. Stammer, H.J. (1935) Desmoscolex aquaedulcis n.sp. der erste suesswasserbewohnende Desmoscolecidae aus einer slovenischen Hoehle (Nematoda). Zoologischer Anzeiger 109, 108-126.
120. Swart, A., and Harris, J.M. (1996) Panagrolaimus magnivulvatus Bostrom, 1995 in nest material, algae and soils from inland nunataks in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. South African Journal of Zoology 31, 15-22.
121. Teal, J.H. (1957) Community metabolism in a temperate cold spring. Ecological Monographs 27, 283-302.
122. Thames, W.H. (1966) A soil-borne Desmoscolex from Guatemala. Nematologica 12, 100.
123. Tilly, L.J. (1968) The structure and dynamics of Cone Spring. Ecological Monographs 38, 169-197.
124. Timm, R.W. (1971) Antarctic soil and freshwater nematodes from the McMurdo Sound region. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 38, 42-52.
125. Townsend, C.R., Begon, M., and Harper, J.L. (2003) Essentials of Ecology, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts.
126. Treonis, A.M., Wall, D.H., and Virginia, R.A. (1999) Invertebrate biodiversity in Antarctic dry valley soils and sediments. Ecosystems 2, 482-492.
127. Tsalolikhin, S.Y. (1979) The origins of the nematode fauna in Lake Issyk-Kul'. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 58, 629-636.
128. Tsalolikhin, S.Y. (1981a) A revision of the genus Tobrilus (Nematoda, Tobrilidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 60, 1302-1313.
129. Tsalolikhin, S.Y. (1981b) On the genus Paratrilobus (Nematoda, Tobrilidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 60, 1094-1098.
130. Tsalolikhin S.Y. (1989) Rare and new nematode species from Antarctica. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR 194, 96-101.
131. Tsalolikhin, S.Y. (2001) Synopsis of the system of the family Tobrilidae (Nematoda: Enoplida). Russian Journal of Nematology 9, 19-24.
132. Tudorancea, C., and Zullini, A. (1989) Associations and distribution of benthic nematodes in the Ethiopian rift valley lakes. Hydrobiologia 179, 81-96.
133. Van den Berg, E., and Harris, J.M. (1996) Rotylenchus capensis Van den Berg and Heyns (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) in soils of isolated inland nunataks in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. African Plant Protection 2, 19-24.
134. Warwick, R.M., Dexter, D.M., and Kuperman, B. (2002) Free-living nematodes from the Salton Sea. Hydrobiologia 473, 121-128.
135. Wharton, D.A. (1986) A Functional Biology of Nematodes. Croom Helm, Sydney, Australia. Wharton, D.A. (2004) Survival strategies. In: Gaugler, R., and Bilgrami, A.L. (eds) Nematode Behaviour. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 371-399.
136. Wharton, D.A., and Barclay, S. (1993) Anhydrobiosis in the free-living Antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus davidi (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16, 17-22.
137. Wharton, D.A., and Brown, I.M. (1989) A survey of terrestrial nematodes from the McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 16, 467-470.
138. Womersley, C., and Ching, C. (1989) Natural dehydration regimes as a prerequisite for the successful induction of anhydrobiosis in the nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis. Journal of Experimental Biology 143, 359-372.
139. Wouts, W.M., and Sturhan, D. (1996) Heterodera litoralis sp. n. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from austral glasswort, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, in New Zealand. Nematologica 42, 62-70.
140. Wouts, W.M., Schoemaker, A., and Sturhan, D. (1995) Heterodera spinicauda sp. n. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from mudflats in the Netherlands, with a key to the species of the H. avenae group. Nematologica 41, 575-583.
141. Wu, J.H., Somerfield, P.J., and Austen, M.C. (2000) The free-living nematode genus Parodontophora Timm 1963 (Nematoda: Axonolaimidae) is not exclusively marine: Parodontophora limnophila sp. nov. from freshwater in China. Hydrobiologia 431, 205-210.
142. Wu, J.H., Fu, C., Chen, S., and Chen, J. (2002) Soil faunal response to land use: effect of estuarine tideland reclamation on nematode communities. Applied Soil Ecology 21, 131-147.
143. Yeates, G.W., Bongers, T., De Goede, R.G.M., Freckman, D.W., and Georgieva, S.S. (1993) Feeding habits in soil nematode families and genera - an outline for soil ecologists. Journal of Nematology 25, 315-331.
144. Zullini, A. (1976) Nematodes as indicators of river pollution. Nematologica Mediterranea 4, 13-22.
145. Zullini, A. (1977) Some freshwater nematodes of Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Subterranean fauna of México. Part III. Quaderno, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 171, 75-85.
146. Zullini, A., and Pagani, M. (1989) The ecological meaning of relative egg size in soil and fresh-water nematodes. Nematologica 35, 90-96.
147. Zullini, A, Loof, P.A.A., and Bongers, T. (2002) Free-living nematodes from nature reserves in Costa Rica. 2. Mononchina. Nematology 4, 1-23.