What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition

Body Image

Volumn 14, Issue , 2015, Pages 118-129

  Tylka, Tracy L ^a   Wood Barcalow, Nichole L ^b  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b The Center for Balanced Living   (United States)

Author keywords

Body appreciation; Construct definition; Embodiment; Foundations; Positive body image; Protective factors

Indexed keywords

BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDERS; BODY IMAGE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PSYCHOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESEARCH; SATISFACTION; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY;

BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDERS; BODY IMAGE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERSONAL SATISFACTION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESEARCH; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION;

EID: 84928175931     PISSN: 17401445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Albertson E.R., Neff K.D., Dill-Shackleford K.E. Self-compassion and body dissatisfaction in women: A randomized controlled trial of a brief meditation intervention. Mindfulness 2014, 10.1007/s12671-014-0277-3.
2. Andrew R., Tiggemann M., Clark L. Positive body image and young women's health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviours. Journal of Health Psychology 2014, 10.1177/1359105314520814.
3. Andrew R., Tiggemann M., Clark L. Predictors of intuitive eating in adolescent girls?. Journal of Adolescent Health 2015, 56:209-214. 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.005.
4. Augustus-Horvath C.L., Tylka T.L. The acceptance model of intuitive eating: A comparison of women in emerging adulthood, early adulthood, and middle adulthood. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2011, 58:110-125. 10.1037/a0022129.
5. Avalos L.C., Tylka T.L. Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2006, 53:486-497. 10.1037/0022-1067.53.4.486.
6. Avalos L.C., Tylka T.L., Wood-Barcalow N. The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2005, 2:285-297. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.06.002.
7. Bacon L., Aphramor L. Body respect: What conventional health books get wrong, leave out, and just plain fail to understand about weight 2014, BenBella Books, Dallas, TX.
8. Bacon L., Stern J.S., Van Loan M.D., Keim N.L. Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2005, 105:929-936. 10.1016/j.jada.2005.03.011.
9. Becker C.B., Stice E. Succeed body image programme manual 2011, Oxford University Press, New York.
10. Brown T.A., Cash T.F., Mikulka P.J. Attitudinal body image assessment: Factor analysis of the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment 1990, 54:213-230. 10.1207/s15327752jpa5501&2_13.
11. Buote V.M., Wilson A.E., Strahan E.J., Gazzola S.B., Papps F. Setting the bar: Divergent sociocultural norms for women's and men's ideal appearance in real-world contexts. Body Image 2011, 8:322-334. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.06.002.
12. Burns A.B., Brown J.S., Sachs-Ericsson N., Plant E.A., Curtis J.T., Fredrickson B.L., Joiner T.E. Upward spirals of positive emotion and coping: Replication, extension, and initial exploration of neurochemical substrates. Personality and Individual Differences 2008, 44:360-370. 10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.015.
13. Calogero R.M., Herbozo S., Thompson J.K. Complimentary weightism: The potential costs of appearance-related commentary for women's self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2009, 33:120-132. 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.01479.x.
14. Carver C.S., Pozo-Kaderman C., Price A.A., Noriega V., Harris S.D., Derhagopian R.P., Robinson D.S., Moffatt F.L. Concern about aspects of body image and adjustment to early stage breast cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine 1998, 60:168-174. 10.1097/00006842-199803000-00010.
15. Cash T.F. Users' manual for the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire 2000, Available from the author at www.body-images.com.
16. Cash T.F. Body image: Past, present, and future. Body Image 2004, 1:1-5. 10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00011-1.
17. Cash T.F. The body image workbook 2008, New Harbinger, Oakland, CA. 2nd ed.
18. Cash T.F., Fleming E.C. The impact of body image experiences: Development of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2002, 31:455-460. 10.1002/eat.10033.
19. Cash T.F., Jakatdar T.A., Williams E.F. The Body Image Quality of Life Inventory: Further validation with college men and women. Body Image 2004, 1:279-287. 10.1016/S1740-1455(03)00023-8.
20. Cash T.F., Melnyk S.E., Hrabosky J.I. The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the Appearance Schemas Inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2004, 35:305-316. 10.1002/eat.10264.
21. Cash T.F., Pruzinsky T. Future challenges for body image theory, research, and clinical practice. Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice 2002, 509-516. Guilford, New York. T.F. Cash, T. Pruzinsky (Eds.).
22. Cash T.L., Santos M.T., Williams E.F. Coping with body-image threats and challenges: Validation of the Body Image Coping Strategies Inventory. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2005, 58:190-199. 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.07.008.
23. Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention 2011, Guilford, New York. 2nd ed. T.F. Cash, L. Smolak (Eds.).
24. Cole E.R., Sabik N.J. A fractured mirror: Intersectional approaches to diverse women's perceptions of beauty and bodies. The intersectional approach: Transforming the academy through race, class, and gender 2009, 173-192. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. M.T. Berger, K. Guidroz (Eds.).
25. Cook-Cottone C.P. Incorporating positive body image into the treatment of eating disorders: A model for attunement and mindful self-care. Body Image 2015, 14:158-167. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.004.
26. Cook-Cottone C., Kane L.S., Keddie E., Haugli S. Girls growing in wellness and balance: Yoga and life skills to empower 2013, Schoolhouse Educational Services, Stoddard, WI.
27. Daníelsdóttir S. Your body is awesome: Body respect for children 2014, Singing Dragon, Philadelphia, PA.
28. Ferreira C., Pinto-Gouveia J., Duarte C. The validation of the Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire: Exploring the moderator effect of acceptance on disordered eating. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy 2011, 11:327-345.
29. Fitzsimmons E.G., Bardone-Cone A.M. Downward spirals of body surveillance and weight/shape concern among African American and Caucasian college women. Body Image 2011, 8:216-223. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.003.
30. Flynn K.J., Fitzgibbon M. Body images and obesity risk among Black females: A review of the literature. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1998, 20:13-24. 10.1007/bf02893804.
31. Fredrickson B.L. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist 2001, 56:218-226. 10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.218.
32. Fredrickson B.L., Losada M.F. Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing. American Psychologist 2005, 60:678-686. 10.1037/0003-066X.60.7.678.
33. Frisén A., Holmqvist K. What characterizes early adolescents with a positive body image? A qualitative investigation of Swedish girls and boys. Body Image 2010, 7:205-212. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.04.001.
34. Garland E.L., Fredrickson B., Kring A.M., Johnson D.P., Meyer P.S., Penn D.L. Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotional dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review 2010, 30:849-864. 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002.
35. Gelso C., Fretz B. Counseling psychology 2001, Harcourt, Fort Worth, TX. 2nd ed.
36. Gillen M.M. Associations between positive body image and indicators of men's and women's mental and physical health. Body Image 2015, 13:67-74. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.01.002.
37. Hahn Oh K., Wiseman M.C., Hendrickson J., Phillips J.C., Hayden E.W. Testing the acceptance model of intuitive eating with college women athletes. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2012, 36:88-98. 10.1177/0361684311433282.
38. Halliwell E. The impact of thin idealized media images on body satisfaction: Does body appreciation protect women from negative effects?. Body Image 2013, 10:509-514. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.004.
39. Halliwell E., Jarman H., McNamara A., Risdon H., Jankowski G. Dissemination of evidence-based body image interventions: A pilot study into the effectiveness of using undergraduate students as interventionists in secondary schools. Body Image 2015, 14:1-4. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.02.002.
40. Hayes S.C., Strosahl K.D., Wilson K.G. Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change 1999, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
41. Heinberg L.J., Thompson J.K., Matzon J.L. Body image dissatisfaction as a motivator for healthy lifestyle change: Is some distress beneficial?. Eating disorders: Innovative directions in research and practice 2001, 215-232. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. R.H. Striegel-Moore, L. Smolak (Eds.).
42. Holmqvist K., Frisén A. "I bet they aren't that perfect in reality": Appearance ideals viewed from the perspective of adolescents with a positive body image. Body Image 2012, 9:388-395. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.03.007.
43. Homan K.J., Cavanaugh B.N. Perceived relationship with God fosters positive body image in college women. Journal of Health Psychology 2013, 18:1529-1539. 10.1177/1359105312465911.
44. Homan K.J., Tylka T.L. Appearance-based exercise motivation moderates the relationship between exercise frequency and positive body image. Body Image 2014, 11:101-108. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.01.003.
45. Homan K.J., Tylka T.L. Self-compassion moderates body comparison and appearance self-worth's relationships to body appreciation 2015, Manuscript submitted for publication.
46. Iannantuono A.C., Tylka T.L. Interpersonal and intrapersonal links to body appreciation in college women: An exploratory model. Body Image 2012, 9:227-235. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.004.
47. Jacobson H.L., Hall E.L., Anderson T.L. Theology and the body: Sanctification and bodily experiences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 2013, 5:41-50. 10.1037/a0028042.
48. Kroon Van Diest A.M., Tylka T.L. The caregiver eating messages scale: Development and psychometric investigation. Body Image 2010, 7:317-326. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.06.002.
