Investigating the peopling of North America through cladistic analyses of Early Paleoindian projectile points

Journal of Anthropological Archaeology

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 366-393

  Buchanan, Briggs ^a   Collard, Mark ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cladistics; Colonization; Early Paleoindian; Ice free corridor; Morphometrics; Northwest Coast; Projectile points; Solutrean 'connection'

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548042992     PISSN: 02784165     EISSN: 10902686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2007.02.005     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Adams, J.M., Faure, H. (Eds.), 1997. QEN Members, Review and Atlas of Palaeovegetation: Preliminary Land Ecosystem Maps of the World Since the Last Glacial Maximum. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee.
2. Adovasio J.M., and Pedler D.R. Monte Verde and the antiquity of humankind in the Americas. Antiquity 71 (1997) 573-580
3. Ammerman A.J., and Cavalli-Sforza L.L. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe (1984), Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
4. Anderson A.D., and Tiffany J.A. Rummells-Maske: a Clovis find spot in Iowa. Plains Anthropologist 17 (1972) 55-59
5. Anderson D.G., and Gillam J.C. Paleoindian colonization of the Americas: implications from an examination of physiography, demography, and artifact distribution. American Antiquity 65 (2000) 43-66
6. Archie J.W. A randomization test for phylogenetic information in systematic data. Systematic Zoology 38 (1989) 219-252
7. Arnold E.N. Estimating phylogenies at low taxonomic levels. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 19 (1981) 1-35
8. Arnold T.G. Radiocarbon dates from the ice-free corridor. Radiocarbon 44 (2002) 437-454
9. Barton C.M., Schmich S., and James S.R. The ecology of human colonization in pristine landscapes. In: Barton C.M., Clark G.A., Yesner D.R., and Pearson G.A. (Eds). The Settlement of the American Continents: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Human Biogeography (2004), The University of Arizona Press, Tucson 138-161
10. Beck C., and Jones G.T. The Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene archaeology of the Great Basin. Journal of World Prehistory 11 (1997) 161-236
11. Boldurian A.T., and Cotter J.L. Clovis Revisited, New Perspectives on Paleoindian Adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico (1999), The University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
12. Bonnichsen R., and Will R.F. Radiocarbon chronology of northeastern Paleoamerican sites: discriminating natural and human burn features. In: Bonnichsen R., and Turnmire K.L. (Eds). Ice Age Peoples of North America: Environments. Origins, and Adaptations. Center for the Study of the First Americans (1999), Oregon State University, Corvallis 395-415
13. Bookstein F.L. Foundations of morphometrics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13 (1982) 451-470
14. Bookstein F.L. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology (1991), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
15. Bookstein, F.L., Chernoff, B., Elder, R., Humphries, J., Smith, G., Strauss, R., 1985. Morphometrics in Evolutionary Biology, Special Publication 15. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
16. Bradley B.A., and Stanford D.J. The north Atlantic ice-edge corridor: a possible Palaeolithic route to the New World. World Archaeology 36 (2004) 459-478
17. Brooks D.R., and McLennan D.A. Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior (1991), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
18. Brunswig Jr. R.H., and Fisher D.C. Research on the Dent mammoth site. Current Research in the Pleistocene 10 (1993) 63-65
19. Bryan A.L. Early man in America and the Late Pleistocene chronology of western Canada and Alaska. Current Anthropology 10 (1969) 339-365
20. Bryan, A.L., 1977. Developmental stages and technological traditions. In: Newman, W.S., Salwen, B. (Eds.), Amerinds and Their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288, pp. 355-368.
21. Bryan, A.L., 1978. An overview of Paleo-American prehistory from a circum-Pacific perspective. In: Bryan, A.L. (Ed.), Early Man in America from a Circum-Pacific Perspective. Occasional Papers No. 1, Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, pp. 306-327.
22. Bryan A.L. The fluted-point tradition in the Americas-one of several adaptations to Late Pleistocene American environments. In: Bonnichsen R., and Turnmire K.L. (Eds). Clovis: Origins and Adaptations. Center for the Study of the First Americans (1991), Oregon State University, Corvallis 15-33
23. Buchanan, B., 2005. Cultural transmission and stone tools: a study of Early Paleoindian technology in North America. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
24. Buchanan, B., Johnson, E., Strauss, R.E., Lewis, P.J., in press. A morphometric approach to assessing Late Paleoindian projectile point variability on the southern High Plains. Plains Anthropologist.
