Adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology in the United States: A specialty in its late adolescence

Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 161-169

  Shaw, Peter H ^a   Reed, Damon R ^b   Yeager, Nicholas ^c   Zebrack, Bradley ^d   Castellino, Sharon M ^e   Bleyer, Archie ^f  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b H LEE MOFFITT CANCER CENTER AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^e WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f St Charles Health System   (United States)

Author keywords

acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AYA oncology; clinical trial enrollment; models of care; psychosocial; sarcomas; survivorship

Indexed keywords

ACHIEVEMENT; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BODY IMAGE; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER SURVIVOR; CANCER THERAPY; EWING SARCOMA; FERTILITY; GENDER IDENTITY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INDEPENDENCE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; ONCOLOGY; OSTEOSARCOMA; PATIENT AUTONOMY; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOSARCOMA; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT; NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; HUMANS; MEDICAL ONCOLOGY; NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84926347151     PISSN: 10774114     EISSN: 15363678     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000000318     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Bleyer W, Barr R. Highlights and challenges. In: Bleyer A, O'Leary M, Barr R, Ries LAG, eds. Cancer Epidemiology in Older Adolescents and Young Adults 15 to 29 Years of Age, including SEER Incidence and Survival, 1975-2000, NIH Pub No 06-5767. Bethesda MD: National Cancer Institute; 2006:9-11. Available at: http://www.seer.cancer. gov/publications/aya.
2. Bleyer WA. The US pediatric cancer clinical trials programmes: International implications and the way forward Eur J Cancer. 1997;33:1439-1447.
3. Closing the Gap: Research and Care Imperatives for Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer Report of the Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Progress Review Group. 2006. Available at: http://planning.cancer.gov/library/AYAO-PRG-Report-2006-FINAL.pdf. Accessed December 25, 2014.
4. Zebrack B, Mathews-Bradshaw B, Siegel S. LIVESTRONG Young Adult Alliance. Quality cancer care for adolescents and young adults: a position statement. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28:4862-4867.
5. Fernandez C, Fraser GA, Freeman C, et al. Principles and recommendations for the provision of healthcare in Canada to adolescent and young adult-aged cancer patients and survivors. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2011;1:53-59.
6. Coccia PF, Altman J, Bhatia S, et al. Adolescent and young adult oncology. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012;10:1112-1150.
7. Ferrari A, Dileo P, Casanova M, et al. Rhabdomyosarcoma in adults. A retrospective analysis of 171 patients treated at a single institution. Cancer. 2003;98:571-580.
8. Paulussen S, Ahrens S, Juergens HF. Cure rates in Ewings tumor patients over 15 years are better in pediatric oncology units. Results of GPOH CESS/EICESS studies. Proc Amer Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:816.
9. Metzger ML, Meacham LR, Patterson B, et al. Female reproductive health after childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers: guidelines for the assessment and management of female reproductive complications. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31: 1239-1247.
10. Kenney LB, Cohen LE, Shnorhavorian M, et al. Male reproductive health after childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3408-3416.
11. Loren AW, Mangu PB, Beck LN, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Fertility preservation for patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2500-2510.
12. Quinn GP, Vadaparampil ST, Lee JH, et al. Physician referral for fertility preservation in oncology patients: a national study of practice behaviors. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5952-5957.
13. Yeomanson DJ, Morgan S, Pacey AA. Discussing fertility preservation at the time of cancer diagnosis: dissatisfaction of young females. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:1996-2000.
14. Osborn M, Little C, Bowering S, et al. Youth Cancer Services in Australia: Development and Implementation. International Perspectives on AYAO, Part 3. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2013;2:118-123.
15. Bleyer WA, Barr R, Keohan ML. Adolescents and young adults with cancer: what will it take to improve outcome. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2001 Educational Book. Alexandria, VA: ASCO; 2001:125-140.
16. Rosenberg AR, Kroon L, Chen L, et al. Insurance status and risk of cancer mortality among adolescents and young adults. Cancer. 2014. doi: 10.1002/cncr.29187. [Epub ahead of print].