49. Lobera I.J., Ríos P.B. Spanish version of the Body Appreciation Scale for adolescents. Spanish Journal of Psychology 2011, 14:411-420. 10.5209/rev_SJOP. 2011.v14.n1.37.
50. Lyubomirsky S., Sheldon K.M., Schkade D. Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology 2005, 9:111-131. 10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111.
51. Mahoney A., Carels R.A., Pargament K.I., Wachholtz A., Leeper L.E., Kaplar M., Frutchey R. The sanctification of the body and behavioral health patterns of college students. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 2005, 15:221-238. 10.1207/s15327582ijpr1503_3.
52. Maslow A.H. A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review 1943, 50:370-396.
53. McHugh T.L., Coppola A.M., Sabiston C.M. "I'm thankful for being Native and my body is part of that": The body pride experiences of young Aboriginal women in Canada. Body Image 2014, 11:318-327. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.05.004.
54. Menzel J.E., Levine M.P. Embodying experiences and the promotion of positive body image: The example of competitive athletics. Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions 2011, 163-186. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. R.M. Calogero, S. Tantleff-Dunn, J.K. Thompson (Eds.).
55. Neff K.D. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity 2003, 2:85-101. 10.1080/15298860309032.
56. Ng S.-K., Barron D., Swami V. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Body Appreciation Scale among adults in Hong Kong. Body Image 2015, 13:1-8. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.009.
57. Nichter M. Fat talk: What girls and their parents say about dieting 2001, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
58. Parker S., Nichter M., Nichter M., Vuckovic N., Sims C., Ritenbaugh C. Body image and weight concerns among African American and White adolescent females: Differences that make a difference. Human Organization 1995, 54:103-114.
59. Paxton S.J. Peer relations, body image, and disordered eating in adolescent girls: Implications for prevention. Preventing eating disorders: A handbook of interventions and special challenges 1999, 134-147. Brunner/Mazel, Philadelphia, PA. N. Piran, M.P. Levine, C. Steiner-Adair (Eds.).
60. Pearson A.N., Heffner M., Follette V.M. Acceptance and commitment therapy for body image dissatisfaction 2010, New Harbinger Publications, Oakland, CA.
61. Piran N. Re-inhabiting the body from the inside out: Girls transform their school environment. From subjects to subjectives: A handbook of interpretive and participatory methods 2001, 218-238. New York University Press, New York. D.L. Tolman, M. Brydon-Millers (Eds.).
62. Piran N. New possibilities in the prevention of eating disorders: The introduction of positive body image measures. Body Image 2015, 14:146-157. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.008.
63. Piran N., Carter W., Thompson S., Pajouhandeh P. Powerful girls: A contradiction in terms? Young women speak about the experience of growing up in a girl's body. Ways of knowing in and through the body: Diverse perspectives on embodiment 2002, 206-210. Soleil Publishing, Welland, ON. S. Abbey (Ed.).
64. Preventing eating disorders: A handbook of interventions and special challenges 1999, Brunner/Mazel, Philadelphia, PA. N. Piran, M.P. Levine, C. Steiner-Adair (Eds.).
65. Piran N., Teall T. The developmental theory of embodiment. Preventing eating-related and weight-related disorders 2012, 169-197. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Ontario, Canada. G. McVey, M.P. Levine, N. Piran, H.B. Ferguson (Eds.).
66. Pope M., Corona R., Belgrave F.Z. Nobody's perfect: A qualitative examination of African American maternal caregivers' and their adolescent girls' perceptions of body image. Body Image 2014, 11:307-317. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.04.005.
67. Rogers C.R. On becoming a person 1961, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
68. Salk R.H., Engeln-Maddox R. "If you're fat, then I'm humongous!" Frequency, content, and impact of fat talk among college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2011, 35:18-28. 10.1177/0361684310384107.
69. Sandoz E.K., Wilson K.G., Merwin R.M., Kellum K.K. Assessment of body image flexibility: The Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire. Journal of Contextual and Behavioral Science 2013, 2:39-48. 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.03.002.
70. Satinsky S., Reece M., Dennis B., Sanders S., Bardzell S. An assessment of body appreciation and its relationship to sexual function in women. Body Image 2012, 9:137-144. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.09.007.
71. Scime M., Cook-Cottone C. Primary prevention of eating disorders: A constructivist integration of mind and body strategies. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2008, 41:134-142. 10.1002/eat.20480.
72. Seligman M.E.P., Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist 2000, 55:5-14. 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5.
73. Smolak L. Elementary school curricula for the primary prevention of eating problems. Preventing eating disorders: A handbook of interventions and special challenges 1999, 85-104. Brunner/Mazel, Philadelphia, PA. N. Piran, M.P. Levine, C. Steiner-Adair (Eds.).
74. Smolak L., Cash T.F. Future challenges for body image science, practice, and prevention. Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention 2011, 471-478. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed. T.F. Cash, L. Smolak (Eds.).