25. Butler B.R. An early man site at Big Camas Prairie, south-central Idaho. Tebiwa 6 (1963) 22-33
26. Butler B.R., and Fitzwater R.J. A further note on the Clovis site at Big Camas Prairie, south-central Idaho. Tebiwa 8 (1965) 38-39
27. Byers D.S. Bull Brook-a fluted point site in Ipswich, Massachusetts. American Antiquity 19 (1954) 343-351
28. Byers D.S. Additional information on the Bull Brook site, Massachusetts. American Antiquity 20 (1955) 274-276
29. Cannon M.D., and Meltzer D.J. Early Paleoindian foraging: examining the faunal evidence for large mammal specialization and regional variability in prey choice. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 1955-1987
30. Carpenter J.M. Random cladistics. Cladistics 8 (1992) 147-153
31. Catto N.R. Richardson mountains, Yukon-Northwest Territories: the northern portal of the postulated "ice-free corridor". Quaternary International 32 (1996) 21-32
32. Chamberlain A.T., and Wood B.A. Extant hominid phylogeny. Journal of Human Evolution 16 (1987) 119-133
33. Collard M., and Shennan S.J. Ethnogenesis versus phylogenesis in prehistoric culture change: a case-study using European Neolithic pottery and biological phylogenetic techniques. In: Renfrew C., and Boyle K. (Eds). Archaeogenetics: DNA and the Population Prehistory of Europe (2000), MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge 89-97
34. Collard, M., Wood, B., 2000. How reliable are human phylogenetic hypotheses? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, 5003-5006.
35. Collard M., Shennan S.J., and Tehrani J.J. Branching, blending, and the evolution of cultural similarities and differences among human populations. Evolution and Human Behavior 27 (2006) 169-184
36. Collins M.B., and Lohse J.C. The nature of Clovis blades and blade cores. In: Madsen D.B. (Ed). Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum (2004), The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City 159-183
37. Collins M.B., Hester T.R., and Headrick P.J. Engraved cobbles from the Gault site, central Texas. Current Research in the Pleistocene 9 (1992) 3-4
38. Cotter, J.L., 1937. The occurrence of flints and extinct animals in pluvial deposits near Clovis, New Mexico, part IV-report on excavation at the gravel pit, 1936. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 89, 1-16.
39. Cotter, J.L., 1938. The occurrence of flints and extinct animals in pluvial deposits near Clovis, New Mexico, part VI-report on field season of 1937. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 90, 113-117.
40. Cox S.L. A re-analysis of the Shoop site. Archaeology of Eastern North America 14 (1986) 101-170
41. Cranston P., and Humphries C. Cladistics and computers: a chironomid conundrum?. Cladistics 4 (1988) 72-92
42. Crisp, M., Weston, P., 1987. Cladistics and legume systematics, with an analysis of the Bossiaecae, Brongniartieae and Mirbelieae. In: Stirton, C. (Ed.) Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 3. Royal Botanical Gardens, London, pp. 65-130.
