Latent inhibition and schizophrenia: The ins and outs of context

Latent Inhibition: Cognition, Neuroscience and Applications to Schizophrenia

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 500-528

  Lubow, R E ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926104843     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511730184.022     Document Type: Chapter

References (147)

1. Abramczyk, R. R., Jordan, D. E., & Hegel, M. (1983). Reverse Stroop effect in the performance of schizophrenics. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 99-106.
2. Andreasen, N. C., & Olsen, S. (1982). Negative vs positive schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 789-794.
3. Anscombe, R. (1987). The disorder of consciousness in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 241-260.
4. Ayres, J. J. B., Philbin, D., Cassidy, S., Belling, L., & Redlinger, E. (1992). Some parameters of latent inhibition. Learning and Motivation, 23, 269-287.
5. Baruch, I., Hemsley, D. R., & Gray, J. A. (1988). Differential performance of acute and chronic schizophrenics in a latent inhibition task. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 598-606.
6. Bouton, M. E. (1993). Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 80-99.
7. Braff, D. L., & Light, G. A. (2004). Preattentional and attentional cognitive deficits as targets for treating schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 174, 75-85.
8. Braunstein-Bercovitz, H. (2003). The modulation of latent inhibition by field-dependency: is it related to the attentional dysfunction in schizotypy? Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1719-1729.
9. Braunstein-Bercovitz, H., Dimentman-Ashkenazi, I., & Lubow, R. E. (2001). Stress affects the selection of relevant from irrelevant stimuli. Emotion, 1, 182-192.
10. Braunstein-Bercovitz, H., Hen, I., & Lubow, R. E. (2004). Masking task load modulates latent inhibition: support for a distraction model of irrelevant information processing by high schizotypal participants. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 1135-1144.
11. Braunstein-Bercovitz, H., & Lubow, R. E. (1998a). Are high schizotypal normal participants distractible or limited in attentional resources? A study of latent inhibition as a function of masking task load and schizotypy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 659-670.
12. Braunstein-Bercovitz, H., & Lubow, R. E. (1998b). Latent inhibition as a function of modulation of attention to the preexposed irrelevant stimulus. Learning and Motivation, 29, 261-279.
13. Burch, G. St. J., Hemsley, D. R., & Joseph, M. H. (2004). Trials-to-criterion latent inhibition in humans as a function of stimulus pre-exposure and positive-schizotypy. British Journal of Psychology, 95, 179-196.
14. Cash, T. F., Neale, J. M., & Cromwell, R. L. (1972). Span of comprehension in acute schizophrenics: full report technique. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 322-336.
15. Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1973). Disordered Thought in Schizophrenia. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
16. Cohen, E., Sereni, N., Kaplan, O., et al. (2004). The relation between latent inhibition and symptom-types in young schizophrenics. Behavioural Brain Research, 149, 113-122.
17. Cohen, J. D., Barch, D.M., Carter, C., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1999). Context-processing deficits in schizophrenia: converging evidence from three theoretically motivated cognitive tasks. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 120-133.
18. Cohen, J. D., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1992). Context, cortex, and dopamine: a connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia. Psychological Review, 99, 45-77.
19. Cohen, J. D., & Servan-Schreiber, D. (1993). A theory of dopamine function and its role in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 19, 85-104.
20. Crowell, C. R., & Anderson, D. C. (1972). Variations in intensity, interstimulus interval and interval between CS exposure and conditioning with rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 79, 291-298.
21. De la Casa, L. G., & Lubow, R. E. (2001). Latent inhibition with a response time measure from a within-subject design: effects of number of preexposures, masking task, context change, and delay. Neuropsychology, 15, 244-253.
22. De la Casa, L. G., Ruiz, G., & Lubow, R. E. (1993). Latent inhibition and recall/recognition of irrelevant stimuli as a function of preexposure duration in high and low psychotic-prone normals. British Journal of Psychology, 84, 119-132.
23. Dykes, M., & McGhie, A. A. (1976). A comparative study of attentional strategies in schizophrenics and highly creative normal subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 50-56.
24. Escobar, M., Arcediano, F., & Miller, R. R. (2002). Latent inhibition and contextual associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 28, 123-136.
25. Escobar, M., Arcediano, F., & Miller, R. R. (2003). Latent inhibition in human adults without masking. Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29, 1028-1040.
26. Escobar, M., Oberling, P., & Miller, R. R. (2002). Associative deficit accounts of disrupted latent inhibition and blocking in schizophrenia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 203-216.
