Interventions for improving upper limb function after stroke

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2013, Issue 11, 2013, Pages

  Pollock, Alex ^a   Farmer, Sybil E ^a   Brady, Marian C ^a   Langhorne, Peter ^b   Mead, Gillian E ^c   Mehrholz, Jan ^d   van Wijck, Frederike ^a  

^a GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL INFIRMARY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^d Klinik Bavaria in Kreischa GmbH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; BOTULINUM TOXIN; DANTROLENE; DIAZEPAM;

ACUPUNCTURE; ARM MOVEMENT; ARTICLE; ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; EXERCISE; FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT BASED INTERVENTION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; MOVEMENT THERAPY; NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST; PHYSIOTHERAPIST; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REHABILITATION CARE; SHOULDER PAIN; SPASTICITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TENDON SURGERY; UPPER LIMB;

EID: 84927693418     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010820     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Ada L, Foonghomcheay A, Canning CG. Supportive devices for preventing and treating subluxation of the shoulder after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003863.pub2]
2. Anderson F, Annett M, Bischof W. Lean on Wii: physical rehabilitation with virtual reality Wii peripherals. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2010;154:229-34.
3. Ashburn A. A physical assessment for stroke patients. Physiotherapy 1982;68:109-13.
4. Ashworth B. Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner 1964;192:540-2.
5. Barreca SR, Stratford PW, Lambert CL. Test-retest reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory: a new measure of upper limb function for survivors of stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86:1616-22.
6. Bastian H, Glasziou P, Chalmers I. Seventy-five trials and eleven systematic reviews a day: how will we ever keep up?. PLoS Medicine 2010;7(9):e1000326. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000326.
7. Becker LA, Oxman AD. Chapter 22: Overviews of reviews. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
8. Best C, van Wicjk F, Dennis J, Donaghy M, Fraser H, Dinan-Young S, et al. A survey of community exercise programmes for stroke survivors in Scotland. Health & Social Care in the Community 2012;20(4):400-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.01043.x]
9. Bobath B. Adult hemiplegia: evaluation and treatment. 2nd Edition. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990.
10. Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Inter-rater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Physical Therapy 1987;67:206-7.
11. Bonita R, Beaglehole R. Modification of Rankin Scale: recovery of motor function after stroke. Stroke 1988;19:1497-500.
12. Broeks J, Lankhorst G, Rumping K, Prevo A. The long term outcome of arm function after stroke: results of a follow-up study. Disability and Rehabilitation 1999;21:357-64.
13. Burridge JH, Hughes A-M. Potential for new technologies in clinical practice. Current Opinion in Neurology 2010;23(6):671-7. [DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283402af5]
14. Carr J, Shepherd R. Investigation of a new Motor Assessment Scale for stroke patients. Physical Therapy 1985;65:175-80.
15. Carr JH, Shepherd RB. A motor relearning programme for stroke. 2nd Edition. London: Heinemann Medical, 1987.
16. Carr JH, Shepherd RB. A motor learning model for rehabilitation of the movement disabled. In: Ada L, Canning C editor(s). Key Issues in Neurological Physiotherapy. Oxford: Heinemann Medical, 1990:1-24.
17. Carr JH, Shepherd RB. Neurological Rehabilitation. Optimising Motor Performance. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.
18. Carroll D. Hand function in quadriplegia. Maryland State Medical Journal 1967;16:107-8.
19. Collen FM, Wade DT, Robb GF, Bradshaw CM. The Rivermead Mobility Index: a further development of the Rivermead Motor Assessment. International Disability Studies 1991;13:50-4.
20. Coupar F, Pollock A, Rowe P, Weir C, Langhorne P. Predictors of upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation 2011;24(4):291-313. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215511420305]
21. Coupar F, Pollock A, Legg LA, Sackley C, van Vliet P. Home-based therapy programmes for upper limb functional recovery following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006755.pub2]
22. Cousins E, Ward A, Roffe C, Rimington L, Pandyan A. Does low-dose botulinum toxin help the recovery of arm function when given early after stroke? A phase II randomized controlled pilot study to estimate effect size. Clinical Rehabilitation 2010;24(6):501-13. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215509358945]
23. Crow JL, Lincoln NB, De Weerdt N, Nouri FM. The effectiveness of EMG biofeedback in the treatment of arm function after stroke. International Disability Studies 1989;11(4):155-60.