43. Crowe T. Morphometrics, phylogenetic methods, and cladistics: means to an end, or much a do about nothing?. Cladistics 10 (1994) 77-84
44. Curran M.L. The Whipple site and Paleoindian tool assemblage variation: a comparison of intrasite structuring. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 (1984) 5-40
45. Curran, M.L., 1987. The spatial organization of Paleoindian populations in the Late Pleistocene of the Northeast. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
46. Curran M.L. New Hampshire Paleo-Indian research and the Whipple site. The New Hampshire Archeologist 33/34 (1994) 29-52
47. Dibble H.L., and Chase P.G. A new method for describing and analyzing artifact shape. American Antiquity 46 (1981) 178-187
48. Dillehay T.D. Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile, A Paleoenvironment and Site Context vol. 1 (1989), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC
49. Dillehay T.D. Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile, The Archaeological Context and Interpretation vol. 2 (1997), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC
50. Disotell T.R. Generic level relationships of the Papionini (Cercopithecoidea). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94 (1994) 47-57
51. Dixon E.J. Quest for the Origins of the First Americans (1993), University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
52. Dixon E.J. Bones, Boats, and Bison: Archaeology and the First Colonization of Western North America (1999), University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
53. Dixon E.J. Human colonization of the Americas: timing technology, and process. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 277-299
54. Eldredge N., and Cracraft J. Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process (1980), Columbia University Press, New York
55. Faith D.P. Cladistic permutation tests for monophyly and non-monophyly. Systematic Zoology 40 (1990) 366-375
56. Faith D.P., and Cranston P.S. Could a cladogram this short have arisen by chance alone?-on permutation tests for cladistic structure. Cladistics 7 (1991) 1-28
57. Fedje D.W., and Christenson T. Modeling paleoshorelines and locating early Holocene coastal sites in Haida Gwaii. American Antiquity 64 (1999) 635-652
58. Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39 (1985) 783-791
59. Felsenstein J. Phylogenies and quantitative characters. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19 (1988) 445-471
60. Fiedel S.J. The peopling of the New World: present evidence, new theories, and future directions. Journal of Archaeological Research 8 (2000) 39-103
61. Fiedel S.J. The Kennewick follies: "new" theories about the peopling of the Americas. Journal of Anthropological Research 60 (2004) 75-110
62. Figgins, J.D., 1933. A further contribution to the antiquity of man in America. Colorado Museum of Natural History Proceedings No. 12, Denver, Colorado.
63. Fladmark, K.R., 1978. The feasibility of the Northwest Coast as a migration route for Early man. In: Bryan, A.L. (Ed.), Early Man in America from a Circum-Pacific Perspective. Occasional Papers No. 1, Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, pp. 119-128.
64. Fladmark K.R. Routes: alternative migration corridors for early man in North America. American Antiquity 44 (1979) 55-69
65. Foley R. Hominid species and stone-tool assemblages: how are they related?. Antiquity 61 (1987) 380-392
66. Foley R., and Lahr M.M. Mode 3 technologies and the evolution of modern humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7 (1997) 3-36
67. Foley R., and Lahr M.M. On stony ground: lithic technology, human evolution, and the emergence of culture. Evolutionary Anthropology 12 (2003) 109-122
68. Frison G.C., and Todd L.C. The Colby Mammoth Site: Taphonomy and Archaeology of a Clovis Kill in Northern Wyoming (1986), University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
69. Gkiasta M., Russell T., Shennan S.J., and Steele J. Origins of European agriculture: the radiocarbon record revisited. Antiquity 77 (2003) 45-62
70. Graham, R.W., 1986. Stratified Cultural and Faunal Horizons at Kimmswick, Missouri, Quaternary Records of Southwestern Illinois and Adjacent Missouri Field Guide. American Quaternary Association, Ninth Biennial Meeting, University of Illinois, Urbana.
71. Graham, R.W., Kay, M., 1988. Taphonomic comparisons of cultural and noncultural faunal deposits at the Kimmswick and Barnhart sites, Jefferson County, Missouri. In: Laub, R.S., Miller, N.G., Steadman, D.W. (Eds.), Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, vol. 33, pp. 227-240.
72. Graham R.W., Haynes Jr. C.V., Johnson D.L., and Kay M. Kimmswick: a Clovis-mastodon association in eastern Missouri. Science 213 (1981) 1115-1117
73. Gramly R.M. The Vail site: A Paleo-Indian encampment in Maine. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences (1982) 30
74. Gramly R.M. Kill sites, killing ground, and fluted points at the Vail site. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 (1984) 101-121
75. Gramly R.M. The Richey Clovis cache: earliest Americans along the Columbia River (1993), Persimmon Press, Buffalo, New York
76. Gramly R.M. The Lamb site: a pioneering Clovis encampment (1999), Persimmon Press, Buffalo
77. Gramly R.M., and Rutledge K. A new Paleo-Indian site in the state of Maine. American Antiquity 46 (1981) 354-361
78. Gray R., and Jordan F. Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion. Nature 405 (2000) 1052-1055
79. Green F.E. The Clovis blades: an important addition to the Llano complex. American Antiquity 29 (1963) 145-165
80. Grimes J.R. A new look at Bull Brook. Anthropology 3 (1979) 109-130
81. Grimes J.R., Eldridge W., Grimes B., Vaccaro A., Vaccaro J., Vaccaro N., and Orsini N. Bull Brook II. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 (1984) 159-183
82. Gruhn R. Linguistic evidence in support of the coastal route of earliest entry into the New World. Man 23 (1988) 77-100
83. Gruhn R. The Pacific coast route of initial entry: an overview. In: Bonnichsen R., and Steele D.G. (Eds). Method and Theory for Investigating the Peopling of the Americas. Center for the Study of the First Americans (1994), Oregon State University, Corvallis 249-256
84. Guglielmino, C.R., Viganotti, C., Hewlett, B., Cavalli-Sforza, L.L., 1995. Cultural variation in Africa: role of mechanisms of transmission and adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92, 7585-7589.
