Cultural evolutionary approaches to artifact variation over time and space: Basis, progress, and prospects

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 56, Issue , 2015, Pages 21-31

  Lycett, Stephen J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cultural evolution; Evolutionary archaeology; Social learning; Social transmission

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGY; ARTIFACT; CULTURE; EVOLUTIONARY THEORY; LEARNING; SOCIAL THEORY;

EID: 84928533959     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.004     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Bentley R.A., Hahn M.W., Shennan S. Random drift and culture change. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2004, 271:1443-1450.
2. Bentley R.A., Caiado C., Ormerod P. Effects of memory on spatial heterogeneity in neutrally transmitted culture. Evol. Hum. Behav. 2014, 35:257-263.
3. Bettinger R.L., Eerkens J. Point typologies, cultural transmission, and the spread of bow-and-arrow technology in the prehistoric Great Basin. Am. Antiq. 1999, 64:231-242.
4. Binford L.R. Archeological perspectives. New Perspectives in Archeology 1968, 5-32. Aldine, New York. S.R. Binford, L.R. Binford (Eds.).
5. Boyd R., Richerson P. Culture and the Evolutionary Process 1985, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
6. Brantingham P.J. Aneutral model of stone raw material procurement. Am. Antiq. 2003, 68:487-509.
7. Brantingham P.J., Perreault C. Detecting the effects of selection and stochastic forces in archaeological assemblages. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2010, 37:3211-3225.
8. Buchanan B., Collard M. Investigating the peopling of North America through cladistic analyses of early Paleoindian projectile points. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2007, 26:366-393.
9. Buchanan B., Collard M. Phenetics, cladistics, and the search for the Alaskan ancestors of the Paleoindians: a reassessment of relationships among the Clovis, Nenana, and Denali archaeological complexes. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35:1683-1694.
10. Buchanan B., O'Brien M.J., Collard M. Continent-wide or region-specific? A geometric morphometrics-based assessment of variation in Clovis point shape. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 2014, 6:145-162.
11. Byrne R.W., Russon A.E. Learning by imitation: a hierarchical approach. Behav. Brain Sci. 1998, 21:667-721.
12. Cardillo M., Alberti J. The evolution of projectile points and technical systems: a case from Northern Patagonian coast (Argentina). J.Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 2015, 10.1016/j.jasrep.2014.11.005.
13. Caro T.M., Hauser M.D. Is there teaching in non-human animals?. Q.Rev. Biol. 1992, 67:151-174.
14. Cavalli-Sforza L.L., Feldman M.W. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: a Quantitative Approach 1981, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
15. Charlton M.F., Crew P., Rehren T., Shennan S.J. Explaining the evolution of ironmaking recipes: an example from northwest Wales. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2010, 29:352-367.
16. Clarke D.L. Analytical Archaeology 1968, Methuen, London.
17. Clarkson C. Regional diversity within the core technology of the Howiesons Poort techno-complex. New Perspectives on Old Stones: Analytical Approaches to Paleolithic Technologies 2010, 43-59. Springer, New York. S.J. Lycett, P.R. Chauhan (Eds.).
18. Cochrane E. Migration and cultural transmission: investigating human movement as explanation for Fijian ceramic change. Cultural Transmission and Archaeology: Issues and Case Studies 2008, 132-145. Society for American Archaeology Press, Washington, D.C. M.J. O'Brien (Ed.).
19. Cochrane E.E., Rieth T.M., Dickinson W.R. Plainware ceramics from Sāmoa: insights into ceramic chronology, cultural transmission, and selection among colonizing populations. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2013, 32:499-510.
20. Simulating Change: Archaeology into the Twenty-first Century 2010, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. A. Costopoulos, M. Lake (Eds.).
21. Coward F., Shennan S., Colledge S., Conolly J., Collard M. The spread of Neolithic plant economies from the Near East to northwest Europe: a phylogenetic analysis. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35:42-56.
22. Crema E.R., Edinborough K., Kerig T., Shennan S.J. An approximate Bayesian computation approach for inferring patterns of cultural evolutionary change. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2014, 50:160-170.
23. Crema E.R., Kerig T., Shennan S. Culture, space, and metapopulation: a simulation-based study for evaluating signals of blending and branching. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2014, 43:289-298.
24. Darwin C. On the Origin of Species 1859, John Murray, London.
25. Dawkins R. The Selfish Gene 1989, Revised edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
26. de Azevedo S., Charlin J., González-José R. Identifying design and reduction effects on lithic projectile point shapes. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2014, 41:297-307.