17. Sommers BD, Kronick R. The Affordable Care Act and insurance coverage for young adults. JAMA. 2012;307: 913-914.
18. Bleyer A. Overview: cancer in adolescents and young adults: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, survival, and importance of clinical trials. Med Pediat Oncol. 2002;38:1-10.
19. Bleyer A. Older adolescents with cancer in North America: deficits in outcome and research. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2002;49: 1027-1042.
20. Downs-Canner S, Shaw PH. A comparison of clinical trial enrollment between adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology patients treated at affiliated adult and pediatric oncology centers. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009;31:927-929.
21. Fern L, Davies S, Eden T, et al. National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Teenage and Young Adult Clinical Studies Development Group. Rates of inclusion of teenagers and young adults in England into National Cancer Research Network clinical trials: report from the National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Teenage and Young Adult Clinical Studies Development Group. Br J Cancer. 2008; 99:1967-1974.
22. McTiernan A. Issues surrounding the participation of adolescents with cancer in clinical trials in the UK. Eur J Cancer Care. 2003;12:233-239.
23. Shaw PH, Ritchey AK. Different rates of clinical trial enrollment between adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 21 years-old and children under 15 years-old with cancer at a Children's Hospital. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2007;29: 811-814.
24. Bleyer A, Budd T, Montello M. Adolescents and young adults with cancer: the scope of the problem and criticality of clinical trials. Cancer. 2006;107:1645-1655.
25. Fern LA, Whelan JS. Recruitment of adolescents and young adults to cancer clinical trials-international comparisons, barriers, and implications. Semin Oncol. 2010;37:e1-e8.
26. Parsons HM, Harlan LC, Seibel NL, et al. Clinical trial participation and time to treatment among adolescents and young adults with cancer: does age at diagnosis or insurance make a difference? J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:4045-4053.
27. Yeager ND, Hoshaw-Woodard S, Ruymann FB, et al. Patterns of care among adolescents with malignancy in Ohio. J Pediat Hematol Oncol. 2006;28:17-22.
28. Liu L, Krailo M, Reaman GH, et al. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Childhood Cancer Linkage Group. Childhood cancer patients' access to cooperative group cancer programs: a population-based study. Cancer. 2003;97: 1339-1345.
29. Coccia PF, Pappo AS, Altman J, et al. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Clinical Practice Guidelines in Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, version 1.2012. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/phys-ician-gls/f-guidelines.asp#age. Accessed April 28, 2013.
30. Bleyer A. How NCCN guidelines can help young adults and older adolescents with cancer and the professionals who care for them. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012;10:1065-1071.
31. Shaw PH, Boyiadzis M, Tawbi H, et al. Improved clinical trial enrollment in adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology patients after the establishment of an AYA oncology program uniting pediatric and medical oncology divisions. Cancer. 2012;118:3614-3617.
32. National Cancer Institute National Clinical Trials Network Program Guidelines. Available at: http://ctep.cancer.gov/initiativesPrograms/docs/NCTN-Program-Guidelines.pdf.
33. Stock W, Sather H, Dodge RK, et al. Outcome of adolescents and young adults with ALL: a comparison of Children's Cancer Group (CCG) and Cancer and Leukemia Group G (CALGB) Regimens. Blood. 2000;96:467a.
34. Stock W, La M, Sanford B, et al. What determines the outcomes for adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on cooperative group protocols? A comparison of Children's Cancer Group and Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. Blood. 2008;112: 1646-1654.
35. Boissel N, Auclerc MF, Lheritier V, et al. Should adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia be treated as old children or young adults? Comparison of the French FRALLE-93 and LALA-94 trials. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:774-780.
36. de Bont JM, van der Holt B, Dekker AW, et al. Adolescents with acute lymphatic leukaemia achieve significantly better results when treated following Dutch paediatric oncology protocols than with adult protocols. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk. 2005;149:400-406.
37. Hallbook H, Gustafsson G, Smedmyr B, et al. Swedish Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Group. Swedish Childhood Leukemia Group. Treatment outcome in young adults and children> 10 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Sweden: a comparison between a pediatric protocol and an adult protocol. Cancer. 2006;107:1551-1561.
