Visualization of electrochemically driven solid-state phase transformations using operando hard X-ray spectro-imaging

Nature Communications

Volumn 6, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Li, Linsen ^a   Chen Wiegart, Yu Chen Karen ^b   Wang, Jiajun ^b   Gao, Peng ^b   Ding, Qi ^a   Yu, Young Sang ^c,d,e   Wang, Feng ^b   Cabana, Jordi ^d   Wang, Jun ^b   Jin, Song ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^e PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IRON; LITHIUM ION;

CATION; ELECTRODE; ELECTROMAGNETIC METHOD; LITHIUM; PHASE TRANSITION; POROSITY; VISUALIZATION; X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY;

ABSORPTION; ARTICLE; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; HARD X RAY SPECTRO IMAGING; LITHIATION; PARTICLE SIZE; POROSITY; ROENTGEN SPECTROSCOPY; SOLID STATE; SYNCHROTRON RADIATION;

EID: 84928501293     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7883     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Kostorz, G. Phase Transformations in Materials (Wiley-VCH, 2001).
2. Chiang, Y.-M. Building a better battery. Science 330, 1485-1486 (2010).
3. Liu, H. et al. Capturing metastable structures during high-rate cycling of LiFePO4 nanoparticle electrodes. Science 344, 1251817-1-1251817-7 (2014).
4. Sharma, N. et al. Structural changes in a commercial lithium-ion battery during electrochemical cycling: An in situ neutron diffraction study. J. Power Sources 195, 8258-8266 (2010).
5. Yu, X. et al. Understanding the rate capability of high-energy-density Li-rich layered Lli1.2Ni0.15Co0.1Mn0.55O2 cathode materials. Adv. Energy Mater 4, 1300950 (2014).
6. Hu, Y.-Y. et al. Origin of additional capacities in metal oxide lithium-ion battery electrodes. Nat. Mater 12, 1130-1136 (2013).
7. Huang, J. Y. et al. In situ observation of the electrochemical lithiation of a single SnO2 nanowire electrode. Science 330, 1515-1520 (2010).
8. Wang, F. et al. Tracking lithium transport and electrochemical reactions in nanoparticles. Nat. Commun 3, 1201 (2012).
9. Gu, M. et al. Demonstration of an electrochemical liquid cell for operando transmission electron microscopy observation of the lithiation/delithiation behavior of Si nanowire battery anodes. Nano Lett. 13, 6106-6112 (2013).
10. Liao, H.-G. et al. Facet development during platinum nanocube growth. Science 345, 916-919 (2014).
11. Andrews, J. C. & Weckhuysen, B. M. Hard X-ray spectroscopic nano-imaging of hierarchical functional materials at work. ChemPhysChem 14, 3655-3666 (2013).
12. Meirer, F. et al. Three-dimensional imaging of chemical phase transformations at the nanoscale with full-field transmission X-ray microscopy. J. Synchrotron. Radiat. 18, 773-781 (2011).
13. Wang, J. et al. Automated markerless full field hard X-ray microscopic tomography at sub-50 nm 3-dimension spatial resolution. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 143107 (2012).
14. Ebner, M., Marone, F., Stampanoni, M. & Wood, V. Visualization and quantification of electrochemical and mechanical degradation in Li ion batteries. Science 342, 716-720 (2013).
15. Nelson, J. et al. In operando X-ray diffraction and transmission X-ray microscopy of lithium sulfur batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 6337-6343 (2012).
16. Chao, S.-C. et al. Study on microstructural deformation of working Sn and SnSb anode particles for Li-ion batteries by in situ transmission X-ray microscopy. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 22040-22047 (2011).
17. Weker, J. N. et al. In situ nanotomography and operando transmission X-ray microscopy of micron-sized Ge particles. Energy Environ. Sci 7, 2771-2777 (2014).
18. Wang, J., Chen-Wiegart, Y.-c. K. & Wang, J. In situ chemical mapping of a lithium-ion battery using full-field hard X-ray spectroscopic imaging. Chem. Commun. 49, 6480-6482 (2013).
19. Yang, F. et al. Nanoscale morphological and chemical changes of high voltage lithium-manganese rich NMC composite cathodes with cycling. Nano Lett. 14, 4334-4341 (2014).
20. Wang, J., Chen-Wiegart, Y.-c. K. & Wang, J. In operando tracking phase transformation evolution of lithium iron phosphate with hard X-ray microscopy. Nat. Commun 5, 4570 (2014).
21. Yu, Y.-S. et al. Nonequilibrium pathways during electrochemical phase transformations in single crystals revealed by dynamic chemical imaging at nanoscale resolution. Adv. Energy Mater 5, 1402040 (2015).
22. Cabana, J., Monconduit, L., Larcher, D. & Palacn, M. R. Beyond intercalationbased Li-ion batteries: the state of the art and challenges of electrode materials reacting through conversion reactions. Adv. Mater. 22, E170-E192 (2010).
