메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 141, Issue 688, 2015, Pages 663-675

The effect of urbanisation on the climatology of thunderstorm initiation

Author keywords

Anthropogenic climate change; Convective initiation; Image analysis; Urban climatology

Indexed keywords

IMAGE ANALYSIS; LAND USE; THUNDERSTORMS;

EID: 84928295523     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: 1477870X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/qj.2499     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (84)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 77950505936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lightning response to smoke from Amazonian fires
    • Altaratz O, Ilan K, Yoav Y, Price C.. 2010. Lightning response to smoke from Amazonian fires. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37: L07801, doi:10.1029/2010GL042679.
    • (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.37
    • Altaratz, O.1    Ilan, K.2    Yoav, Y.3    Price, C.4
  • 2
    • 0029507498 scopus 로고
    • Local indicators of spatial association: LISA
    • Anselin L.. 1995. Local indicators of spatial association: LISA. Geogr. Anal. 27: 93-115, doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x.
    • (1995) Geogr. Anal. , vol.27 , pp. 93-115
    • Anselin, L.1
  • 3
    • 84862115140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban-induced thunderstorm modification in the southeast United States
    • Ashley WS, Bentley ML, Stallins JA.. 2012. Urban-induced thunderstorm modification in the southeast United States. Clim. Change 113: 481-498, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0324-1.
    • (2012) Clim. Change , vol.113 , pp. 481-498
    • Ashley, W.S.1    Bentley, M.L.2    Stallins, J.A.3
  • 4
    • 84898614634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatiotemporal changes in tornado hazard exposure: The case of the expanding bull's eye effect in Chicago, IL
    • Ashley WS, Strader S, Rosencrants T, Krmenec AJ.. 2014. Spatiotemporal changes in tornado hazard exposure: The case of the expanding bull's eye effect in Chicago, IL. Weather Clim. Soc. 6: 175-193, doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00047.1.
    • (2014) Weather Clim. Soc. , vol.6 , pp. 175-193
    • Ashley, W.S.1    Strader, S.2    Rosencrants, T.3    Krmenec, A.J.4
  • 5
    • 0035416712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dry and moist convection forced by an urban heat island
    • Baik J, Kim Y, Chun H.. 2001. Dry and moist convection forced by an urban heat island. J. Appl. Meteorol. 40: 1462-1475, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1462:DAMCFB>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2001) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.40 , pp. 1462-1475
    • Baik, J.1    Kim, Y.2    Chun, H.3
  • 6
    • 34247186469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of boundary-layer stability on urban heat island-induced circulation
    • Baik JJ, Kim YH, Kim JJ, Han JY.. 2007. Effects of boundary-layer stability on urban heat island-induced circulation. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 89: 73-81.
    • (2007) Theor. Appl. Climatol. , vol.89 , pp. 73-81
    • Baik, J.J.1    Kim, Y.H.2    Kim, J.J.3    Han, J.Y.4
  • 7
    • 41649092520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midweek increase in US summer rain and storm heights suggests air pollution invigorates rainstorms
    • Bell TL, Rosenfeld D, Kim K-M, Yoo J-M, Lee M-I, Hahnenberger M.. 2008. Midweek increase in US summer rain and storm heights suggests air pollution invigorates rainstorms. J. Geophys. Res. 113: D02209, doi:10.1029/2007JD008623.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Bell, T.L.1    Rosenfeld, D.2    Kim, K.-M.3    Yoo, J.-M.4    Lee, M.-I.5    Hahnenberger, M.6
  • 8
    • 29544451534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatology of cloud to ground lightning in Georgia, USA, 1992-2003
    • Bentley ML, Stallins JA.. 2005. Climatology of cloud to ground lightning in Georgia, USA, 1992-2003. Int. J. Climatol. 25: 1979-1996, doi:10.1002/joc.1227.
    • (2005) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.25 , pp. 1979-1996
    • Bentley, M.L.1    Stallins, J.A.2
  • 9
    • 79961026317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Atlanta thunderstorm effect
    • Bentley ML, Stallins JA, Ashley WS.. 2010. The Atlanta thunderstorm effect. Weatherwise 63: 24-29, doi:10.1080/00431671003609937.
    • (2010) Weatherwise , vol.63 , pp. 24-29
    • Bentley, M.L.1    Stallins, J.A.2    Ashley, W.S.3
  • 10
    • 84860244169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synoptic environments favourable for urban convection in Atlanta, Georgia
    • Bentley ML, Stallins JA, Ashley WS.. 2012. Synoptic environments favourable for urban convection in Atlanta, Georgia. Int. J. Climatol. 32: 1287-1294, doi:10.1002/joc.2344.