85. Haury E.W. Artifacts with mammoth remains, Naco, Arizona. American Antiquity 19 (1953) 1-14
86. Haury E.W., Sayles E.B., and Wasley W.W. The Lehner mammoth site, southeastern Arizona. American Antiquity 25 (1959) 2-30
87. Hauser D.L., and Boyajian G. Proportional change and patterns in homoplasy: Sanderson and Donoghue revisited. Cladistics 13 (1997) 97-100
88. Haynes Jr. C.V. Fluted projectile points: their age and dispersion. Science 145 (1964) 1408-1413
89. Haynes Jr. C.V. Elephant-hunting in North America. Scientific American 214 (1966) 104-112
90. Haynes Jr. C.V. The Clovis culture. Canadian Journal of Anthropology 1 (1980) 115-122
91. Haynes Jr. C.V. Were Clovis progenitors in Beringia?. In: Hopkins D.M., Mathews Jr. J.V., Schweger C.E., and Young S.B. (Eds). Paleoecology of Beringia (1982), Academic Press, New York 383-398
92. Haynes Jr. C.V. Clovis-Folsom geochronology and climatic change. In: Soffer O., and Praslov N.D. (Eds). From Kostenki to Clovis: Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-Indian Adaptations (1993), Plenum Press, New York 219-236
93. Haynes Jr. C.V. Geochronology of paleoenvironmental change, Clovis type site, Blackwater Draw, New Mexico. Geoarchaeology 10 (1995) 317-388
94. Haynes Jr. C.V. Clovis, pre-Clovis, climate change, and extinction. In: Bonnichsen R., Lepper B.T., Stanford D., and Waters M.R. (Eds). Paleoamerican Origins: Beyond Clovis (2005), Texas A&M Press, College Station 113-132
95. Haynes Jr. C.V., and Hemmings E.T. Mammoth-bone shaft wrench from Murray Springs, Arizona. Science 159 (1968) 186-187
96. Haynes Jr. C.V., Donahue D.J., Jull A.J.T., and Zabel T.H. Application of accelerator dating to fluted point Paleoindian sites. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 (1984) 184-191
97. Haynes Jr. C.V., McFaul M., Brunswig R.H., and Hopkins K.D. Kersey-Kuner terrace investigations at the Dent and Bernhardt sites, Colorado. Geoarchaeology 13 (1998) 201-218
98. Hemmings, E.T., 1970. Early Man in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
99. Hennig W. Phylogenetic Systematics. Annual Review of Entomology 10 (1965) 97-116
100. Hennig W. Phylogenetic Systematics (1966), University of Illinois Press, Urbana
101. Hester, J.J., 1972. Blackwater Draw Locality No. 1: A Stratified Early Man Site in Eastern New Mexico. Fort Burgwin Research Center Publication No. 8, Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico.
102. Hester T.R., Collins M.B., and Headrick P.J. Notes on south Texas archaeology: 1992-4, Paleo-Indian engraved stones from the Gault site. La Tierra 19 (1992) 3-5
103. Holden, C.J., 2002. Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 269, 793-799.
104. Holliday V.T., Haynes Jr. C.V., Hofman J.L., and Meltzer D.J. The Miami site revisited: a Clovis mammoth kill in the Texas panhandle. Current Research in the Pleistocene 10 (1991) 36-39
105. Holliday V.T., Haynes Jr. C.V., Hofman J.L., and Meltzer D.J. Geoarchaeology and geochronology of the Miami (Clovis) site, southern High Plains of Texas. Quaternary Research 41 (1994) 234-244
106. In: Hopkins D.M., Matthews Jr. J.V., Schweger C.E., and Young S.B. (Eds). Paleoecology of Beringia (1982), Academic Press, New York
107. Howard, E.B., 1935. Occurrence of flints and extinct animals in pluvial deposits near Clovis, New Mexico, part I-introduction. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 87, 299-303.