24. Centre for Reviews and Disssemination. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/NIHR_CRDWEB/AboutDare.asp.
25. Davies PM. Steps to Follow. A Guide to the Treatment of Adult Hemiplegia. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.
26. Davies PM. Right in the Middle. Selective Trunk Activity in the Treatment of Adult Hemiplegia. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
27. Dayan E, Censor N, Buch ER, Sandrini M, Cohen LG. Noninvasive brain stimulation: from physiology to network dynamics and back. Nature Neuroscience 2013;16(7):838-844. [DOI: doi:10.1038/nn.3422]
28. Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ. Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis. In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG editor(s). Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-analysis in Context. 2nd Edition. London: BMJ Publication Group, 2001:285-312.
29. DeJong G, Horn SD, Gassaway JA, Slavin MD, Dijkers MP. Toward a taxonomy of rehabilitation interventions: using an inductive approach to examine the "black box" of rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004;85:678-86.
30. Delaney A, Bagshaw SM, Ferland A, Laupland K, Manns B, Doig C. The quality of reports of critical care meta-analyses in the Cochrane Databaseof Systematic Reviews: an independent appraisal. Critical Care Medicine 2007;35(2):589-94.
31. Demeurisse G, Demol O, Robaye E. Motor evaluation in vascular hemiplegia. European Neurology 1980;19:382-9.
32. Desrosiers J, Hebert R, Dutil E, Bravo G. Development and reliability of an upper extremity function test for the elderly: the TEMPA. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 1993;60:9-16.
33. Desrosiers J, Bravo G, Herbert R, Dutil E, Mercier L. Validation of the Box and Block Test as a measure of dexterity of elderly people: reliability, validity, and norms studies. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75(5):751-5.
34. Desrosiers J, Hebert R, Bravo G, Dutil E. The Purdue Pegboard Test: normative data for people aged 60 and over. Disability and Rehabilitation 1995;17(5):217-24.
35. Dobkin B, Carmichael TS. Principles of recovery after stroke. In: Barnes M, Dobkin B, Bogousslavsky J editor(s). Recovery After Stroke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:47-66.
36. Duncan PW, Wallace D, Lai SM, Johnson D, Embretson S, Laster LJ. The Stroke Impact Scale version 2.0: evaluation of reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. Stroke 1999;30:2131-40.
37. Duxbury S, DePaul V, Alderson M, Moreland J, Wilkins S. Individuals with stroke reporting unmet need for occupational therapy following discharge from hospital. Occupational Therapy in Health Care 2012;26(1):16-32.
38. Elsworth C, Dawes H, Sackley C, Soundy A, Howells K, Wade D, et al. Residual haptic sensation following stroke. Stroke 2008;39(5):1507-13.
39. Farmer SE, Wood D, Swain ID, Pandyan AD. Assessment of risk of bias in rehabilitation reviews. International Journal of Robotics Research 2012;35(4):317-22.
40. Feigin VL, Lawes MM, Bennet DA, Barker-Callo SL, Parag V. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurology 2009;8:355-69. [DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70025-0]
41. Ferraro M, Demaio JH, Krol J, Trudell C, Rannekleiv K, Edelstein L, et al. Assessing the motor status score: a scale for the evaluation of upper limb motor outcomes in patients after stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2002;16(3):283-9.
42. Franceschini M, La Porta F, Agosti M, Massucci M. Is health-related quality of life of stoke patients influenced by neurological impairments at one year after stroke?. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2010;446:389-99.
43. French B, Forster A, Langhorne P, Leathley MJ, McAdam J, Price CIM, et al. Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006073.pub2]
44. Fugl-Meyer AR, Jaasko L, Leyman IL, Olsson S, Steglind S. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. I. A method for evaluation of physical performance. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1975;7:13-31.
45. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart diseases and stroke statistics - 2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2013;127:e6-e245. [DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad]
46. Gustafsson S, Sunnerhagen KS, Dahlin-IvanoffS. Occupational therapists' and patients' perceptions of ABILHAND, a new assessment tool for measuring manual ability. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2004;11(3):107-17.
47. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, for the GRADE Working Group. Rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924-6.
48. Harris JE, Eng JJ, Miller WC, Dawson AS. The role of caregiver involvement in upper-limb treatment in individuals with subacute stroke. Physical Therapy 2010;90:1302-10.