27. Derex, M., Beugin, M. -P., Godelle, B., Raymond, M., 2013. Experimental evidence for the influence of group size on cultural complexity. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2014.11.005.
28. de Voogt A., Dunn-Vaturi A.E., Eerkens J.W. Cultural transmission in the ancient Near East: twenty squares and fifty-eight holes. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40:1715-1730.
29. Dunnell R.C. Evolutionary theory and archaeology. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1980, vol. 3:35-99. Academic Press, New York.
30. Dunnell R.C. Archaeology and evolutionary science. Evolutionary Archaeology: Theory and Application 1996, 98-106. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. M.J. O'Brien (Ed.).
31. Eerkens J.W. Practice makes within 5% of perfect: visual perception, motor skills, and memory in artifact variation. Curr. Anthropol. 2000, 41:663-668.
32. Eerkens J.W., Lipo C.P. Cultural transmission, copying errors, and the generation of variation in material culture and the archaeological record. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2005, 24:316-334.
33. Eerkens J.W., Lipo C.P. Cultural transmission theory and the archaeological record: context to understanding variation and temporal changes in material culture. J.Archaeol. Res. 2007, 15:239-274.
34. Ellen R.F., Lycett S.J., John S.E. Understanding Cultural Transmission in Anthropology: a Critical Synthesis 2013, Berghahn, New York.
35. Eren M.I., Buchanan B., O'Brien M.J. Social learning and technological evolution during the Clovis colonization of the New World. J.Hum. Evol. 2015, (in press).
36. Fragaszy D.M., Biro D., Eshchar Y., Humle T., Izar P., Resende B., Visalberghi E. The fourth dimension of tool use: temporally enduring artefacts aid primates learning to use tools. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2013, 368:20120410.
37. Franz M., Matthews L.J. Social enhancement can create adaptive, arbitrary and maladaptive cultural traditions. Proc. R. Soc. B 2010, 277:3363-3372.
38. Gandon E., Coyle T., Bootsma R.J. When handicraft experts face novelty: effects of shape and wheel familiarity on individual and community standardization of ceramic vessels. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2014, 35:289-296.
39. García-Rivero D., O'Brien M.J. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Neolithic slate plaques from the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula are not genealogical recording systems. PLoS One 2014, 9:e88296.
40. Grove M. Stone circles and the structure of Bronze Age society. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2010, 37:2612-2621.
41. Gould S.J. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory 2002, Belknap, Cambridge, MA.
42. Hamilton M.J., Buchanan B. The accumulation of stochastic copying errors causes drift in culturally transmitted technologies: quantifying Clovis evolutionary dynamics. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2009, 28:55-69.
43. Harmon M.J., Van Pool T.L., Leonard R.D., Van Pool C.S., Salter L.A. Reconstructing the flow of information across time and space: a phylogenetic analysis of ceramic traditions from prehispanic western and northern Mexico and the American southwest. Mapping Our Ancestors: Phylogenetic Approaches in Anthropology and Prehistory 2006, 209-229. Aldine Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ. C.P. Lipo, M.J. O'Brien, M. Collard, S. Shennan (Eds.).
44. Harrison H.S. Opportunism and the factors of invention. Am. Anthropol. 1930, 32:106-125.
45. Henrich J., McElreath R. The evolution of cultural evolution. Evol. Anthropol. 2003, 12:123-135.
46. Hewlett B.S., Fouts H.N., Boyette A.H., Hewlett B.L. Social learning among Congo Basin hunter-gatherers. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2011, 366:1168-1178.
47. Heyes C.M. Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms. Biol. Rev. 1994, 69:207-231.
48. Hull D.L. Science as a Process: an Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science 1988, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
49. Jennings T.A., Waters M.R. Pre-Clovis lithic technology at the Debra L. Friedkin site, Texas: comparisons to Clovis through site-level behavior, technological trait-list, and cladistic analyses. Am. Antiq. 2014, 79:25-44.
50. Jordan P. Linking pattern to process in cultural evolution: investigating material culture diversity among the Northern Khanty of northwest Siberia. Pattern and Process in Cultural Evolution 2009, 61-84. University of California Press, Berkeley. S. Shennan (Ed.).
51. Jordan P. Technology as Human Social Tradition: Cultural Transmission Among Hunter-Gatherers 2015, University of California Press, Berkeley.
52. Jordan P., Shennan S. Cultural transmission, language, and basketry traditions amongst the California Indians. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2003, 22:42-74.
53. Jordan P., Shennan S. Diversity in hunter-gatherer technological traditions: mapping trajectories of cultural 'descent with modification' in northeast California. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2009, 28:342-365.