38. Ramanujachar R, Richards S, Hann I, et al. Adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: outcome on UK national paediatric (ALL97) and adult (UKALLXII/E2993) trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48:254-261.
39. Usvasalo A, Raty R, Knuutila S, et al. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults in Finland. Haematologica. 2008;93:1161-1168.
40. Sakura T, Hayakawa F, Yujiri T, et al. Outcome of pediatric type therapy for Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults: A study by the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG ALL202-U study). Blood. 2012;120:1464.
41. Ruiz-Delgado GJ, Macias-Gallardo J, Lutz-Presno JA, et al. Outcome of adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with a pediatric-inspired therapy: a single institution experience. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52:314-316.
42. Ribera JM, Oriol A, Sanz MA, et al. Comparison of the results of the treatment of adolescents and young adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Program Espanol de Tratamiento en Hematologia pediatric-based protocol ALL-96. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1843-1849.
43. Advani AS, Sanford B, Luger S, et al. Frontline-treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in older adolescents and young adults using a pediatric regimen is feasible: toxicity results of the prospective US intergroup trial C10403 (Alliance) (Abstract 3903). Am Soc Hemat Blood. 2013;122:3903, Available at: https://ash.confex.com/ash/2013/webprogram/Paper59739.html. Accessed December 30, 2013.
44. Gokbuget N, Beck J, Brandt K, et al. Significant Improvement Of Outcome In Adolescents and Young adults (AYAs) Aged 15-35 Years With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) With a Pediatric Derived Adult ALL Protocol; Results Of 1529 AYAs In 2 Consecutive Trials Of The German Multicenter Study Group For Adult ALL (GMALL) (Abstract 839). Am Soc Hemat Blood. 2013;122:839, Available at: https://ash. confex.com/ash/2013/webprogram/Paper59129.html. Accessed December 30, 2013.
45. Polea JD, Darmawikartaa D, Alibhaic SMH, et al. Differential survival improvement for patients 20-29 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res. 2013;37: 1258-1264.
46. Stock W, Douer D, Deangelo DJ, et al. Prevention and management of asparaginase/pegasparaginase-associated tox-icities in adults and older adolescents: recommendations of an expert panel. Leuk Lymphoma. 2011;52:2237-2253.
47. Muffly L, Petit K, Stock W. Treating the younger adult with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Pract. 2012;9:439-449.
48. Huguet F, Leguay T, Raffoux E, et al. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:911-918.
49. Haiat S, Marjanovic Z, Lapusan S, et al. Outcome of 40 adults aged from 18 to 55 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with double-delayed intensification pediatric protocol. Leuk Res. 2011;35:66-72.
50. Douer D, Aldoss I, Lunning MA, et al. Pharmacokinetics-based integration of multiple doses of intravenous pegaspar-gase in a pediatric regimen for adults with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:905-911.
51. Sallan SE, Hitchcock-Bryan S, Gelber R, et al. Influence of intensive asparaginase in the treatment of childhood non-T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res. 1983;43: 5601-5607.
52. Amylon MD, Shuster J, Pullen J, et al. Intensive high-dose asparaginase consolidation improves survival for pediatric patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and advanced stage lymphoblastic lymphoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. Leukemia. 1999;13:335-342.
53. Stock W, DeAngelo D, Douer D, et al. Applying pediatric therapeutic strategies to adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma: role of asparaginase. Amer Oncol Hemat Rev. (In press).
54. Isakoff MS, Freyer DF, Bleyer A. Young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with a pediatric-inspired regimen do not need a bone marrow transplant in first remission. Blood. 2013;121:5253-5255.
55. Kantarjian HM, O'Brien S, Smith TL, et al. Results of treatment with hyper-CVAD, a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18: 547-561.
56. Bhatia S. Late effects among survivors of leukemia during childhood and adolescence. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2003;31: 84-92.