49. Harris JE, Eng JJ. Strength training improves upper-limb function in individual with stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2010;41:136-40.
50. Heller A, Wade DT, Wood VA, Sunderland A, Hewer RL, Ward E. Arm function after stroke: measurement and recovery over the first three months. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1987;50:714-9.
51. Hendricks HT, Ijzerman MJ, de Kroon JR, in't Groen FA, Zivold G. Functional electrical stimulation by means of the 'Ness Handmaster Orthosis' in chronic stroke patients: an exploratory study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2001;15(2):217-20.
52. Hoffman HB, Blakey GL. New design of dynamic orthoses for neurological conditions. Neurorehabilitation 2011;28(1):55-61.
53. Holbrook M, Skilbeck CE. An activities index for use with stroke patients. Age and Ageing 1983;12:166-70.
54. Hummel F, Celnik P, Giraux P, Floel A, Wu WH. Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke. Brain 2005;128:490-9.
55. Hummel FC, Cohen LG. Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke?. Lancet Neurology 2006;5:708-12.
56. Hunter SM, Hammett L, Ball S, Smith N, Anderson C, Clark A, et al. Dose-response study of mobilisation and tactile stimulation therapy for the upper extremity early after stroke: a phase I trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2011;25(4):314-22. [DOI: 10.1177/1545968310390223]
57. International Classication of Functioning Disability and Health:ICF. World Health Organization, Geneva 2001.
58. Jadad AR, Cook DJ, Jones A, Klassen TP, Tugwell P, Moher M, et al. Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses:a comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals. JAMA 1998;280(2):278-80.
59. Jeannerod M. Levels of representation of goal-directed actions. In: Freund HJ, Jeannerod M, Hallet M, Leiguarda R editor(s). Higher-order Motor Disorders. From Neuroanatomy and Neurobiology to Clinical Neurology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005:159-82.
60. Jebsen RH, Taylor N, Trieschmann RB, Howard LA. An objective and standardised test of hand function. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1969;50:311-9.
61. Johansson BB. Multisensory stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2012;6:60.
62. Jørgensen KJ, Katja L, Maric KL, Tendal B, Faurschou A, Gøtzsche PC. Industry-supported meta-analyses compared with meta-analyses with non profit or no support: differences in methodological quality and conclusions. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2008;8:60.
63. Katz S, Down TD, Cash HR. Progress in the development of the index of ADL. Gerontologist 1970;10:20-30.
64. Keith RA, Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FS. The functional independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation. Advances in Clinical Rehabilitation 1987;1:6-18.
65. Kellor M, Frost J, Silberberg N. Hand strength and dexterity. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1971;25:77-83.
66. Knott M, Voss DE. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation. 2nd Edition. New York: Harper and Row, 1968.
67. Kwakkel G. Impact of intensity of practice after stroke: issues for consideration. Disability and Rehabilitation 2006;28(13-14):823-30. [DOI: 10.1080/09638280500534861]
68. Lai SM, Studenski S, Duncan PW, Perera S. Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the Stroke Impact Scale. Stroke 2002;33:1840-4.
69. Langhorne P, Legg L. Evidence behind stroke care. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003;74 Suppl 4:18-21.
70. Langhorne P, Coupar F, Pollock A. Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Lancet Neurology 2009;8:741-54.
71. Langhorne P, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G. Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet 2011;377(9778):14-20.
72. Lannin NA, Cusick A, McCluskey A, Herbert RD. Effects of splinting on wrist contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2007;38:111-6.
73. Laver KE, George S, Thomas S, Deutsch JE, Crotty M. Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008349.pub2]
74. Lincoln NB, Leadbetter D. Assessment of motor function in stroke function. Physiotherapy 1979;65:48-51.
75. Lyle RC. A performance test for assessment of upper limb function in physical rehabilitation treatment and research. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 1981;4:483-92.
76. Mahoney FI, Barthel D. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal 1965;14:56-61.
77. Mathiowetz V. Adult norms for the Box and Block Test of manual dexterity. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1985;39:386-91.
78. McCombe Waller S, Whitall J. Bilateral arm training: why and who benefits?. NeuroRehabiltiaiton 2008;23:29-41.
79. Mehrholz J, Platz T, Kugler J, Pohl M. Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving generic activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006876.pub3]
80. Merians AS, Poizner H, Boian R, Burdea G, Adamovich S. Sensorimotor training in a virtual environment: does it improve functional recovery. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2006;20(2):252-67.