54. Jordan P., O'Neill S. Untangling cultural inheritance: language diversity and long-house architecture on the Pacific Northwest Coast. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2010, 365:3875-3888.
55. Kempe M., Lycett S.J., Mesoudi A. An experimental test of the accumulated copying error model of cultural mutation for Acheulean handaxe size. PLoS One 2012, 7:e48333.
56. Kohler T.A., Van Buskirk S., Ruscavage-Barz S. Vessels and villages: evidence for conformist transmission in early village aggregations on the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2004, 23:100-118.
57. Kroeber A.L. Historical reconstruction of culture growths and organic evolution. Am. Anthropol. 1931, 33:149-156.
58. Lane P.J. Hunter-gatherer-fishers, ethnoarchaeology, and analogical reasoning. The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers 2014, 104-150. Oxford University Press, Oxford. V. Cummings, P. Jordan, M. Zvelebil (Eds.).
59. The Phylogenetic Handbook: a Practical Approach to Phylogenetic Analysis and Hypothesis Testing 2009, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. P. Lemey, M. Salemi, A.M. Vandamme (Eds.).
60. Leonard R.D., Jones G.T. Elements of an inclusive evolutionary model for archaeology. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 1987, 6:199-219.
61. Li H., Kuman K., Li C.R. Re-examination of the morphological variability of East Asian handaxes from a comparative perspective. World Archaeol. 2014, 46:705-733.
62. Lillios K.T. Heraldry for the Dead: Memory, Identity, and the Engraved Stone Plaques of Neolithic Iberia 2008, University of Texas Press, Austin.
63. Lipo C.P., Madsen M.E., Dunnell R.C., Hunt T. Population structure, cultural transmission, and frequency seriation. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 1997, 16:301-333.
64. Lipo C.P., Hunt T.L., Hundtoft B. Stylistic variability of stemmed obsidian tools (mata'a), frequency seriation, and the scale of social interaction on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). J.Archaeol. Sci. 2010, 37:2551-2561.
65. Lonsdorf E.V. The role of mothers in the development of complex skills in chimpanzees. Building Babies: Primate Development in Proximate and Ultimate Perspective 2013, 303-318. Springer, New York. K.B.H. Clancy, K. Hinde, J.N. Rutherford (Eds.).
66. Lycett S.J. Why is there a lack of Mode 3 Levallois technologies in East Asia? A phylogenetic test of the Movius-Schick hypothesis. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2007, 26:541-575.
67. Lycett S.J. Acheulean variation and selection: does handaxe symmetry fit neutral expectations?. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35:2640-2648.
68. Lycett S.J. Are Victoria West cores 'proto-Levallois'? A phylogenetic assessment. J.Hum. Evol. 2009, 56:175-191.
69. Lycett S.J. "Most beautiful and most wonderful": those endless stone tool forms. J.Evol. Psychol. 2011, 9:143-171.
70. Lycett S.J. Dynamics of cultural transmission in Native Americans of the High Great Plains. PLoS One 2014, 9(11):e112244.
71. Lycett S.J. The importance of a "quantitative genetic" approach to the evolution of artifact morphological traits. Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology and Anthropology 2015, Springer Press, New York, (in press). L. Mendoza-Straffon (Ed.).
72. Lycett S.J., von Cramon-Taubadel N. Toward a "quantitative genetic" approach to lithic variation. J.Archaeol. Method Theory 2015, 10.1007/s10816-013-9200-9.
73. Lyman R.L., O'Brien M.J. The concept of evolution in early Twentieth-Century Americanist archaeology. Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary Theory and Archaeological Explanation 1997, 21-48. American Anthropological Association, Arlington, Virginia. C.M. Barton, G.A. Clark (Eds.).
74. Lyman R.L., VanPool T.L., O'Brien M.J. The diversity of North American projectile-point types, before and after the bow and arrow. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2009, 28:1-13.
75. Madella M., Rondelli B., Lancelotti C., Balbo A., Zurro D., Campillo X.R., Stride S. Introduction to simulating the past. J.Archaeol. Method Theory 2014, 21:251-257.
76. Marwick B. Acladistic evaluation of ancient Thai bronze Buddha images: six tests for a phylogenetic signal in the Griswold collection. Connecting Empires 2012, 159-176. National University of Singapore Press, Singapore. D. Bonatz, A. Reinecke, M.A. Tjoa-Bonatz (Eds.).
77. Matthews L.J., Paukner A., Suomi S.J. Can traditions emerge from the interaction of stimulus enhancement and reinforcement learning? An experimental model. Am. Anthropol. 2010, 112:257-269.