108. Huckell B.B. Clovis lithic technology: a view from the upper San Pedro valley. In: Haynes Jr. C.V., and Huckell B.B. (Eds). Murray Springs: A Clovis Site with Multiple Activity Areas in the San Pedro Valley, Arizona (2007), The University of Arizona Press, Tucson 170-213
109. Jones S., and Bonnichsen R. The Anzick Clovis burial. Current Research in the Pleistocene 11 (1994) 42-43
110. Jordan P., and Shennan S. Cultural transmission, language, and basketry traditions amongst the California Indians. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22 (2003) 42-74
111. Josenhans H., Fedje D., Pienitz R., and Southon J. Early humans and rapidly changing Holocene sea levels in the Queen Charlotte Islands-Hecate Strait, British Columbia, Canada. Science 277 (1997) 71-74
112. Jungers W.L., Falsetti A.B., and Wall C.E. Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 38 (1995) 137-161
113. Kelly R., and Todd L.C. Coming into the country: early Paleo-Indian hunting and mobility. American Antiquity 53 (1988) 231-244
114. Kishino H., and Hasegawa M. Evaluation of the maximum likelihood estimate of the evolutionary tree topologies from DNA sequence data and the branching order of Hominoidea. Journal of Molecular Evolution 29 (1989) 170-179
115. Kitching I.J., Forey P.L., Humphries C.J., and Williams D.M. Cladistics, the theory and practice of parsimony analysis. The Systematics Association Publication No. 11 (1998), Oxford University Press, Oxford
116. Kluge A.G., and Wolf A.J. Cladistics: what's in a word?. Cladistics 9 (1993) 183-199
117. Kuhner M.K., and Felsenstein J. A simulation of phylogeny algorithms under equal and unequal evolutionary rates. Molecular Biological Evolution 11 (1994) 459-468
118. Lahren L., and Bonnichsen R. Bone foreshafts from a Clovis burial in southwestern Montana. Science 186 (1974) 147-150
119. Lele S., and Richtsmeier J.T. An Invariant Approach to Statistical Analysis of Shapes: Interdisciplinary Statistics (2001), Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton
120. In: Leonhardy F.C. (Ed). Domebo: A Paleo-Indian Mammoth Kill in the Prairie-Plains. Contributions of the Museum of the Great Plains No. 1 (1966), Lawton, Oklahoma
121. Levine M.A. Accommodating age: radiocarbon results and fluted point sites in northeastern North America. Archaeology of Eastern North America 18 (1990) 33-64
122. Lieberman D.E. Testing hypotheses about recent human evolution from skulls: integrating morphology, function, development, and phylogeny. Current Anthropology 36 (1995) 159-197
123. Lycett S.J., and Collard M. Do homoiologies impede phylogenetic analysis of the fossil Hominids? An assessment based on extant Papionin craniodental morphology. Journal of Human Evolution 49 (2005) 618-642
124. Lyman R.L., O'Brien M.J., and Hayes V. A mechanical and functional study of bone rods from the Richey-Roberts Clovis cache, Washington, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science 25 (1998) 887-906
125. McAvoy, J.M., McAvoy, L.D., 1997. Archaeological Investigations of Site 44SX202, Cactus Hill, Sussex County, Virginia. Virginia Department of Historic Resources Research Report Series No. 8, Department of Historic Resources, Commonwealth of Virginia, Richmond.
126. MacDonald G.F. The technology and settlement pattern of a Paleo-Indian site at Debert, Nova Scotia. Quaternaria 8 (1966) 59-74
127. MacDonald, G.F., 1968. Debert: A Palaeo-Indian site in Central Nova Scotia. Anthropology Papers No. 16, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa.