    • (2012) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.32 , pp. 1287-1294
    • Bentley, M.L.1    Stallins, J.A.2    Ashley, W.S.3
  • 12
    • 0033622990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban heat islands and summertime convective thunderstorms in Atlanta: Three case studies
    • Bornstein R, Lin Q.. 2000. Urban heat islands and summertime convective thunderstorms in Atlanta: Three case studies. Atmos. Environ. 34: 507-516.
    • (2000) Atmos. Environ. , vol.34 , pp. 507-516
    • Bornstein, R.1    Lin, Q.2
  • 13
    • 84928281454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the predictability of convection initiation in the high plains using an object-based approach
    • Burghardt BJ, Evans C, Roebber PJ.. 2014. Assessing the predictability of convection initiation in the high plains using an object-based approach. Weather and Forecasting 29: 403-418, doi:10.1175/WAF-D-13-00089.1.
    • (2014) Weather and Forecasting , vol.29 , pp. 403-418
    • Burghardt, B.J.1    Evans, C.2    Roebber, P.J.3
  • 14
    • 15744367117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of urbanization on the diurnal rainfall pattern in Houston
    • Burian SJ, Shepherd JM.. 2005. Effect of urbanization on the diurnal rainfall pattern in Houston. Hydrol. Process. 19: 1089-1103, doi:10.1002/hyp.5647.
    • (2005) Hydrol. Process. , vol.19 , pp. 1089-1103
    • Burian, S.J.1    Shepherd, J.M.2
  • 15
    • 53649085272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rainfall occurrence in the US warm season: The diurnal cycle
    • Carbone RE, Tuttle JD.. 2008. Rainfall occurrence in the US warm season: The diurnal cycle. J. Clim. 21: 4132-4146, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2275.1.
    • (2008) J. Clim. , vol.21 , pp. 4132-4146
    • Carbone, R.E.1    Tuttle, J.D.2
  • 16
    • 0032490949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weekly cycles of air pollutants, precipitation and tropical cyclones in the coastal NW Atlantic region
    • Cerveny RS, Balling RC.. 1998. Weekly cycles of air pollutants, precipitation and tropical cyclones in the coastal NW Atlantic region. Nature 394: 561-563.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 561-563
    • Cerveny, R.S.1    Balling, R.C.2
  • 17
    • 0037814384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorm rainfall in the conterminous United States
    • Changnon SA.. 2001. Thunderstorm rainfall in the conterminous United States. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 82: 1925-1940.
    • (2001) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.82 , pp. 1925-1940
    • Changnon, S.A.1
  • 18
    • 84868319478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forecasting tornado pathlengths using a three-dimensional object identification algorithm applied to convection-allowing forecasts
    • Clark AJ, Kain JS, Marsh PT, Correia J, Jr, Xue M, Kong F.. 2012. Forecasting tornado pathlengths using a three-dimensional object identification algorithm applied to convection-allowing forecasts. Weather and Forecasting 27: 1090-1113.
    • (2012) Weather and Forecasting , vol.27 , pp. 1090-1113
    • Clark, A.J.1    Kain, J.S.2    Marsh, P.T.3    Correia, J.4    Xue, M.5    Kong, F.6
  • 19
    • 84902212483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of object-based time-domain diagnostics for tracking precipitation systems in convection-allowing models
    • Clark AJ, Bullock RG, Jensen TL, Xue M, Kong F.. 2014. Application of object-based time-domain diagnostics for tracking precipitation systems in convection-allowing models. Weather and Forecasting 29: 517-542, doi:10.1175/WAF-D-13-00098.1.
    • (2014) Weather and Forecasting , vol.29 , pp. 517-542
    • Clark, A.J.1    Bullock, R.G.2    Jensen, T.L.3    Xue, M.4    Kong, F.5
  • 20
    • 84871106293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lightning ground flash patterns over Paris area between 1992 and 2003: Influence of pollution?
    • Coquillat S, Boussaton M, Buguet M, Lambert D, Ribaud J, Berthelot A.. 2012. Lightning ground flash patterns over Paris area between 1992 and 2003: Influence of pollution?. Atmos. Res. 122: 77-92, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.10.032.
    • (2012) Atmos. Res. , vol.122 , pp. 77-92
    • Coquillat, S.1    Boussaton, M.2    Buguet, M.3    Lambert, D.4    Ribaud, J.5    Berthelot, A.6
  • 21
    • 84874517980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radar-based analysis of convective storms over northwestern Italy
    • Davini P, Bechini R, Cremonini R, Cassardo C.. 2011. Radar-based analysis of convective storms over northwestern Italy. Atmosphere 3: 33-58, doi:10.3390/atmos3010033.