78. Matthews L.J., Tehrani J.J., Jordan F.M., Collard M., Nunn C.L. Testing for divergent transmission histories among cultural characters: a study using Bayesian phylogenetic methods and Iranian tribal textile data. PLoS One 2011, 6:e14810.
79. Mesoudi A. Foresight in cultural evolution. Biol. Philos. 2008, 23:243-255.
80. Mesoudi A. Cultural Evolution: How Darwinian Theory Can Explain Culture and Synthesize the Social Sciences 2011, Chicago University Press, Chicago.
81. Mesoudi A. An experimental comparison of human social learning strategies: payoff-biased social learning is adaptive but underused. Evol. Hum. Behav. 2011, 32:334-342.
82. Mesoudi A., O'Brien M.J. The cultural transmission of Great Basin projectile point technology I: an experimental simulation. Am. Antiq. 2008, 73:3-28.
83. Mesoudi A., O'Brien M.J. The cultural transmission of Great Basin projectile point technology II: an agent-based computer simulation. Am. Antiq. 2008, 73:627-644.
84. Mesoudi A., Whiten A., Laland K.N. Is human cultural evolution Darwinian? Evidence reviewed from the perspective of The Origin of Species. Evolution 2004, 58:1-11.
85. Neiman F.D. Stylistic variation in evolutionary perspective: inferences from decorative diversity and interassemblage distance in Illinois Woodland ceramic assemblages. Am. Antiq. 1995, 60:7-36.
86. Nunn C.L. The Comparative Approach in Evolutionary Anthropology and Biology 2011, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
87. O'Brien M.J. Evolutionary archaeology: an introduction. Evolutionary Archaeology: Theory and Application 1996, 1-15. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. M.J. O'Brien (Ed.).
88. O'Brien M.J. The future of Palaeolithic studies: a view from the New World. New Perspectives on Old Stones: Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies 2010, 311-334. Springer, New York. S.J. Lycett, P.R. Chauhan (Eds.).
89. O'Brien M.J. Darwinian archaeology. Oxford Companion to Archaeology 2013, 550-555. Oxford University Press, New York. N.A. Silberman (Ed.).
90. O'Brien M., Holland T.D. Variation, selection, and the archaeological record. Archaeological Method and Theory 1990, vol. 2:31-79. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ.
91. O'Brien M.J., Lyman R.L. Applying Evolutionary Archaeology: a Systematic Approach 2000, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York.
92. O'Brien M.J., Lyman R.L. Cladistics and Archaeology 2003, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah.
93. O'Brien M.J., Bentley R.A. Stimulated variation and cascades: two processes in the evolution of complex technological systems. J.Archaeol. Method Theory 2011, 18:309-335.
94. O'Brien M.J., Darwent J., Lyman R.L. Cladistics is useful for reconstructing archaeological phylogenies: Palaeoindian points from the southeastern United States. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2001, 28:1115-1136.
95. O'Brien M.J., Lyman R.L., Schiffer M.B. Archaeology as a Process: Processualism and Its Progeny 2005, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
96. O'Brien M.J., Lyman R.L., Collard M., Holden C.J., Gray R.D., Shennan S. Transmission, phylogenetics, and the evolution of cultural diversity. Cultural Transmission and Archaeology: Issues and Case Studies 2008, 39-58. Society for American Archaeology Press, Washington, D.C. M.J. O'Brien (Ed.).
97. O'Brien M.J., Buchanan B., Collard M., Boulanger M.T. Cultural cladistics and the early prehistory of North America. Evolutionary Biology: Mechanisms and Trends 2012, 23-42. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. P. Pontarotti (Ed.).
98. O'Brien M.J., Boulanger M.T., Buchanan B., Collard M., Lyman R.L., Darwent J. Innovation and cultural transmission in the American Paleolithic: phylogenetic analysis of eastern Paleoindian projectile-point classes. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2014, 34:100-119.
99. O'Neill S. Co-evolution between bentwood box traditions and languages on the Pacific Northwest Coast. Understanding Cultural Transmission in Anthropology: a Critical Synthesis 2013, 165-190. Berghahn, Oxford. R.F. Ellen, S.J. Lycett, S.E. Johns (Eds.).
100. Okumura M., Araujo A.G. Long-term cultural stability in hunter-gatherers: a case study using traditional and geometric morphometric analysis of lithic stemmed bifacial points from Southern Brazil. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2014, 45:59-71.
101. Premo L.S., Kuhn S.L. Modeling effects of local extinctions on culture change and diversity in the Paleolithic. PLoS One 2010, 5:e15582.
102. Premo L.S., Scholnick J.B. The spatial scale of social learning affects cultural diversity. Am. Antiq. 2011, 76:163-176.