75. Steiner-Adair C., Sjostrom L. Full of ourselves: A wellness program to advance girl power, health, and leadership 2006, Teachers College Press, New York, NY.
76. Stice E., Presnell K. The Body Project: Promoting body acceptance and preventing eating disorders: Facilitator's guide 2007, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
77. Striegel-Moore R.H., Cachelin F.M. Body image concerns and disordered eating in adolescent girls: Risk and protective factors. Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls 1999, 85-108. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. R.H. Striegel-Moore, F.M. Cachelin (Eds.).
78. Swami V., Airs N., Chouhan B., Leon M.A.P., Towell T. Are there ethnic differences in positive body image among female British undergraduates?. European Psychologist 2009, 14:288-296. 10.1027/1016-9040.14.4.288.
79. Swami V., Chamorro-Premuzic T. Factor structure of the Body Appreciation Scale among Malaysian women. Body Image 2008, 5:409-413. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.04.005.
80. Swami V., Jaafar J.L. Factor structure of the Body Appreciation Scale among Indonesian women and men: Further evidence of a two-factor solution in a non-Western population. Body Image 2012, 9:539-542. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.06.002.
81. Swami V., Mada R., Tovée M.J. Weight discrepancy and body appreciation of Zimbabwean women in Zimbabwe and Britain. Body Image 2012, 9:559-562. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.05.006.
82. Tiggemann M. The impact of adolescent girls' life concerns and leisure activities on body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and self-esteem. Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development 2001, 162:133-142. 10.1080/00221320109597955.
83. Tiggemann M. Considerations of positive body image across various social identities and special populations. Body Image 2015, 14:168-176. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.03.002.
84. Tiggemann M., Coutts E., Clark L. Belly dance as an embodying activity? A test of the embodiment model of positive body image. Sex Roles 2014, 71:197-207. 10.1007/s11199-014-0408-2.
85. Tiggemann M., McCourt A. Body appreciation in adult women: Relationships with age and body satisfaction. Body Image 2013, 10:624-627. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.003.
86. Tiggemann M., Stevens C. Weight concern across the life-span: Relationship to self-esteem and feminist identity. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1999, 26:103-106. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199907)26:1<103::AID-EAT14>3.3.CO;2-S.
87. Tylka T.L. Positive psychology perspectives on body image. Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention 2011, 56-64. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed. T.F. Cash, L. Smolak (Eds.).
88. Tylka T.L. Positive psychology perspective on body image. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance 2012, Vol. 2:657-663. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
89. Tylka T.L. Evidence for the Body Appreciation Scale's measurement equivalence/invariance between U.S. college women and men. Body Image 2013, 10:415-418. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.02.006.
90. Tylka T.L. Positive body image's relationships to physical health indices among college women and men 2015, Manuscript in preparation.
91. Tylka T.L., Annunziato R.A., Burgard D., Daníelsdóttir S., Shuman E., Davis C., Calogero R.M. The weight-inclusive vs. weight-normative approach to health: Evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. Journal of Obesity 2014, 2014:1-18. 10.1155/2014/983495.
92. Tylka T.L., Kroon Van Diest A.M. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2013, 60:137-153. 10.1037/a0030893.
93. Tylka T.L., Wood-Barcalow N.L. The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2015, 12:53-67. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006.
94. Wasylkiw L., Butler N.A. Body talk among undergraduate women: Why conversations about exercise and weight loss differentially predict body appreciation. Journal of Health Psychology 2014, 19:1013-1024. 10.1177/1359105313483155.
95. Wasylkiw L., MacKinnon A.L., MacLellan A.M. Exploring the link between self-compassion and body image in university women. Body Image 2012, 9:236-245. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.007.
96. Webb J.B., Butler-Ajibade P., Robinson S.A. Considering an affect regulation framework for examining the association between body dissatisfaction and positive body image in Black older adolescent females: Does body mass index matter?. Body Image 2014, 11:426-437. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.07.002.
97. Wilksch S.M., Wade T.D. School-based eating disorder prevention. Treatment approaches for body dissatisfaction and eating disorders: Evidence and practice 2009, 7-22. IP Communications, Melbourne, Australia. S.J. Paxton, P.J. Hay (Eds.).
98. Williams E.F., Cash T.F., Santos M.T. Positive and negative body image: Precursors, correlates, and consequences 2004, November, Paper presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New Orleans, LA.
99. Wood-Barcalow N.L., Tylka T.L., Augustus-Horvath C.L. "But I like my body": Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women. Body Image 2010, 7:106-116. 10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.01.001.