128. Maddison, W.P., Maddison, D.R., 2005. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis, Version 1.06. Available from: .
129. Maddison W.P., and Slatkin M. Null models for the number of evolutionary steps in a character on a phylogenetic tree. Evolution 45 (1991) 1184-1197
130. Maddison W.P., Donoghue M.J., and Maddison D.R. Outgroup analysis and parsimony. Systematic Zoology 33 (1984) 83-103
131. Mandryk C.A. Invented traditions and the ultimate American origin myth. In: Barton C.M., Clark G.A., Yesner D.R., and Pearson G.A. (Eds). The Settlement of the American Continents: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Human Biogeography (2004), The University of Arizona Press,, Tucson 113-122
132. Mandryk C.A.S., Josenhans H., Fedje D.W., and Mathewes R.W. Late Quaternary paleoenvironments of northwestern North America: implications for inland versus coastal migration routes. Quaternary Science Reviews 20 (2001) 301-314
133. Martin P.S. The discovery of America. Science 179 (1973) 969-974
134. Melillo J.M., McGuire A.D., Kicklighter D.W., Moore B., Vorosmarty C.J., and Schloss A.L. Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature 363 (1993) 234-239
135. Meltzer D.J. Monte Verde and the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Science 276 (1997) 754-755
136. Meltzer D.J., Grayson D.K., Ardila G., Barker A.W., Dincauze D.F., Haynes Jr. C.V., Mena F., Nunez L., and Stanford D.J. On the Pleistocene antiquity of Monte Verde, southern Chile. American Antiquity 62 (1997) 659-663
137. Minelli A. Biological Systematics: The State of the Art (1993), Chapman and Hall, London
138. Montgomery J., and Dickenson J. Additional blades from Blackwater Draw Locality No.1, Portales, New Mexico. Current Research in the Pleistocene 9 (1992) 32-33
139. Moore J.H. Putting anthropology back together again: the ethnogenetic critique of cladistic theory. American Anthropologist 96 (1994) 925-948
140. Morrow J.E., and Morrow T.A. Rummells-Maske revisited: a fluted point cache from east central Iowa. Plains Anthropologist 47 (2002) 307-321
141. Mosimann J.E., and Martin P.S. Simulating overkill by Paleoindians. American Scientist 63 (1975) 304-313
142. Nelson G. Ontogeny, phylogeny, paleontology, and the biogenetic law. Systematic Zoology 27 (1978) 324-345
143. Nelson G., and Platnick N. Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance (1981), Columbia University Press, New York
144. O'Brien M.J., and Lyman R.L. Cladistics and Archaeology (2003), The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City
145. O'Brien M.J., and Lyman R.L. Cultural phylogenetic hypotheses in archaeology: some fundamental issues. In: Mace R., Holden C.J., and Shennan S. (Eds). The Evolution of Cultural Diversity: A Phylogenetic Approach (2005), UCL Press, London 85-108
146. O'Brien M.J., Darwent J., and Lyman R.L. Cladistics is useful for reconstructing archaeological phylogenies: Palaeoindian points from the southeastern United States. Journal of Archaeological Science 28 (2001) 1115-1136
147. O'Brien M.J., Lyman R.L., Saab Y., Saab E., Darwent J., and Glover D.S. Two issues in archaeological phylogenetics: taxon construction and outgroup selection. Journal of Theoretical Biology 215 (2002) 133-150
148. Owsley D.W., and Hunt D.R. Clovis and Early Archaic period crania from the Anzick site (24PA506), Park County, Montana. Plains Anthropologist 46 (2001) 115-121
149. Page R.D.M., and Holmes E.C. Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach (1998), Blackwell, Oxford
150. Pimentel R., and Riggins R. The nature of cladistic data. Cladistics 3 (1987) 201-209
151. Prest, V.K., 1969. Retreat of Wisconsin and Recent Ice in North America. Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1257A, Ottawa.
152. Prest, V.K., 1984. The last Wisconsin glacier complex. In: Fulton, R.J. (Ed.), Quaternary Stratigraphy of Canada-A Canadian Contribution to ICGP Project 24. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 84-10, pp. 21-36.