103. Prentiss A.M., Chatters J.C., Walsh M.J., Skelton R.R. Cultural macroevolution in the Pacific Northwest: a phylogenetic test of the diversification and decimation model. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2014, 41:29-43.
104. Richerson P.J., Boyd R. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution 2005, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
105. Riede F. Maglemosian memes: technological ontology, craft traditions and the evolution of Northern European barbed points. Cultural Transmission and Archaeology: Issues and Case Studies 2008, 178-189. Society for American Archaeology Press, Washington, D.C. M.J. O'Brien (Ed.).
106. Riede F. Adaptation and niche construction in human prehistory: a case study from the southern Scandinavian Late Glacial. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2011, 366:793-808.
107. Rogers E.M. Diffusion of Innovations 1995, Free Press, New York.
108. Rogers D.S., Feldman M.W., Ehrlich P.R. Inferring population histories using cultural data. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 2009, 276:3835-3843.
109. Rorabaugh A.N. Impacts of drift and population bottlenecks on the cultural transmission of a neutral continuous trait: an agent based model. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2014, 49:255-264.
110. Schiffer M.B. Behavioral Archaeology 1976, Academic Press, New York.
111. Schillinger K., Mesoudi A., Lycett S.J. Copying error and the cultural evolution of 'additive' versus 'reductive' material traditions: an experimental assessment. Am. Antiq. 2014, 79:128-143.
112. Schillinger K., Mesoudi A., Lycett S.J. Considering the role of time budgets on copy-error rates in material culture traditions: an experimental assessment. PLoS One 2014, 9:e97157.
113. Selden R.Z., Perttula T.K., O'Brien M.J. Advances in documentation, digital curation, virtual exhibition, and a test of 3D geometric morphometrics: a case study of the Vanderpool vessels from the Ancestral Caddo territory. Adv. Archaeol. Pract. 2014, 2:64-79.
114. Shennan S. Population, culture history, and the dynamics of culture change. Curr. Anthropol. 2000, 41:811-835.
115. Shennan S. Demography and cultural innovation: a model and its implications for the emergence of modern human culture. Camb. Archaeol. J. 2001, 11:5-16.
116. Shennan S.J. Genes, Memes and Human History: Darwinian Archaeology and Cultural Evolution 2002, Thames & Hudson, London.
117. Shennan S. Evolution in archaeology. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2008, 37:75-91.
118. Shennan S. Descent with modification and the archaeological record. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2011, 366:1070-1079.
119. Shennan S.J., Wilkinson J.R. Ceramic style change and neutral evolution: a case study from Neolithic Europe. Am. Antiq. 2001, 66:577-593.
120. Spisak B., O'Brien M., Nicholson N., van Vugt M. Niche construction and the evolution of leadership. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2014, 10.5465/amr.2013.0157.
121. Surovell T.A. Toward a Behavioural Ecology of Lithic Technology: Cases from Paleoindian Archaeology 2009, University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
122. Tehrani J.J. Patterns of evolution in Iranian tribal textiles. Evol. Educ. Outreach 2011, 4:390-396.
123. Tehrani J., Collard M. Investigating cultural evolution through biological phylogenetic analyses of Turkmen textiles. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2002, 21:443-463.
124. Tehrani J.J., Riede F. Towards an archaeology of pedagogy: learning, teaching and the generation of material culture traditions. World Archaeol. 2008, 40:316-331.
125. Tehrani J.J., Collard M. Do transmission isolating mechanisms (TRIMS) influence cultural evolution? Evidence from patterns of textile diversity within and between Iranian tribal groups. Understanding Cultural Transmission in Anthropology: a Critical Synthesis 2013, 148-164. Berghahn, Oxford. R.F. Ellen, S.J. Lycett, S.E. Johns (Eds.).
126. Tehrani J.J., Collard M., Shennan S.J. The cophylogeny of populations and cultures: reconstructing the evolution of Iranian tribal craft traditions using trees and jungles. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2010, 365:3865-3874.
127. Thornton A., Raihani N.J. Identifying teaching in wild animals. Learn. Behav. 2010, 38:297-309.
128. Thorpe W.H. Learning and Instinct in Animals 1963, Methuen, London. second ed.
129. Trigger B.G. AHistory of Archaeological Thought 1989, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
130. Whiten A., Horner V., Litchfield C.A., Marshall-Pescini S. How do apes ape?. Learn. Behav 2004, 32:36-52.
131. Wright S. Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics 1931, 16:97-126.
132. Technological Innovation as an Evolutionary Process 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J. Ziman (Ed.).