27. Evans, L., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2007). A new continuous within-participant latent inhibition task: examining associations with schizotypy dimensions, smoking and gender. Biological Psychology, 74, 365-373.
28. Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336-353.
29. Fanselow, M. S. (1990). Factors governing one-trial contextual conditioning. Animal Learning and Behavior, 18, 264-270.
30. Frame, C. L., & Oltmanns, T. F. (1982). Serial-recall by schizophrenic and affective patients during and after psychotic episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 311-318.
31. Frith, C. D. (1979). Consciousness, information processing, and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 225-235.
32. Gal, G., Schiller, D., & Weiner, I. (2005). Latent inhibition is disrupted by nucleus accumbens shell lesion but is abnormally persistent following entire nucleus accumbens lesion: the neural site controlling the expression and disruption of the stimulus preexposure effect. Behavioural Brain Research, 162, 246-255.
33. Gibson, E. J. (1969). Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
34. Gilley, D. W., & Franchina, J. (1985). Effects of preexposure flavor concentration on conditioned aversion and neophobia. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 44, 503-508.
35. Ginton, A., Urca, G., & Lubow, R. E. (1975). The effects of preexposure to a nonattended stimulus on subsequent learning: latent inhibition in adults. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 5, 5-8.
36. Gold, P. E., & King, R. A. (1974). Retrograde amnesia: Storage failure versus retrieval failure. Psychological Review, 81, 465-469.
37. Graham, S., & McLaren, I. P. L. (1998). Retardation in human discrimination learning as a consequence of preexposure: latent inhibition or negative priming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51B, 155-172.
38. Grahame, N. J., Barnet, R. C., Gunther, L. M., & Miller, R. R. (1994). Latent inhibition as a performance deficit resulting from CS-context associations. Animal Learning and Behavior, 22, 395-408.
39. Gray, J. A. (1998). Integrating schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 249-266.
40. Gray, J. A., Feldon, J., Rawlins, J. N. P., Hemsley, D. R., & Smith, A. D. (1991). The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 1-84.
41. Gray, N. S., Fernandez, M., Williams, J., Ruddle, R. A., & Snowden, R. J. (2002). Which schizotypal dimensions abolish latent inhibition? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 271-284.
42. Gray, N. S., Hemsley, D. R., & Gray, J. A. (1992). Abolition of latent inhibition in acute, but not chronic, schizophrenics. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 1, 83-89.
43. Gray, N. S., Pickering, A. D., Hemsley, D. R., Dawling, S., & Gray, J. A. (1992). Abolition of latent inhibition by a single 5 mg dose of d-amphetamine in man. Psychopharmacology, 107, 425-430.
44. Gray, N. S., Pilowsky, L. S., Gray, J. A., & Kerwin, R. W. (1995). Latent inhibition in drug naive schizophrenics: relationship to duration of illness and dopamine D2 binding using SPET. Schizophrenia Research, 17, 95-107.
45. Grossberg, S., Mingolla, E., & Ross, W. D. (1997). Visual brain and visual perception: how does the cortex do perceptual grouping? Trends in Neurosciences, 20, 106-111.
46. Guterman, Y. (2007). A neural plasticity perspective on the schizophrenic condition. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 400-420.
47. Hall, G. (1991). Perceptual and Associative Learning. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
48. Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998). Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426-445.
49. Hemsley, D. R. (2005). The schizophrenic experience: taken out of context? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, 43-53.
50. Hemsley, D. R., & Richardson, P. H. (1980). Shadowing by context in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 168, 141-145.
51. Hofer, I., Della Casa, V., & Feldon, J. (1999). The interaction between schizotypy and latent inhibition: modulation by experimental parameters. Personality and Individual Differences, 26, 1075-1088.
52. Honigfeld, G. (1963). The ability of schizophrenics to understand normal, psychotic and pseudo-psychotic speech. Diseases of the Nervous System, 24, 692-694.
53. Johnston, W. A., & Hawley, K. J. (1994). Perceptual inhibition of expected inputs: the key that opens closed minds. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 1, 56-72.
54. Kaplan, O., & Lubow, R. E. (2001). Context and reminder effects in a visual search analog of latent inhibition. Learning and Motivation, 32, 137-153.
55. Kapur, S. (2003). Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 13-23.
56. Kiernan, M. J., & Westbrook, R. F. (1993). Effects of exposure to a to-be-shocked environment upon the rat's freezing response: evidence for facilitation, latent inhibition, and perceptual learning. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46B, 271-288.
57. Kimchi, R., & Peterson, M. A. (2008). Figure-ground segmentation can occur without attention. Psychological Science, 19, 660-668.
