Correlates of cognitive flexibility in veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 203, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 287-293

  Keith, Jessica ^a   Velezmoro, Rodrigo ^a   O'Brien, Carol ^a  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

cognitive flexibility; posttraumatic growth; PTSD; veterans

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY ASSESSMENT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; COGNITION ASSESSMENT; COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY; COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY SCALE; COPING BEHAVIOR; DISEASE SEVERITY; FAMILY FUNCTIONING; FEMALE; GUILT; HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH INVENTORY SHORT FORM; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; SELF CONCEPT; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; TRAUMA RELATED GUILT INVENTORY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VETERANS HEALTH; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FAMILY RELATION; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; UNITED STATES; VERY ELDERLY; VETERAN; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FAMILY RELATIONS; FEMALE; GUILT; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROGNOSIS; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; VETERANS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84927653879     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: 1539736X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000280     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Alford JD,Mahone C, FielsteinEM(1988) Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of combat: Conceptualization and implication for treatment. J Trauma Stress. 4:489-501.
2. Amer ican Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. Barlow DH, Allen LB, Choate ML (2004) Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behav Ther. 35:205-230.
4. Beckham JC, Feldman ME, Kirby AC (1998) Atrocities exposure in Vietnam combat Veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: Relationship to com bat exposure, symptom severity, guilt, and interpersonal violence. J TraumStress. 11:777-785.
5. Beers SR, De Bellis MD (2002) Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment related posttraumatic stress disorder. Amer J Psychia. 159:483-485.
6. Birrer E, Michael T (2011) Rumination in PTSD as well as in traumatized and nontraumatized depressed patients: A cross-sectional clinical study. Behav Cogn Psychother. 39:381-97.
7. Blanchard EB, Jones-Alexander J, Buckley TC, Forneris CA (1996) Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther. 34:669-673.
8. Block J, KremenAM(1996) IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 70:349-361.
9. Blosnich JR, Dichter ME, Cerulli C, Batten SV, Bossarte RM(2014) Disparities in adv erse childhood experiences among individuals with a history of military service. Jama Psychia. 71:1041-1048.
10. Bomyea J, Lang AJ (2012) Emerging interventions for PTSD: Future directions for clinical care and research. Neuropharmacology. 62:607-616.
11. Bonanno GA (2005) Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 14:135-138.
12. Bonanno GA, Papa A, Lalande K,WestphalM, Coifman K (2004) The importance of being Flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychol Sci. 15:482-487.
13. Bonanno GA, Pat-Horenczyk R, Noll J (2011) Coping flexibility and trauma: The Perceived Ability to Cope With Trauma (PACT) scale. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 3:117-129.
14. Bryan CJ,Mor row CE, Etienne N, Ray-Sannerud B (2013) Guilt, shame, and suicidal ideation in a military outpatient clinical sample. Depress Anxiety. 30:55-60.
15. Cann A, Calhoun L, Tedeschi RG, Taku K, Vishnevsky T, Triplett KN, Danhauer S (2010)Ashort form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Anxiety Stress Coping. 23:127-137.
16. Clohessy S Ehlers A 1999 PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories and coping in ambulance service workers. Brit J Clin Psychol. 38 251-265.
17. Ehlers A, Mayou RA, Bryant B (1998) Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder aftermotor vehicle accidents. JAbnorm Psychol. 107:508-519.
18. FrescoDM, RytwinskiNK, Craighead LW(2007) Explanatory flexibility and negative life events interact to predict depression symptoms. J Soc Clin Psychol. 26: 595-608.
19. Galovski T, Lyons JA (2004) Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSDon the veteran's family and possible interventions. Aggress Violent Behav. 9:477-501.
20. Genet JJ, Siemer M (2011) Flexible control in processing affective and non-affective material predicts individual differences in trait resilience. Cognition Emotion. 25:380-388.
21. Graham JR (1990) MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.
22. Gray MJ, Maguen S, Litz BT (2007) Schema constructs and cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder. In Riso LP, du Toit PL, Stein DJ, Young JE ( Eds), Cognitive schemas and core beliefs in psychological problems: A scientist practitioner guide (pp 59-92). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
23. Hayes SC, Luoma JB, Bond FW, Masuda A, Lillis J (2006) Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes and outcomes. Behav Res Ther. 44:1-25.
24. Hayes SC, Strosahl KD,Wilson KG (1999) Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
25. Henning KR, Frueh BC (1997) Combat guilt and its relationship to PTSD Symptoms. J Clin Psychol. 53:801-808.
26. Hinton DE, PollackMH, PichV, Fama JM, Barlow DH (2005) Orthostatically induced panic attacks among Cambodian refugees: Flashbacks, catastrophic cognitions, and associated psychopathology. Cogn Behav Pract. 12: 301-311.
27. HussainD, Bhushan B (2011) Posttraumatic stress and growth among Tibetan refugees: The mediating role of cognitive coping strategies. J Clin Psychol. 67:720-735.
28. Ionescu T (2012) Expl oring the nature of cognitive flexibility. New Ideas Psychol. 30: 190-200.