81. Michielsen ME, Selles RW, van der Geest, Eckhardt M, Yavuzer G, Stam HJ, et al. Motor recovery and cortical reorganization after mirror therapy in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2011;25(3):223-33.
82. Moher D, TetzlaffJ, Tricco AC, Sampson M, Altman DG. Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews. PLoS Medicine 2007;4(3):e78.
83. Moja LP, Telaro E, D'Amico R, Moschetti I, Coe L, Liberati A. Assessment of methodological quality of primary studies by systematic reviews: results of the metaquality cross sectional study. BMJ 2005;330(7499):1053.
84. Medical Research Council. Aids to the investigation of peripheral nerve injuries. Medical Research Council. London: HMSO, 1975.
85. Nakayama H, Jorgensen HS, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994;75(4):394-8.
86. Namdari S, Alosh H, Baldwin K, Mehta S, Keenan MA. Outcomes of tendon fractional lengthenings to improve shoulder function in patients with spastic hemiparesis. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2012;21(5):691-8.
87. NHS Choices. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Introduction.aspx.
88. Nouri FM, Lincoln NB. An Extended Activities of Daily Living Index for stroke patients. Clinical Rehabilitation 1987;1:301-5.
89. Olsen O, Middleton P, Ezzo J, Pete C, Gøtzsche PC, Hadhazy V, et al. Quality of Cochrane reviews: assessment of sample from 1998. BMJ 2001;323:829-32.
90. Page SJ, Sisto S, Levine P, Johnston MV, Hughes M. Modified constraint induced therapy: a randomised feasibility and efficacy study. Journal of Rehabilitation and Development 2001;38(5):583-90.
91. Page SJ, Sisto S, Johnston MV, Levine P. Modified constraint induced therapy after subacute stroke: a preliminary study. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2002;16(3):290-2.
92. Page SJ, Levine P, Leonard A. Mental practice in chronic stroke. Stroke 2007;38:1293-7.
93. Platz T, Pinkowski C, van Wijck F, Kim I-H, di Bella P, Johnson GR. Reliability and validity of arm function assessment with standardized guidelines for the Fugl-Meyer Test, Action Research Arm Test and Box and Block Test: a multicentre study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;19(4):404-11.
94. Pollock A, St George B, Fenton M, Firkins L. Top ten research priorities relating to life after stroke. Lancet Neurology 2012;11:209.
95. Pomerance JF, Keenan MAE. Correction of severe spastic flexion contractures in the nonfunctional hand. Journal of Hand Surgery. American Volume 1996;21(5):828-33. [DOI: 10.1016/S0363-5023(96)80199-7]
96. Pomeroy VM, King L, Pollock A, Baily-Hallam A, Langhorne P. Electrostimulation for promoting recovery of movement of functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003241.pub2]
97. Pomeroy V, Aglioti SM, Mark VW, McFarland D, Stinear C, Wolf SL, et al. Neurological principles and rehabilitation of action disorders: rehabilitation interventions. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2011;25(5 Suppl):33S-44S.
98. Raine S. The Bobath Concept: developments and current theoretical underpinning. In: Raine S, Meadows L, Lynch-Ellerington M editor(s). Bobath Concept: Theory and Clinical Practice in Neurological Rehabilitation. Oxford: Wiley - Blackwell, 2009:1-22.
99. Rankin G, Rushton A, Olver P, Moore AP. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy's identification of national research priorities for physiotherapy using a modified Delphi technique. Physiotherapy 2012;98(3):260-72.
100. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.2. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2012.
101. Rossier P, Wade DT, Murphy M. An initial investigation of the reliability of the Rivermead Extended ADL index in patients presenting with neurological impairment. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2001;33:61-70.
102. Saposnik G, Teasell R, Mamdani M, Hall J, McIlroy W, Cheung D. Effectiveness of virtual reality using Wii gaming technology in stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized clinical trial and proof of principle. Stroke 2010;47(7):1477-84.
103. Shaw LC, Price CIM, van Wijck FMJ, Shackley P, Steen N, Barnes MP, et al. Botulinum Toxin for the Upper Limb after Stroke (BoTULS) Trial. Effect on impairment, activity limitation, and pain. Stroke 2011;42:1371-9. [DOI: 10.1161/%E2%80%8BSTROKEAHA.110.58219]
104. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodolgy 2007;7:10.