58. Kraeplin, E. (1919/1971). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Huntington, NY: Krieger.
59. Lavie, N. (1995). Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 451-468.
60. Lavie, N. (2005). Distracted and confused? Selective attention under load. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 75-82.
61. Lawson, J. S., McGhie, A., & Chapman, J. (1964). Perception of speech in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 375-380.
62. Lawson, J. S., McGhie, A., & Chapman, J. (1967). Distractibility in schizophrenia organic brain disease. British Journal of Psychology, 113, 527-535.
63. Leumann, L., Feldon, J., Vollenweider, F. X., & Ludewig, K. (2002). Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 729-739.
64. Lipp, O. V., Siddle, D. A. T., & Vaitl, D. (1992). Latent inhibition in humans: single-cue conditioning revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 18, 115-125.
65. Lipp, O. V., & Vaitl, D. (1992). Latent inhibition in human Pavlovian conditioning: effect of additional stimulation after preexposure and relation to schizotypal traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 1003-1012.
66. Lubow, R. E. (1973). Latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 398-407.
67. Lubow, R. E. (1989). Latent Inhibition and Conditioned Attention Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
68. Lubow, R. E. (2005). The construct validity of the animal-latent inhibition model of selective attention deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 139-153.
69. Lubow, R. E. (2009). Conditioned taste aversion and latent inhibition: a review. In S. Reilly & T. Schachtman (Eds.), Conditioned Taste Aversion: Behavioral and Neural Processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
70. Lubow, R. E., Caspy, T., & Schnur, P. (1982). Latent inhibition and learned helplessness in children: similarities and differences. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 34, 231-256.
71. Lubow, R. E., & De la Casa, L. G. (2005). There is a time and a place for everything: bi-directional modulations of latent inhibition by time-induced context differentiation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 806-821.
72. Lubow, R. E., & Gewirtz, J. C. (1995). Latent inhibition in humans: data, theory, and implications for schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 87-103.
73. Lubow, R. E., Ingberg-Sachs, Y., Zalstein-Orda, N., & Gewirtz, J. C. (1992). Latent inhibition in low and high "psychotic-prone" normal subjects. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 563-572.
74. Lubow, R. E., & Kaplan, O. (1997). Visual search as a function of type of prior experience with target and distractor. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 14-24.
75. Lubow, R. E., & Kaplan, O. (2005). The visual search analog of latent inhibition: implications for theories of irrelevant stimulus processing in normal and schizophrenic groups. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 224-243.
76. Lubow, R. E., Kaplan, O., Abramovich, P., Rudnick, A., & Laor, N. (2000). Visual search in schizophrenia: latent inhibition and novel pop-out effects. Schizophrenia Research, 45, 145-156.
77. Lubow, R. E., Kaplan, O., & De la Casa, G. (2001). Performance on the visual search analog of latent inhibition is modulated by an interaction between schizotypy and gender. Schizophrenia Research, 52, 275-287.
78. Lubow, R. E., Rifkin, B., & Alek, M. (1976). The context effect: the relationship between stimulus preexposure and environmental preexposure determines subsequent learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2, 38-47.
79. Lubow, R. E., Weiner, I., Schlossberg, A., & Baruch, I. (1987). Latent inhibition and schizophrenia. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 25, 464-467.
80. Lubow, R. E., Weiner, I., & Schnur, P. (1981). Conditioned attention theory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, vol. 15. New York: Academic Press, pp. 1-49.
81. Mackintosh, N. J. (1975). A theory of attention: variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Review, 82, 276-298.
82. Mason, O., Claridge, G., & Jackson, M. (1995). New scales for the assessment of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 7-13.
83. Mass, R., Schoemig, T., Hitschfeld, K., Wall, E., & Haasen, C. (2000). Psychopathological syndromes of schizophrenia: evaluation of the dimensional structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 167-177.
84. McGhie, A., & Chapman, J. (1961). Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 103-116.
85. McLaren, I. P. L., Kaye, H., &Mackintosh, N. J. (1989). An associative theory of the representation of stimuli: application to perceptual learning and latent inhibition. In R. G. M. Morris (Ed.), Parallel Distributed Processing: Implications for Psychology and Neurobiology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 102-130.
86. McLaren, I. P. L., & Mackintosh, N. J. (2000). An elemental model of associative learning: I. Latent inhibition and perceptual learning. Animal Learning & Behavior, 28, 211-246.
87. Miller, R. R., & Escobar, M. (2001). Contrasting acquisition-focused and performance-focused models of acquired behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 141-145.