57. Alvarnas JC, Brown PA, Aoun P, et al. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician-gls/pdf/all.pdf.
58. Alvarnas JC, Brown PA, Aoun P. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2012;10:858-914.
59. Bleyer A. Young adult oncology: the patients and their survival challenges. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:242-255.
60. Burningham Z, Hashibe M, Spector L, et al. The epidemiology of sarcoma. Clin Sarcoma Res. 2012;2:1-16.
61. Marina N, Bielack S, Whelan J, et al. International collaboration is feasible in trials for rare conditions: the EURAMOS experience. Cancer Treat Res. 2009;152: 339-353.
62. Gorlick R, Janeway K, Lessnick S, et al. Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: Bone tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:1009-1015.
63. Janeway KA, Barkauskas DA, Krailo MD, et al. Outcome for adolescent and young adult patients with osteosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer. 2012;118:4597-4605.
64. Collins M, Wilhelm M, Conyers R, et al. Benefits and adverse events in younger versus older patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma: findings from a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2303-2312.
65. Womer RB, West DC, Krailo MD, et al. Randomized controlled trial of interval-compressed chemotherapy for the treatment of localized Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30: 4148-4154.
66. Barber-Rotenberg JS, Selvanathan SP, Kong Y. Single enantiomer of YK-4-279 demonstrates specificity in targeting the oncogene EWS-FLI1. Oncotarget. 2012;3:172-182.
67. Sankar S, Bell R, Stephens B, et al. Mechanism and relevance of EWS/FLI-mediated transcriptional repression in Ewing sarcoma. Oncogene. 2013;32:5089-5100.
68. Garnett MJ, Edelman EJ, Heidorn SJ, et al. Systematic identification of genomic markers of drug sensitivity in cancer cells. Nature. 2012;483:570-575.
69. Grohar PJ, Woldemichael GM, Griffin LB, et al. Identification of an inhibitor of the EWS-FLI1 oncogenic transcription factor by high-throughput screening. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103:962-978.
70. Cotterill SJ, Ahrens S, Paulussen M, et al. Prognostic factors in Ewing's tumor of bone: analysis of 975 patients from the European Intergroup Cooperative Ewing's Sarcoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3108-3114.
71. Bacci G, Forni C, Longhi A, et al. Long-term outcome for patients with non-metastatic Ewing's sarcoma treated with adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapies. 402 patients treated at Rizzoli between 1972 and 1992. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40:73-83.
72. Lee J, Hoang BH, Ziogas A, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors in Ewing sarcoma using a population-based cancer registry. Cancer. 2010;116:1964-1973.
73. Verrill MW, Judson IR, Harmer CL, et al. Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor in adults: are they different from Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor in children? J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2611-2621.
74. Malempati S, Hawkins DS. Rhabdomyosarcoma: review of the Children's Oncology Group (COG) Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Committee experience and rationale for current COG studies. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59:5-10.
75. Streby KARF, Whiteside S, Yeager ND. Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adults: a 25-year review at Nationwide Children's Hospital. JAYAO. 2012;1:164-167.
76. Dumont SN, Araujo DM, Munsell MF, et al. Management and outcome of 239 adolescent and adult rhabdomyosarcoma patients. Cancer Med. 2013;2:553-563.
77. Khoury JD, Coffin CM, Spunt SL, et al. Grading of nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents: a comparison of parameters used for the Federation Nationale des Centers de Lutte Contre le Cancer and Pediatric Oncology Group Systems. Cancer. 2010;116: 2266-2274.
78. Amankwah EK, Conley AP, Reed DR. Epidemiology and therapies for metastatic sarcoma. Clin Epidemiol. 2013;5: 147-162.
79. van der Graaf WT, Blay JY, Chawla SP, et al. Pazopanib for metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma (PALETTE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012;379:1879-1886.
80. Somaiah N, von Mehren M. New drugs and combinations for the treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: a review. Cancer Manag Res. 2012;4:397-411.
81. Schoffski P, Ray-Coquard IL, Cioffi A, et al. Activity of eribulin mesylate in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma: a phase 2 study in four independent histological subtypes. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:1045-1052.