29. Joseph JS, Gray MJ (2011) The utility of measuring explanatory flexibility in PTSD research. Cognitive Ther Res. 35:372-380.
30. Joseph JS, Gray MJ (2014) A pilot intervention targeting attribution style and rigidity following traumatic event exposure. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 6: 708-715.
31. Joseph S, Murphy S, Regel S (2011) An affective-cognitive processing model of posttraumatic growth. Clin Psychol Psychother. 19:316-325.
32. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52: 1048-1060.
33. King DW, King LA, Foy DW, Keane TM, Fairbank JA (1999) Posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of female andmale Vietnam veterans: Risk factors,warzone stressors, and resilience-recovery variables. J Abnorm Psychol. 108: 164-170.
34. Kubany E, Manke FP (1995) Cognitive therapy for trauma-related guilt: Conceptual bases and treatment outlines. Cogn Behav Pract. 2:27-62.
35. Kubany ES, Haynes SN, Abueg FR, Manke FP, Brennan JM, Stahura C (1996) Development and validation of the Trauma-Related Guilt Inventory (TRGI). Psychol Assess. 8:428-444.
36. Lackner JM, Quigley BM (2005) Pain catastrophizing mediates the relationship between worry and pain suffering in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Behav Res Ther. 437:943-957.
37. Martin MM Anderson CM 1998 The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports. 11 1-9.
38. Martin MM, Rubin RB (1995) A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychol Rep. 76:623-626.
39. MartinMM, Staggers SM, Anderson CM (2011) The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion . Commun Res Repo. 28:275-280.
40. McCann RA, Webb M (2012) Enduring and struggling with God in relation to traumatic symptoms: The mediating and moderating roles of cognitive flexibility. Psychol Religion Spirituality. 4:143-153.
41. Metzl ES ( 2009) The role of creative thinking in resilience after Hurricane Katrina. Psychol Aesthetics Creativity Arts. 3:112-123.
42. Meyer B, Pilkonis PA, Krupnick JL, EganMK, Simmens SJ, Sotsky SM(2002) Treatment expectancies, patient alliance and outcome: Further analyses from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. J Consult Clin Psych. 70:1051-1055.
43. Michael T, Halligan SL, Clark DM, Ehlers A (2007) Rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety. 24:307-317.
44. Miranda R, Nolen-Hoeksema S (2007) Brooding and reflection: Rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample. Behav Res Ther. 45: 3088-3095.
45. Moore A, Malinowski P (2009) Meditation, mindfulness, and cognitive flexibility. Conscious Cogn. 18:176-186.
46. Murray J, Ehlers A, Mayou RA (2002) Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder: Two prospective studies of motor vehicle accident survivors. Brit J Psychia. 180: 363-368.
47. Owens G P, Chard KM, Cox TA (2008) The relationship between maladaptive cognitions, anger expression, and posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans in residential treatment. J Aggression Maltreatment Trauma. 17:439-452.
48. PalmKM, Follette VM(2011) The roles of cognitive flexibility and experiential avoidance in explaining psychological distress in survivors of interpersonal victimization. J Psychopathol Behav. 33:79-86.
49. Po wer M, Dalgleish T (1997) Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
50. Qouta S, El-Sarraj E, Punam äki RL (2001) Mental flexibility as resiliency factor among children exposed to political violence. Int J Psychol. 36:1-7.
51. Resick PA, Schnicke MK (1992) Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. J Consult Clin Psych. 60:748-756.
52. Silverman RJ, Pe terson C (1993) Explanatory style of schizophrenic and depression outpatients. Cognitive Ther Res. 17:457-470.
53. Sobel AA, Resick PA, Rabalais AE (2009) The effect of cognitive processing therapy on cognitions: Impact statement coding. J Trauma Stress. 22: 205-211.
54. Spann MN, Mayes LC, Kalmar JH, Guiney J, Womer FY, Pittman B, Mazure CM, Blumberg HP (2012) Childhood abuse and neglect and cognitive flexibility in adolescents. Child Neuropsychol. 18:182-189.
55. Steil R, Ehlers A (2000) Dysfunctionalmeaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. J Consult Clin Psychol. 38:537-558.
56. Teasdale JD, Moore RG, Hayhurst H, Pope M, Williams S, Segal ZV (2002) Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 70:275-287.
57. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG (2004) Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychol Inq. 15:1-18.
58. Tedeschi RG McNally RJ(2011) Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans? Am Psychol. 66 19-24.
59. Van Der Kolk BA (1997) The complexity of adaption to trauma self-regulation, stimulus discrimination, and characterological development. In Van Der Kolk BA, McFarlane AC, Weisaeth L (Eds), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, bo dy and society. New York: The Guilford Press; 1996.
60. Vogt D, Smith BN, King LA, King DW, Knight J, Vasterling JJ (2013) Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory?2 (DRRI?2):An updated tool for assessing p sychosocial risk and resilience factors among service members and veterans. J Trauma Stress. 26:710-717.
61. Walter KH, Palmiere PA, Gunstad J (2010) More than symptom reduction: Changes in executive function over the course of PTSD treatment. J Trauma Stress. 23: 292-295.
62. Waugh CE, Thompson RJ, Gotlib IH (2011) Flexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience. Emotion. 11:1059-1067.
63. Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman D, Huska J, Keane T (1994) The PTSD Checklist-Civilian version (PCL-C). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD.
64. Wells A, Sembi S (2004) Metacognitive therapy for PTSDA core treatment manual. Cogn Behav Pract. 11:365-377.
65. Wilkins KC, Lang AJ, Norman SB (2011) Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depress Anxiety. 28:596-606.