88. Miller, R. R., Kasprow, W. J., & Schachtman, T. R. (1986). Retrieval variability: sources and consequences. American Journal of Psychology, 99, 145-218.
89. Miller, R. R., & Springer, A. D. (1973). Implications of recovery from experimental amnesia. Psychological Review, 81, 470-473.
90. Minas, R. K., & Park, S. (2007). Attentional window in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 12, 140-148.
91. Mirsky, A. F., & Duncan, C. C. (1986). Etiology and expression of schizophrenia: neurobiological and social factors. Annual Review of Psychology, 37, 291-319.
92. Moore, C. M., Grosjean, M., & Lleras, A. E. (2003). Using inattentional blindness as an operational definition of unattended: the case of surface completion. Visual Cognition, 10, 299-318.
93. Moritz, S., Andresen, B., Jacobsen, D., et al. (2001). Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenic syndromes in patients treated with atypical neuroleptics. European Psychiatry, 16, 354-361.
94. Morris, C. D., Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1977). Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 519-533.
95. Neale, J.M., McIntyre, C.W., Fox, R.,&Cromwell, R. L. (1969). Span of apprehension in acute schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 593-596.
96. Nuechterlein, K. H., & Dawson, M. E. (1984). Information processing and attentional functioning in the developmental course of the schizophrenic disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 160-203.
97. Nutt, D. J., Bell, C. J., & Malizia, A. L. (1998). Brain mechanisms of social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 12, 31-38.
98. Oberling, P., Gosselin, O., & Miller, R. R. (1998), Latent inhibition in animals as a model of acute schizophrenia: a re-analysis. In M. Haug & R. E. Whalen (Eds.), Animal Models of Human Emotion and Cognition. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 87-102.
99. Ohman, A. (1979). The orienting response, attention, and learning: an informationprocessing perspective. In E. D. Kimmel, E. H. van Olst, & J. F. Orlebeke (Eds.), The Orienting Reflex in Humans. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 443-471.
100. Oltmanns, T. F., Ohayon, J., & Neale, J. M. (1978). The effects of antipsychotic medication and diagnostic criteria on distractibility in schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 14, 81-91.
101. Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned Reflexes (Trans. G.V. Anrep). London: Oxford University Press.
102. Pearce, J. M., & Hall, G. (1980). A model of Pavlovian learning: variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not unconditioned stimuli. Psychological Review, 87, 532-552.
103. Peterson, J. B., & Carson, S. (2000). Latent inhibition and openness to experience in a high-achieving student population. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 323-332.
104. Phillips, W. A., & Singer, W. (1997). In search of common foundations for cortical computation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 657-683.
105. Pineño, O., De la Casa, L. G., Lubow, R. E., & Miller, R. R. (2006). Some determinants of latent inhibition in human predictive learning. Learning and Motivation, 37, 42-65.
106. Place, E. J., & Gilmore, G. C. (1980). Perceptual organization in schizophrenia, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 409-418.
107. Pogue-Geile, M. F., & Oltmanns, T. F. (1980). Sentence perception and distractibility in schizophrenic, depressed, and manic patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 115-124.
108. Prados, J. (2000). Effects of varying the amounts of preexposure to spatial cues on a subsequent navigational task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53B, 139-148.
109. Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17, 555-564.
110. Rascle, C., Mazas, O., Vaiva, G., et al. (2001). Clinical features of latent inhibition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 51, 149-161.
111. Rochester, S. R. (1978). Are language disorders in acute schizophrenics actually information processing problems? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 14, 275-283.
112. Rock, I., & Gutman, D. (1981). The effect of inattention on form perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7, 275-285.
113. Rodriguez, G., & Alonso, G. (2002). Latent inhibition as a function of CS intensity in taste aversion learning. Behavioural Processes, 60, 61-67.
114. Russell, C., & Driver, J. (2005). New indirect measures of "inattentive" visual grouping in a change-detection task. Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 606-623.
115. Rutter, D. R., Wishner, J., & Callaghan, B. A. (1975). The predictions of predictability of speech in schizophrenic subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 571-576.
116. Schiller, D., Zuckerman, L., & Weiner, I. (2006). Abnormally persisitent latent inhibition induced by lesions to the nucleus accumbens core, basolateral amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex is reversed by clozapine but not by haloperidol. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 40, 167-177.
117. Schmidt-Hansen, M., Killcross, A. S., & Honey, R. C. (2009). Latent inhibition, learned irrelevance and schizotypy: assessing their relationship. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 14, 11-29.