23. Li, H., Balaya, P. & Maier, J. Li-storage via heterogeneous reaction in selected binary metal fluorides and oxides. J. Electrochem. Soc. 151, A1878-A1885 (2004).
24. Badway, F., Cosandey, F., Pereira, N. & Amatucci, G. G. Carbon metal fluoride nanocomposites: High-capacity reversible metal fluoride conversion materials as rechargeable positive electrodes for Li batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, A1318-A1327 (2003).
25. Badway, F., Pereira, N., Cosandey, F. & Amatucci, G. G. Carbon-metal fluoride nanocomposites: Structure and electrochemistry of FeF3:C. J. Electrochem. Soc. 150, A1209-A1218 (2003).
26. Li, L., Meng, F. & Jin, S. High-capacity lithium-ion battery conversion cathodes based on iron fluoride nanowires and insights into the conversion mechanism. Nano Lett. 12, 6030-6037 (2012).
27. Li, H., Richter, G. & Maier, J. Reversible formation and decomposition of LiF clusters using transition metal fluorides as precursors and their application in rechargeable Li batteries. Adv. Mater. 15, 736-739 (2003).
28. Li, C., Mu, X., van Aken, P. A. & Maier, J. A high-capacity cathode for lithium batteries consisting of porous microspheres of highly amorphized iron fluoride densified from its open parent phase. Adv. Energy Mater 3, 113-119 (2013).
29. Kim, S.-W. et al. Fabrication of FeF3 nanoflowers on CNT branches and their application to high power lithium rechargeable batteries. Adv. Mater. 22, 5260-5264 (2010).
30. Zheng, G. et al. Interconnected hollow carbon nanospheres for stable lithium metal anodes. Nat. Nanotech 9, 618-623 (2014).
31. Armand, M. & Tarascon, J. M. Building better batteries. Nature 451, 652-657 (2008).
32. Yamakawa, N., Jiang, M., Key, B. & Grey, C. P. Identifying the local structures formed during lithiation of the conversion material, iron fluoride, in a Li ion battery: a solid-state NMR, X-ray diffraction, and pair distribution function analysis study. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 10525-10536 (2009).
33. Doe, R. E., Persson, K. A., Meng, Y. S. & Ceder, G. First-principles investigation of the Li-Fe-F phase diagram and equilibrium and nonequilibrium conversion reactions of iron fluorides with lithium. Chem. Mater. 20, 5274-5283 (2008).
34. Liu, P. et al. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the Li/FeF3 reaction by electrochemical analysis. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 6467-6473 (2012).
35. Wang, F. et al. Conversion reaction mechanisms in lithium ion batteries: Study of the binary metal fluoride electrodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 18828-18836 (2011).
36. Zhang, W. et al. In situ electrochemical XAFS studies on an iron fluoride highcapacity cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 11498-11505 (2013).
37. Ravel, B. & Newville, M. Athena, Artemis, Hephaestus: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. J. Synchrotron. Radiat. 12, 537-541 (2005).
38. Weng, T.-C., Waldo, G. S. & Penner-Hahn, J. E. A method for normalization of X-ray absorption spectra. J. Synchrotron. Radiat. 12, 506-510 (2005).
39. Morin, S. A., Bierman, M. J., Tong, J. & Jin, S. Mechanism and kinetics of spontaneous nanotube growth driven by screw dislocations. Science 328, 476-480 (2010).
40. Meng, F., Morin, S. A., Forticaux, A. & Jin, S. Screw dislocation driven growth of nanomaterials. Acc. Chem. Res. 46, 1616-1626 (2013).
41. Li, L. et al. Facile solution synthesis of a-FeF3-3H2O nanowires and their conversion to a-Fe2O3 nanowires for photoelectrochemical application. Nano Lett. 12, 724-731 (2012).
42. Parkinson, M. F. et al. Effect of vertically structured porosity on electrochemical performance of FeF2 films for lithium batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 125, 71-82 (2014).
43. Chueh, W. C. et al. Intercalation pathway in many-particle LiFePO4 electrode revealed by nanoscale state-of-charge mapping. Nano Lett. 13, 866-872 (2013).
44. Li, Y. et al. Current-induced transition from particle-by-particle to concurrent intercalation in phase-separating battery electrodes. Nat. Mater 13, 1149-1156 (2014).
45. Cosandey, F. et al. EELS spectroscopy of iron fluorides and FeFx/C nanocomposite electrodes used in Li-ion batteries. Microsc. Microanal. 13, 87-95 (2007).
46. Hua, X. et al. Comprehensive study of the CuF2 conversion reaction mechanism in a lithium ion battery. J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 15169-15184 (2014).
47. Li, L., Caban-Acevedo, M., Girard, S. N. & Jin, S. High-purity iron pyrite (FeS2) nanowires as high-capacity nanostructured cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale 6, 2112-2118 (2014).
48. Shapiro, D. A. et al. Chemical composition mapping with nanometre resolution by soft X-ray microscopy. Nat. Photon 8, 765-769 (2014).