    • (2011) Atmosphere , vol.3 , pp. 33-58
    • Davini, P.1    Bechini, R.2    Cremonini, R.3    Cassardo, C.4
  • 22
    • 33745807765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Object-based verification of precipitation forecasts. Part I: Methodology and application to mesoscale rain areas
    • Davis C, Brown B, Bullock R.. 2006. Object-based verification of precipitation forecasts. Part I: Methodology and application to mesoscale rain areas. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 1772-1784, doi:10.1175/MWR3145.1.
    • (2006) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 1772-1784
    • Davis, C.1    Brown, B.2    Bullock, R.3
  • 23
    • 84877904505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 1970 Clean Air Act and termination of rainfall suppression in a US urban area
    • Diem JE.. 2013. The 1970 Clean Air Act and termination of rainfall suppression in a US urban area. Atmos. Environ. 75: 141-146, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.041.
    • (2013) Atmos. Environ. , vol.75 , pp. 141-146
    • Diem, J.E.1
  • 24
    • 0142135892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and causes of Atlanta's urban heat island-initiated precipitation
    • Dixon PG, Mote TL.. 2003. Patterns and causes of Atlanta's urban heat island-initiated precipitation. J. Appl. Meteorol. 42: 1273-1284, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1273:PACOAU>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.42 , pp. 1273-1284
    • Dixon, P.G.1    Mote, T.L.2
  • 25
    • 0027837358 scopus 로고
    • TITAN: Thunderstorm identification, tracking, analysis, and nowcasting-a radar-based methodology
    • Dixon M, Wiener G.. 1993. TITAN: Thunderstorm identification, tracking, analysis, and nowcasting-a radar-based methodology. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 10: 785-797, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1993)010<0785:TTITAA>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1993) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.10 , pp. 785-797
    • Dixon, M.1    Wiener, G.2
  • 26
    • 84883886014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of large-scale forcing on skill of simulated convective initiation and upscale evolution with convection-allowing grid spacings in the WRF
    • Duda JD, Gallus WA.. 2013. The impact of large-scale forcing on skill of simulated convective initiation and upscale evolution with convection-allowing grid spacings in the WRF. Weather and Forecasting 28: 994-1018, doi:10.1175/WAF-D-13-00005.1.
    • (2013) Weather and Forecasting , vol.28 , pp. 994-1018
    • Duda, J.D.1    Gallus, W.A.2
  • 28
    • 77955533754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convection initiation along soil moisture boundaries in the southern Great Plains
    • Frye JD, Mote TL.. 2010. Convection initiation along soil moisture boundaries in the southern Great Plains. Mon. Weather Rev. 138: 1140-1151, doi:10.1175/2009MWR2865.1.
    • (2010) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.138 , pp. 1140-1151
    • Frye, J.D.1    Mote, T.L.2
  • 29
    • 84888202963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-city analysis of the UHI-influence on warm season rainfall
    • Ganeshan M, Murtugudde R, Imhoff ML.. 2013. A multi-city analysis of the UHI-influence on warm season rainfall. Urban Clim. 6: 1-23, doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2013.09.004.
    • (2013) Urban Clim. , vol.6 , pp. 1-23
    • Ganeshan, M.1    Murtugudde, R.2    Imhoff, M.L.3
  • 30
    • 80053962314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does local tropical deforestation affect rainfall?
    • Garcia-Carreras L, Parker DJ.. 2011. How does local tropical deforestation affect rainfall?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38: L19802, doi:10.1029/2011GL049099.
    • (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.38
    • Garcia-Carreras, L.1    Parker, D.J.2
  • 31
    • 76849107337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of mesoscale vegetation heterogeneities on the dynamical and thermodynamic properties of the planetary boundary layer
    • Garcia-Carreras L, Parker DJ, Taylor CM, Reeves CE, Murphy JG.. 2010. Impact of mesoscale vegetation heterogeneities on the dynamical and thermodynamic properties of the planetary boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res. 115: D03102, doi:10.1029/2009JD012811.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Garcia-Carreras, L.1    Parker, D.J.2    Taylor, C.M.3    Reeves, C.E.4    Murphy, J.G.5
  • 32
    • 77952553398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell mergers and their impact on cloud-to-ground lightning over the Houston area
    • Gauthier ML, Petersen WA, Carey LD.. 2010. Cell mergers and their impact on cloud-to-ground lightning over the Houston area. Atmos. Res. 96: 626-632, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.02.010.