82. Blay JY, Leahy MG, Nguyen BB, et al. Randomised phase III trial of trabectedin versus doxorubicin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in translocation-related sarcomas. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50:1137-1147.
83. Ganjoo KN, Cranmer LD, Butrynski JE, et al. A phase I study of the safety and pharmacokinetics of the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Oncology. 2011;80:50-56.
84. Eiser C, Kuperberg A. Psychological support for adolescents and young adults. In: Bleyer A, Barr RD, eds. Cancer in Adolescents and Young Adults. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2007:19-20.
85. Butow PN, Palmer S, Pai A, et al. Review of adherence-related issues in adolescents and young adults with cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4800-4809.
86. Zebrack B. Information and service needs for young adult cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2009;17:349-357.
87. D'Agostino NM, Penney A, Zebrack B. Providing devel-opmentally appropriate psychosocial care to adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Cancer. 2011;117(suppl): 2329-2334.
88. Thaler-Demers D. Intimacy issues: sexuality, fertility, and relationships. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2001;17:255-262.
89. Zebrack B, Hamilton R. Dating and disclosure for the cancer patient. In: Mulhall J, ed. Sexuality and Cancer. New York, NY: Springer; 2011.
90. Evan E, Kaufman M, Cook A, et al. Sexual health and self-esteem in adolescents and young adults with cancer. Cancer. 2006;107:1672-1679.
91. Bolte S, Zebrack B. Sexual issues in special populations: adolescents and young adults. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2011;24: 115-119.
92. Bellizzi KM, Smith A, Schmidt S, et al. Adolescent and Young Adult Health Outcomes and Patient Experience (AYA HOPE) Study Collaborative Group. Positive and negative psychosocial impact of being diagnosed with cancer as an adolescent or young adult. Cancer. 2012;118:5155-5162.
93. Diller L, Chow EJ, Gurney JG, et al. Chronic disease in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort: a review of published findings. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2339-2355.
94. Hudson MM, Ness KK, Gurney JG, et al. Clinical ascertainment of health outcomes among adults treated for childhood cancer. JAMA. 2013;309:2371-2381.
95. Bellizzi KM, Rowland JH, Jeffery DD, et al. Health behaviors of cancer survivors: examining opportunities for cancer control intervention. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:8884-8893.
96. Tai E, Buchanan N, Townsend J, et al. Health status of adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Cancer. 2012;118:4884-4891.
97. Keegan TH, Lichtensztajn DY, Kato I, et al. AYA HOPE Study Collaborative Group. Unmet adolescent and young adult cancer survivors information and service needs: a population-based cancer registry study. J Cancer Surviv. 2012;6:239-250.
98. Smith AW, Bellizzi KM, Keegan TH, et al. Health-related quality of life of adolescent and young adult patients with cancer in the United States: the Adolescent and Young Adult Health Outcomes and Patient Experience study. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2136-2145.
99. Murphy D, Orgel E, Termuhlen A, et al. Healthcare providers should focus on the fertility of AYA cancer survivors: it's not too late. Front Oncol. 2013;3:248(1-7).
100. Waimey KE, Duncan FE, Su HI, et al. Future directions in oncofertility and fertility preservation: a Report from the 2011 Oncofertility Consortium Conference. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2013;2:25-30.
101. D'Agostino NM, Penney A, Zebrack B. Providing develop-mentally appropriate psychosocial care to adolescent and young adult cancer survivors. Cancer. 2011;117(suppl):2329-2334.
102. Geiger AM, Castellino SM, Tooze JA, et al. Potential role of community-based healthcare system data in research on survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2013;2:53-58.
103. Landier W, Bhatia S, Eshelman DA, et al. Development of risk-based guidelines for pediatric cancer survivors: the Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines from the Children's Oncology Group Late Effects Committee and Nursing Discipline. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22:4979-4990.
104. Suh E, Daugherty CK, Wroblewski K, et al. General internists' preferences and knowledge about the care of adult survivors of childhood cancer: a cross-sectional survey. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:11-17.