153. Quicke D.J. Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy (1993), Blackie, Glasgow
154. Rae T.C. The logical basis for the use of continuous characters in phylogenetic systematics. Cladistics 14 (1998) 221-228
155. Reis S.F., Pessôa L.M., and Strauss R.E. Application of size-free canonical discriminant analysis to studies of geographic differentiation. Brazilian Journal of Genetics 13 (1990) 509-520
156. Rexová K., Frynta D., and Zrzavy J. Cladistic analysis of languages: Indo-European classification based on lexicostatistical data. Cladistics 19 (2003) 120-127
157. Reyment R.A. Multidimensional Paleobiology (1991), Pergamon Press, Oxford
158. Richtsmeier J.T., Burke Deleon V., and Lele S.R. The promise of geometric morphometrics. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 45 (2002) 63-91
159. Rickleffs, R.E., Miller, G.L., 1999, (4th ed.) Ecology. W.H. Freeman, New York.
160. Robson-Brown K.A. Systematics and integrated methods for the modelling of the pre-modern human mind. In: Mellars P., and Gibson K. (Eds). Modelling the Early Human Mind (1996), McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge 103-117
161. Rohlf F.J. Thin plate spline digitizing program. SB Morphometrics Web Page (2002), State University of New York, Stony Brook
162. Rohlf F.J., and Bookstein F.L. A comment on shearing as a method for "size correction". Systematic Zoology 36 (1987) 356-367
163. Saitou N., and Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4 (1987) 406-425
164. Sanderson M.J. Objections to bootstrapping phylogenies: a critique. Systematic Biology 44 (1995) 299-320
165. Sanderson M.J., and Donoghue M.J. Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. Evolution 43 (1989) 1781-1795
166. Saunders J.J. Lehner ranch revisited. In: Johnson E. (Ed). Paleoindian Lifeways. The Museum Journal (1977), West Texas Museum Association, Lubbock, Texas 48-64
167. Schuh R.T. Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications (2000), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York
168. Sellards E.H. Artifacts associated with fossil elephant. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 49 (1938) 999-1010
169. Sellards E.H. Early Man in North America (1952), University of Texas Press, Austin
170. Sellet F. The French connection: investigating a possible Clovis-Solutrean link. Current Research in the Pleistocene 15 (1998) 67-68
171. Shennan S., and Collard M. Investigating processes of cultural evolution on the north coast of New Guinea with multivariate and cladistic analyses. In: Mace R., Holden C.J., and Shennan S. (Eds). The Evolution of Cultural Diversity: A Phylogenetic Approach (2005), UCL Press 133-164
172. Simons D.B. The Gainey and Butler sites as focal points for Caribou and people. In: Jackson L.J., and Thacker P.T. (Eds). Caribou and Reindeer Hunters of the Northern Hemisphere (1997), Avebury, Aldershot 105-131
173. Simons D.B., Shott M.J., and Wright H.T. The Gainey site: variability in Great Lakes Paleo-Indian assemblage. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12 (1984) 266-279
174. Simons D.B., Shott M.J., and Wright H.T. Paleoindian research in Michigan: current status of the Gainey and Leavitt projects. Current Research in the Pleistocene 4 (1987) 27-30
175. Smith A.B. Systematics and the Fossil Record: Documenting Evolutionary Patterns (1994), Blackwell, Oxford
176. Smith R.J. Relative size versus controlling for size: interpretation of ratios in research on sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum. Current Anthropology 46 (2005) 249-273
177. Stanford D.J. Paleoindian archaeology and Late Pleistocene environments in the plains and southwestern United States. In: Bonnichsen R., and Turnmire K.L. (Eds). Ice Age People of North America: Environments, Origins, and Adaptations (1999), Oregon State University Press and Center for the Study of First Americans, Corvallis 281-339
178. Stanford, D., Bradley, B., 2002. Ocean trails and prairie paths? Thoughts about Clovis origins. In: Jablonski, N.G. (Ed.), The First Americans, The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences Number 27, pp. 255-271.