105. Shea BJ, Hamel C, Wells GA, Bouter LM, Kristjansson E, Grimshaw J, et al. AMSTAR is a reliable and valid measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62(10):1013-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinepi.2008.10.009]
106. Sirtori V, Gatti R, Davide C. Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in stroke patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004433.pub2]
107. Sodring KM, Bautz-Holter E. Description and validation of a test of motor function and activities in stroke patients: the Sodring evaluation of stroke patients. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1995;27:211-7.
108. Stewart KC, Cauraugh JH, Summers JJ. Bilateral movement training and stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2006;244(1-2):89-95.
109. Stroke Association. Struggling to Recover. http://www.stroke.org.uk/involved/life-after-stroke-campaign (accessed 1st November 2013).
110. Stroke in Scotland: key facts. Stroke Association Scotland (http://www.stroke.org.uk/in_your_area/scotland/stroke_in_scotland/index.html) (accessed 29 September 2010).
111. Sunderland A, Tinson DJ, Bradley L, Langton Hewer RL. Arm function after stroke: an evaluation of grip strength as a measure of recovery and prognostic indicator. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1989;52:1267-72.
112. Sveen U, Bautz-Holter E, Sodring KM, Wyller TG, Laake K. Association between impairments, self-care ability and social activities 1 year after stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation 1999;21(8):372-7.
113. Taub E, Miller NE, Novack TA, Cook EW, Fleming WC, Nepomuceno CS, et al. Technique to improve chronic motor deficit after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993;74:347-54.
114. Timmermans AAA, Seelen HAM, Willmann RD, Kingma H. Technology-assisted training of arm-hand skills in stroke: concepts on reacquisition of motor control and therapist guidelines for rehabilitation technology design. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2009;6:1. [DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-6-1]
115. Uswatte G, Taub E, Morris D, Barman J, Crago J. Contribution of the shaping and restraint components of constraint-induced movement therapy to treatment outcome. NeuroRehabilitation 2006;21(2):147-56.
116. Van Bennekom CA, Jelles F, Lankhorst GJ, Bouter LM. The Rehabilitation Activities Profile: a validation study of its use as a disability index with stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995;76:501-7.
117. van der Lee JH, Snels IAK, Beckerman H, Lankhorst GJ. Exercise therapy for arm function in stroke patients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Clinical Rehabilitation 2001;15:20-31.
118. Van Peppen RPS, Kwakkel G, Wood-Dauphine S, Hendriks HJM, Van der Wees PJ, Dekker J. The impact of physical therapy on functional outcomes after stroke: what's the evidence?. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18(8):833-62.
119. Vincent C, Deaudelin I, Robichaud L, Rousseau J, Viscogliosi C, Talbot LR, et al. Rehabilitation needs for older adults with stroke living at home:perceptions of four populations. BMC Geriatrics 2007;7(20):1-17. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-7-20]
120. Voss DE. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1967;46(1):838-99.
121. Voss DE, Ionta MK, Myers BJ. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Patterns and Techniques. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1985.
122. Warlow C, van Gijn J, Dennis M, Wardlaw JM, Bamford JM, Hankey GJ, et al. Stroke: Practical Management. 3rd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
123. Whiting S, Lincoln N. An ADL assessment for stroke patients. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 1980;43:44-6.
124. Wilson DJ, Baker LL, Craddock JA. Functional test for the hemiparetic upper extremity. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1984;38:159-64.
125. Wolf SL, Catlin PA, Ellis M, Archer AL, Morgan B, Piacentino A. Assessing Wolf Motor Function Test as outcome measure for research in patients after stroke. Stroke 2001;32:1635-9.
126. Wolf SL, Winstein CJ, Miller JP, Taub E, Uswatte G, Morris D, et al. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: The EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2006;296(17):2095-104.
127. Wu HM, Tang J-L, Lin XP, Leung PC, Woo J, Li Y. Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004131.pub2]
128. Wyller TB, Sveen U, Sodring KM, Pettersen AM, Bautz-Holter E. Subjective well-being one year after stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation 1997;11:139-45.
129. Yavuzer G, Senel A, Atay MB, Stam HJ. "Playstation eyetoy games" improve upper extremity-related motor functioning in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;44(3):237-44.