    • (2010) Atmos. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 626-632
    • Gauthier, M.L.1    Petersen, W.A.2    Carey, L.D.3
  • 33
    • 0032173133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale convective systems in the southeast United States during 1994-1995: A survey
    • Geerts B.. 1998. Mesoscale convective systems in the southeast United States during 1994-1995: A survey. Weather and Forecasting 13: 860-869, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0860:MCSITS>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1998) Weather and Forecasting , vol.13 , pp. 860-869
    • Geerts, B.1
  • 35
    • 70349176408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3D convective storm identification, tracking, and forecasting-an enhanced TITAN algorithm
    • Han L, Fu S, Zhao L, Zheng Y, Wang H, Lin Y.. 2009. 3D convective storm identification, tracking, and forecasting-an enhanced TITAN algorithm. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 26: 719-732, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1084.1.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.26 , pp. 719-732
    • Han, L.1    Fu, S.2    Zhao, L.3    Zheng, Y.4    Wang, H.5    Lin, Y.6
  • 36
    • 84857223506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical study of urban aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation
    • Han J, Baik J, Khain AP.. 2012. A numerical study of urban aerosol impacts on clouds and precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci. 69: 504-520.
    • (2012) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.69 , pp. 504-520
    • Han, J.1    Baik, J.2    Khain, A.P.3
  • 37
    • 66149120280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An investigation of warm-season spatial rainfall variability in Oklahoma City: Possible linkages to urbanization and prevailing wind
    • Hand LM, Shepherd JM.. 2009. An investigation of warm-season spatial rainfall variability in Oklahoma City: Possible linkages to urbanization and prevailing wind. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 48: 251-269, doi:10.1175/2008JAMC2036.1.
    • (2009) J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. , vol.48 , pp. 251-269
    • Hand, L.M.1    Shepherd, J.M.2
  • 38
    • 34547173682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban aerosol impacts on downwind convective storms
    • van den Heever SC, Cotton WR.. 2007. Urban aerosol impacts on downwind convective storms. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 46: 828-850, doi:10.1175/JAM2492.1.
    • (2007) J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. , vol.46 , pp. 828-850
    • van den Heever, S.C.1    Cotton, W.R.2
  • 39
    • 78650975998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summertime precipitation regimes associated with the sea breeze and land breeze in southern Mississippi and eastern Louisiana
    • Hill CM, Fitzpatrick PJ, Corbin JH, Lau YH, Bhate SK.. 2010. Summertime precipitation regimes associated with the sea breeze and land breeze in southern Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. Weather and Forecasting 25: 1755-1779, doi:10.1175/2010WAF2222340.1.
    • (2010) Weather and Forecasting , vol.25 , pp. 1755-1779
    • Hill, C.M.1    Fitzpatrick, P.J.2    Corbin, J.H.3    Lau, Y.H.4    Bhate, S.K.5
  • 41
    • 0001066120 scopus 로고
    • Precipitation modification by major urban areas
    • Huff FA, Changnon SA.. 1973. Precipitation modification by major urban areas. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 54: 1220-1232, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1973)054<1220:PMBMUA>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1973) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.54 , pp. 1220-1232
    • Huff, F.A.1    Changnon, S.A.2
  • 44
    • 0030439452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new spatial synoptic classification: Application to air mass analysis
    • Kalkstein LS, Nichols MC, Barthel CD, Greene JS.. 1996. A new spatial synoptic classification: Application to air mass analysis. Int. J. Climatol. 16: 983-1004, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199609)16:9<983::AID-JOC61>3.0.CO;2-N.
    • (1996) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.16 , pp. 983-1004
    • Kalkstein, L.S.1    Nichols, M.C.2    Barthel, C.D.3    Greene, J.S.4
  • 45
    • 34250623958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate response to rapid urban growth: Evidence of a human-induced precipitation deficit
    • Kaufmann RK, Seto KC, Schneider A, Liu Z, Zhou L, Wang W.. 2007. Climate response to rapid urban growth: Evidence of a human-induced precipitation deficit. J. Clim. 20: 2299-2306, doi:10.1175/JCLI4109.1.
    • (2007) J. Clim. , vol.20 , pp. 2299-2306
    • Kaufmann, R.K.1    Seto, K.C.2    Schneider, A.3    Liu, Z.4    Zhou, L.5    Wang, W.6
  • 46
    • 49649092389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoke invigoration versus inhibition of clouds over the Amazon
    • Koren I, Martins JV, Remer LA, Afargan H.. 2008. Smoke invigoration versus inhibition of clouds over the Amazon. Science 321: 946-949, doi:10.1126/science.1159185.
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 946-949
    • Koren, I.1    Martins, J.V.2    Remer, L.A.3    Afargan, H.4
  • 47
    • 67651008287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerosols and associated precipitation patterns in Atlanta
    • Lacke MC, Mote TL, Shepherd JM.. 2009. Aerosols and associated precipitation patterns in Atlanta. Atmos. Environ. 43: 4359-4373.