179. Stanford D.J., and Jodry M.A. The Drake Clovis cache. Current Research in the Pleistocene 5 (1988) 21-22
180. Steel M.A., Lockhart P.J., and Penny D. Confidence in evolutionary trees from biological sequence data. Nature 364 (1993) 440-442
181. Steele J., Adams J., and Sluckin T. Modelling Paleoindian dispersals. World Archaeology 30 (1998) 286-305
182. Strait D.S., and Grine F.E. Inferring hominoid and early hominid phylogeny using craniodental characters: the role of fossil taxa. Journal of Human Evolution 47 (2004) 399-452
183. Straus L.G. Solutrean settlement of North America? A review of reality. American Antiquity 65 (2000) 219-226
184. Straus L.G., Meltzer D.J., and Goebel T. Ice age Atlantis? Exploring the Solutrean-Clovis 'connection'. World Archaeology 37 (2005) 507-532
185. Strauss R.E. Evolutionary allometry and variation in body form in the South American Catfish Genus Corydoras (Callichthyidae). Systematic Zoology 34 (1985) 381-396
186. Strauss R.E., and Bookstein F.L. The truss: body form reconstructions in morphometrics. Systematic Zoology 31 (1982) 11-135
187. Strauss R.E., Atanassov M.N., and Alves de Oliveira J. Evaluation of the principal-component and expectation-maximization methods for estimating missing data in morphometric studies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (2003) 284-296
188. Studier J., and Kepler K. A note on the neighbor-joining algorithm of Saitou and Nei. Molecular Biology and Evolution 5 (1988) 729-731
189. Surovell T.A. Simulating coastal migration in New World colonization. Current Anthropology 44 (2003) 580-591
190. *: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), Version 4, Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
191. Swofford D.L., and Olson G.J. Phylogenetic reconstruction. In: Hillis D.M., and Moritz C. (Eds). Molecular Systematics (1990), Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts 411-501
192. Taylor R.E., Haynes Jr. C.V., and Stuiver M. Clovis and Folsom age estimates: stratigraphic context and radiocarbon calibration. Antiquity 70 (1996) 515-525
193. Tehrani J., and Collard M. Investigating cultural evolution through biological phylogenetic analyses of Turkmen textiles. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21 (2002) 443-463
194. Thiele K. The holy grail of the perfect character: the cladistic treatment of morphometirc data. Cladistics 9 (1993) 275-304
195. Titmus G.L., and Woods J.C. Fluted points from the Snake River plain. In: Bonnichsen R., and Turnmire K.L. (Eds). Clovis: Origins and Adaptations. Center for the Study of the First Americans (1991), Oregon State University, Corvallis 119-131
196. Warnica J.M. New discoveries at the Clovis site. American Antiquity 31 (1966) 345-357
197. Webb, R.E., Rindos, D.J., 1997. The mode and tempo of the initial human colonisation of empty landmasses: Sahul and the Americas compared. In: Barton, C.M., Clark, G.A. (Eds.), Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary Theory and Archeological Explanation. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association No. 7, pp. 233-250.
198. West F.H. The antiquity of man in America. In: Wright Jr. H.E. (Ed). Late-Quaternary Environments of the United States (1983), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 364-382
199. West F.H. American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Paleoecology of Beringia (1996), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
200. White J.M., Mathewes R.W., and Mathews W.H. Late Pleistocene chronology and environment of the "ice-free corridor" of northwestern Alberta. Quaternary Research 24 (1985) 173-186
201. Wiley E.O., Siegel-Causey D., Brooks D.R., and Funk V.A. The Compleat Cladist: A Primer of Phylogenetic Procedures (1991), University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence
202. Wilke P.J., Flenniken J.J., and Ozbun T.L. Clovis technology at the Anzick site, Montana. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 13 (1991) 242-272
203. Willig J.A. Clovis technology and adaptation in far western North America: regional pattern and environmental context. In: Bonnichsen R., and Turnmire K.L. (Eds). Clovis: Origins and Adaptations. Center for the Study of the First Americans (1991), Oregon State University, Corvallis 91-118
204. Witthoft, J., 1952. A Paleo-Indian site in eastern Pennsylvania: an early hunting culture. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96, 464-495.
205. Woods J.C., and Titmus G.L. A review of the Simon Clovis collection. Idaho Archaeologist 8 (1985) 3-8
206. Wormington, H.M., 1957. Ancient Man in North America, 4th ed. Denver Museum of Natural History. Popular Series No. 4, Denver, Colorado.