118. Schneider, S. J. (1976). Selective attention in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 167-173.
119. Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: detection, search and attention. Psychological Review, 84, 1-66.
120. Schnur, P., & Lubow, R. E. (1976). Latent inhibition: the effects of ITI and CS intensity during preexposure. Learning and Motivation, 7, 540-550.
121. Serra, A. M., Jones, S. H., Toone, B., & Gray, J. A. (2001). Impaired associative learning in chronic schizophrenics and their first-degree relatives: a study of latent inhibition and the Kamin blocking effect. Schizophrenia Research, 48, 273-289.
122. Shakow, D. (1962). Segmental set. Archives of General Psychiatry, 6, 1-17.
123. Shiffrin, R.M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic attentional processing II: perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190.
124. Silverstein, S. M., Knight, R. A., Schwarzkopf, S. B., et al. (1996). Stimulus configuration and context effects in perceptual organization in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 410-420.
125. Silverstein, S. M., Kovacs, I., Corry, R., & Valone, C. (2000). Perceptual organization, the disorganization syndrome, and context processing in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 43, 11-20.
126. Sitskoorn, M. M., Salden, M., & Kahn, R. S. (2001). Latent inhibition in first-episode patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 49, 145-146 (abstract).
127. Sokolov, E. N. (1963). Perception and the Conditioned Reflex. New York: Pergamon Press.
128. Stout, S. C., & Miller, R. R. (2007). Sometimes-competing retrieval (SOCR): a formalization of the comparator hypothesis. Psychological Review, 114, 759-783.
129. Swerdlow, N. R., Braff, D. L., Hartston, H., Perry, W., & Geyer, M. A. (1996). Latent inhibition in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 20, 91-103.
130. Thompson, R. F. (1972). Sensory preconditioning. In R. F. Thompson & M. R. Voss (Eds.), Topics in Learning and Performance. New York: Academic Press, pp. 239-271.
131. Treisman, A. (1993). The perception of features and objects. In A. Baddeley & L. Weiskrantz (Eds.), Attention: Selection, Awareness, and Control. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 5-35.
132. Tsakanikos, E., Sverdrup-Thygenson, L., & Reed, P. (2003). Latent inhibition and psychosis-proneness: visual search as a function of pre-exposure to the target and schizotypy level. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 575-589.
133. Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373.
134. Uhlhaas, P. J., & Silverstein, S. M. (2005). Perceptual organization in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: empirical research and theoretical implications. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 618-632.
135. Usai, M. C., Umilta, C., & Nicoletti, R. (1995). Limits in controlling the focus of attention. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 7, 411-439.
136. Vaitl, D., Lipp, O. V., Bauer, U., et al. (2002). Latent inhibition and schizophrenia: Pavlovian conditioning of autonomic responses. Schizophrenia Research, 55, 147-158.
137. Wagner, A. R. (1976). Priming in STM: an information processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance. In T. Tighe & R. N. Leaton (Eds.), Habituation: Perspectives from Child Development, Animal Behavior, and Neurophysiology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 95-128.
138. Wagner, A. R. (1978). Expectancies in the priming of STM. In S. H. Hulse, H. Fowler, & W. K. Honig (Eds.), Cognitive Processes in Animal Behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 53-82.
139. Wagner, A. R. (1981). SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In N. E. Spear & R. R. Miller (Eds.), Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 5-47.
140. Wapner, S., & Krus, D. M. (1960). Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and differences between normals and schizophrenics on the Stroop color-word test. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 2, 76-81.
141. Watanabe, T., Nanez, J. E., & Sasaki, Y. (2001). Perceptual learning without perception. Nature, 413, 844-848.
142. Weiner, I. (1990). The neural substrates of latent inhibition. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 442-461.
143. Weiner, I. (2003). The "two-headed" latent inhibition model of schizophrenia: modeling positive and negative symptoms and their treatment. Psychopharmacology, 169, 257-297.
144. Wells, D. S., & Leventhal, D. (1984). Perceptual grouping in schizophrenia: a replication of Place and Gilmore. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 231-234.
145. Williams, J. H., Wellman, N. A., Geaney, D. P., et al. (1998). Reduced latent inhibition in people with schizophrenia: an effect of psychosis or its treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 243-249.
146. Wuthrich, V., & Bates, T. (2001). Schizotypy and latent inhibition: non-linear linkage between psychometric and cognitive markers. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 783-798.
147. Zalstein-Orda, N., & Lubow R. E. (1995). Context control of negative transfer induced by preexposure to irrelevant stimuli: latent inhibition in humans. Learning and Motivation, 26, 11-28.