    • (2009) Atmos. Environ. , vol.43 , pp. 4359-4373
    • Lacke, M.C.1    Mote, T.L.2    Shepherd, J.M.3
  • 49
    • 73149118673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data mining storm attributes from spatial grids
    • Lakshmanan V, Smith T. 2009. Data mining storm attributes from spatial grids. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol 26: 2353-2365.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol , vol.26 , pp. 2353-2365
    • Lakshmanan, V.1    Smith, T.2
  • 50
    • 77955534005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An objective method of evaluating and devising storm-tracking algorithms
    • Lakshmanan V, Smith T.. 2010. An objective method of evaluating and devising storm-tracking algorithms. Weather and Forecasting 25: 701-709, doi:10.1175/2009WAF2222330.1.
    • (2010) Weather and Forecasting , vol.25 , pp. 701-709
    • Lakshmanan, V.1    Smith, T.2
  • 51
    • 0141515257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiscale storm identification and forecast
    • Lakshmanan V, Rabin R, DeBrunner V.. 2003. Multiscale storm identification and forecast. Atmos. Res. 67: 367-380.
    • (2003) Atmos. Res. , vol.67 , pp. 367-380
    • Lakshmanan, V.1    Rabin, R.2    DeBrunner, V.3
  • 52
    • 65549114133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An efficient, general-purpose technique for identifying storm cells in geospatial images
    • Lakshmanan V, Hondl K, Rabin R.. 2009. An efficient, general-purpose technique for identifying storm cells in geospatial images. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 26: 523-537, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1153.1.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.26 , pp. 523-537
    • Lakshmanan, V.1    Hondl, K.2    Rabin, R.3
  • 53
    • 84878385619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality control of accumulated fields by applying spatial and temporal constraints
    • Lakshmanan V, Miller M, Smith T.. 2013. Quality control of accumulated fields by applying spatial and temporal constraints. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 30: 745-758, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00128.1.
    • (2013) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.30 , pp. 745-758
    • Lakshmanan, V.1    Miller, M.2    Smith, T.3
  • 54
    • 80052407101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for the statistical analysis of large radar and lightning datasets: Results from STEPS 2000
    • Lang TJ, Rutledge SA.. 2011. A framework for the statistical analysis of large radar and lightning datasets: Results from STEPS 2000. Mon. Weather Rev. 139: 2536-2551, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-10-05000.1.
    • (2011) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.139 , pp. 2536-2551
    • Lang, T.J.1    Rutledge, S.A.2
  • 55
    • 49749084017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convective storm initiation in a moist tropical environment
    • Lima MA, Wilson JW.. 2008. Convective storm initiation in a moist tropical environment. Mon. Weather Rev. 136: 1847-1864, doi:10.1175/2007MWR2279.1.
    • (2008) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.136 , pp. 1847-1864
    • Lima, M.A.1    Wilson, J.W.2
  • 56
    • 84892448702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical examination of the factors regulating thunderstorm initiation
    • Lock NA, Houston AL.. 2014. Empirical examination of the factors regulating thunderstorm initiation. Mon. Weather Rev. 142: 240-258, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00082.1.
    • (2014) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.142 , pp. 240-258
    • Lock, N.A.1    Houston, A.L.2
  • 57
    • 0032463875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban effects on precipitation amount
    • Lowry WP.. 1998. Urban effects on precipitation amount. Prog. Phys. Geog. 22: 477-520, doi:10.1177/030913339802200403.
    • (1998) Prog. Phys. Geog. , vol.22 , pp. 477-520
    • Lowry, W.P.1
  • 60
    • 0002322469 scopus 로고
    • On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other
    • Mann HB, Whitney DR.. 1947. On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann. Math. Stat. 18: 50-60.
    • (1947) Ann. Math. Stat. , vol.18 , pp. 50-60
    • Mann, H.B.1    Whitney, D.R.2
  • 61
    • 77956639668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of ground-based radar for climate-scale studies of weather and rainfall
    • Matyas CJ.. 2010. Use of ground-based radar for climate-scale studies of weather and rainfall. Geogr. Compass 4: 1218-1237.
    • (2010) Geogr. Compass , vol.4 , pp. 1218-1237
    • Matyas, C.J.1
  • 62
    • 33644784004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forecasting convective initiation by monitoring the evolution of moving cumulus in daytime GOES imagery
    • Mecikalski JR, Bedka KM.. 2006. Forecasting convective initiation by monitoring the evolution of moving cumulus in daytime GOES imagery. Mon. Weather Rev. 134: 49-78, doi:10.1175/MWR3062.1.
    • (2006) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.134 , pp. 49-78
    • Mecikalski, J.R.1    Bedka, K.M.2
  • 63
    • 0032172941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preliminary investigation and diagnosis of weak shear summertime convective initiation for extreme southwest Alabama
    • Medlin JM, Croft PJ.. 1998. A preliminary investigation and diagnosis of weak shear summertime convective initiation for extreme southwest Alabama. Weather and Forecasting 13: 717-728, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0717:APIADO>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1998) Weather and Forecasting , vol.13 , pp. 717-728
    • Medlin, J.M.1    Croft, P.J.2
  • 64
    • 37349002695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radar signatures of the urban effect on precipitation distribution: A case study for Atlanta, Georgia
    • Mote TL, Lacke MC, Shepherd JM.. 2007. Radar signatures of the urban effect on precipitation distribution: A case study for Atlanta, Georgia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L20710, doi:10.1029/2007GL031903.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34
    • Mote, T.L.1    Lacke, M.C.2    Shepherd, J.M.3
  • 65
    • 79959580404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban modification of thunderstorms: An observational storm climatology and model case study for the Indianapolis urban region
    • Niyogi D, Pyle P, Lei M, Arya SP, Kishtawal CM, Shepherd JM, Chen F, Wolfe B.. 2011. Urban modification of thunderstorms: An observational storm climatology and model case study for the Indianapolis urban region. J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. 50: 1129-1144, doi:10.1175/2010JAMC1836.1.
    • (2011) J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim. , vol.50 , pp. 1129-1144
    • Niyogi, D.1    Pyle, P.2    Lei, M.3    Arya, S.P.4    Kishtawal, C.M.5    Shepherd, J.M.6    Chen, F.7    Wolfe, B.8
  • 66
    • 30744468318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projected urban growth (2000-2050) and its estimated impact on the US forest resource
    • Nowak DJ, Walton JT.. 2005. Projected urban growth (2000-2050) and its estimated impact on the US forest resource. J. Forest. 103: 383-389.
    • (2005) J. Forest. , vol.103 , pp. 383-389
    • Nowak, D.J.1    Walton, J.T.2
  • 67
    • 0015655002 scopus 로고
    • City size and the urban heat island
    • Oke TR.. 1973. City size and the urban heat island. Atmos. Environ. 7: 769-779, doi:10.1016/0004-6981.
    • (1973) Atmos. Environ. , vol.7 , pp. 769-779
    • Oke, T.R.1
  • 68
    • 84928290630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Radar-Based Climatology of July Convective Initiation in Georgia and Surrounding Area, NOAAEastern Region Technical Attachment No. 2000-04
    • US National Weather Service: Greenville-Spartanburg, SC.
    • Outlaw DE, Murphy MP.. 2000, A Radar-Based Climatology of July Convective Initiation in Georgia and Surrounding Area, NOAAEastern Region Technical Attachment No. 2000-04. US National Weather Service: Greenville-Spartanburg, SC.
    • (2000)
    • Outlaw, D.E.1    Murphy, M.P.2
  • 69
    • 36749064951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convective episodes in the east-central United States
    • Parker MD, Ahijevych DA.. 2007. Convective episodes in the east-central United States. Mon. Weather Rev. 135: 3707-3727, doi:10.1175/2007MWR2098.1.
    • (2007) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.135 , pp. 3707-3727
    • Parker, M.D.1    Ahijevych, D.A.2
  • 70
    • 11844254082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do meteorologists suppress thunderstorms?: Radar-derived statistics and the behavior of moist convection
    • Parker MD, Knievel JC.. 2005. Do meteorologists suppress thunderstorms?: Radar-derived statistics and the behavior of moist convection. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 86: 341-358, doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-3-341.
    • (2005) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.86 , pp. 341-358
    • Parker, M.D.1    Knievel, J.C.2
  • 71
    • 79961020671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thunderstorm hazard vulnerability for the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan region
    • Paulikas MJ, Ashley WS.. 2011. Thunderstorm hazard vulnerability for the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan region. Nat. Hazards 58: 1077-1092, doi:10.1007/s11069-010-9712-5.
    • (2011) Nat. Hazards , vol.58 , pp. 1077-1092
    • Paulikas, M.J.1    Ashley, W.S.2
  • 72
    • 77950872907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oregon State University
    • (accessed 1 November 2014).
    • PRISM Climate Group. 2004. Oregon State University. http://prism.oregonstate.edu (accessed 1 November 2014).
    • (2004)
  • 73
    • 0000845261 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional storm motion detection by conventional weather radar
    • Rinehart RE, Garvey ET.. 1978. Three-dimensional storm motion detection by conventional weather radar. Nature 273: 287-289, doi:10.1038/273287a0.
    • (1978) Nature , vol.273 , pp. 287-289
    • Rinehart, R.E.1    Garvey, E.T.2
  • 74
    • 0141745004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nowcasting storm initiation and growth using GOES-8 and WSR-88D data
    • Roberts RD, Rutledge S.. 2003. Nowcasting storm initiation and growth using GOES-8 and WSR-88D data. Weather and Forecasting 18: 562-584, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0562:NSIAGU>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2003) Weather and Forecasting , vol.18 , pp. 562-584
    • Roberts, R.D.1    Rutledge, S.2
  • 75
    • 66149129830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concurrent cloud-to-ground lightning and precipitation enhancement in the Atlanta, Georgia (United States), urban region
    • Rose LS, Stallins JA, Bentley ML.. 2008. Concurrent cloud-to-ground lightning and precipitation enhancement in the Atlanta, Georgia (United States), urban region. Earth Interact. 12: 1-30, doi:10.1175/2008EI265.1.
    • (2008) Earth Interact. , vol.12 , pp. 1-30
    • Rose, L.S.1    Stallins, J.A.2    Bentley, M.L.3
  • 76
    • 0034629546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution
    • Rosenfeld D.. 2000. Suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution. Science 287: 1793-1796, doi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1793.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 1793-1796
    • Rosenfeld, D.1
  • 78
    • 3543109644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comments on Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite-reply
    • Shepherd JM.. 2004. Comments on Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite-reply. J. Appl. Meteorol. 43: 951-957.
    • (2004) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.43 , pp. 951-957
    • Shepherd, J.M.1
  • 79
    • 77955968766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of current investigations of urban-induced rainfall and recommendations for the future
    • Shepherd JM.. 2005. A review of current investigations of urban-induced rainfall and recommendations for the future. Earth Interact. 9: 1-27, doi:10.1175/EI156.1.
    • (2005) Earth Interact. , vol.9 , pp. 1-27
    • Shepherd, J.M.1
  • 80
    • 1842675516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of urban-induced rainfall anomalies in a major coastal city
    • Shepherd JM, Burian SJ.. 2003. Detection of urban-induced rainfall anomalies in a major coastal city. Earth Interact. 7: 1-17.
    • (2003) Earth Interact. , vol.7 , pp. 1-17
    • Shepherd, J.M.1    Burian, S.J.2
  • 81
    • 0036647605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite
    • Shepherd JM, Pierce H, Negri AJ.. 2002. Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite. J. Appl. Meteorol. 41: 689-701, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2002)041<0689:RMBMUA>2.0.CO;2.
    • (2002) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.41 , pp. 689-701
    • Shepherd, J.M.1    Pierce, H.2    Negri, A.J.3
  • 82
  • 83
    • 0036127564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The redevelopment of a weather-type classification scheme for North America
    • Sheridan SC.. 2002. The redevelopment of a weather-type classification scheme for North America. Int. J. Climatol. 22: 51-68, doi:10.1002/joc.709.
    • (2002) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.22 , pp. 51-68
    • Sheridan, S.C.1
  • 84
    • 0006476196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of the variability of air mass character between urban and rural areas
    • World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
    • Sheridan SC, Kalkstein LS, Scott JM.. 2000. An evaluation of the variability of air mass character between urban and rural areas. In Biometeorology and Urban Climatology at the Turn of the Millennium: 487-490, World Meteorological Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
    • (2000) Biometeorology and Urban Climatology at the Turn of the Millennium , pp. 487-490
    • Sheridan, S.C.1    Kalkstein, L.S.2    Scott, J.M.3
  • 85
    • 0036871510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An overlooked source of weather-related property damage in the Southeast: Lightning losses for Georgia, 1996-2000
    • Stallins JA.. 2002. An overlooked source of weather-related property damage in the Southeast: Lightning losses for Georgia, 1996-2000. Southeast. Geogr. 42: 296-301, doi:10.1353/sgo.2002.0026.
    • (2002) Southeast. Geogr. , vol.42 , pp. 296-301
    • Stallins, J.A.1
  • 86
    • 5444270688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of urban lightning hazards for Atlanta, Georgia
    • Stallins JA.. 2004. Characteristics of urban lightning hazards for Atlanta, Georgia. Clim. Change 66: 137-150.
    • (2004) Clim. Change , vol.66 , pp. 137-150
    • Stallins, J.A.1
  • 87
    • 33645294628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud-to-ground flash patterns for Atlanta, Georgia (USA) from 1992 to 2003
    • Stallins JA, Bentley ML, Rose LS.. 2005. Cloud-to-ground flash patterns for Atlanta, Georgia (USA) from 1992 to 2003. Clim. Res. 30: 99-112.
    • (2005) Clim. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 99-112
    • Stallins, J.A.1    Bentley, M.L.2    Rose, L.S.3
  • 88
    • 84873526478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weekend-weekday aerosols and geographic variability in cloud-to-ground lightning for the urban region of Atlanta, Georgia, USA
    • Stallins JA, Carpenter J, Bentley ML, Ashley WS, Mulholland JA.. 2013. Weekend-weekday aerosols and geographic variability in cloud-to-ground lightning for the urban region of Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Reg. Environ. Change 13: 137-151, doi:10.1007/s10113-012-0327-0.
    • (2013) Reg. Environ. Change , vol.13 , pp. 137-151
    • Stallins, J.A.1    Carpenter, J.2    Bentley, M.L.3    Ashley, W.S.4    Mulholland, J.A.5
  • 89
    • 1642618310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding user decision making and the value of improved precipitation forecasts: Lessons from a case study
    • Stewart TR, Pielke R, Jr, Nath R.. 2004. Understanding user decision making and the value of improved precipitation forecasts: Lessons from a case study. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 85: 223-235, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-2-223.
    • (2004) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.85 , pp. 223-235
    • Stewart, T.R.1    Pielke, R.2    Nath, R.3
  • 90
    • 77953594911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of monsoonal gulf surges on precipitation and diurnal precipitation patterns in central Arizona
    • Svoma BM.. 2010. The influence of monsoonal gulf surges on precipitation and diurnal precipitation patterns in central Arizona. Weather and Forecasting 25: 281-289.
    • (2010) Weather and Forecasting , vol.25 , pp. 281-289
    • Svoma, B.M.1
  • 91
    • 69949096597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An anthropogenic signal in Phoenix Arizona winter precipitation
    • Svoma BM, Balling RC, Jr.. 2009. An anthropogenic signal in Phoenix Arizona winter precipitation. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 98: 315-321.
    • (2009) Theor. Appl. Climatol. , vol.98 , pp. 315-321
    • Svoma, B.M.1    Balling, R.C.2
  • 92
    • 84859813952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation
    • Tao W-K, Chen J-P, Li ZQ, Wang C, Zhang CD.. 2012. Impact of aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation. Rev. Geophys. 50: RG2001, doi:10.1029/2011RG000369.
    • (2012) Rev. Geophys. , vol.50 , pp. RG2001
    • Tao, W.-K.1    Chen, J.-P.2    Li, Z.Q.3    Wang, C.4    Zhang, C.D.5
  • 93
    • 34948848633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An observational case study of mesoscale atmospheric circulations induced by soil moisture
    • Taylor CM, Parker DJ, Harris PP.. 2007. An observational case study of mesoscale atmospheric circulations induced by soil moisture. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34: L15801, doi:10.1029/2007GL030572.
    • (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.34
    • Taylor, C.M.1    Parker, D.J.2    Harris, P.P.3
  • 94
    • 77949399444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of soil moisture on the development of a Sahelian mesoscale convective system: A case-study from the AMMA Special Observing Period
    • Taylor CM, Harris PP, Parker DJ.. 2010. Impact of soil moisture on the development of a Sahelian mesoscale convective system: A case-study from the AMMA Special Observing Period. Q. J.R. Meteorol. Soc. 136: 456-470, doi:10.1002/qj.465.
    • (2010) Q. J.R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.136 , pp. 456-470
    • Taylor, C.M.1    Harris, P.P.2    Parker, D.J.3
  • 95
    • 27444446443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape patterns of exurban growth in the USA from 1980 to 2020
    • Theobald DM.. 2005. Landscape patterns of exurban growth in the USA from 1980 to 2020. Ecol. Soc. 10: 32.
    • (2005) Ecol. Soc. , vol.10 , pp. 32
    • Theobald, D.M.1
  • 96
    • 80455156349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferences of weekly cycles in summertime rainfall
    • Tuttle JD, Carbone RE.. 2011. Inferences of weekly cycles in summertime rainfall. J. Geophys. Res. 116: D20213, doi:10.1029/2011JD015819.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Tuttle, J.D.1    Carbone, R.E.2
  • 98
    • 0027882728 scopus 로고
    • Nowcasts of thunderstorm initiation and evolution
    • Wilson JW, Mueller CK.. 1993. Nowcasts of thunderstorm initiation and evolution. Weather and Forecasting 8: 113-131, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<2516:IOCSAR>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1993) Weather and Forecasting , vol.8 , pp. 113-131
    • Wilson, J.W.1    Mueller, C.K.2
  • 99
    • 0022823437 scopus 로고
    • Initiation of convective storms at radar-observed boundary-layer convergence lines
    • Wilson JW, Schreiber JW.. 1986. Initiation of convective storms at radar-observed boundary-layer convergence lines. Mon. Weather Rev. 114: 2516-2536, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<2516:IOCSAR>2.0.CO;2.
    • (1986) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.114 , pp. 2516-2536
    • Wilson, J.W.1    Schreiber, J.W.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.