Resilience through the lens of interactionism: A systematic review

Psychological Assessment

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 1-20

  Pangallo, Antonio ^a   Zibarras, Lara ^a   Lewis, Rachel ^b   Flaxman, Paul ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b KINGSTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adult resilience; Interactionism; Measurement; Psychological assessment; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; COPING BEHAVIOR; DECISION MAKING; HOPE; HUMAN; OPTIMISM; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; SELF CONCEPT; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE; SOCIAL COMPETENCE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIALIZATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; CONCEPT FORMATION; HUMAN RELATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE;

CONCEPT FORMATION; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; JUDGMENT; RESILIENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SELF REPORT;

EID: 84925664262     PISSN: 10403590     EISSN: 1939134X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/pas0000024     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Ahern, N. R., Kiehl, E. M., Sole, M. L., & Byers, J. (2006). A review of instruments measuring resilience. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 29, 103-125. doi:10.1080/01460860600677643
2. Aldwin, C. M., Sutton, K. J., & Lachman, M. (1996). The development of coping resources in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 64, 837-871. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00946.x
3. Alessandri, G., Vecchio, G. M., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., & Caprara, G. V. (2007). A revised version of Kremen and Block's Ego Resiliency Scale in an Italian sample. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 14, 165-183.
4. Alessandri, G., Vecchione, M., Caprara, G., & Letzring, T. D. (2012). The Ego Resiliency Scale Revised. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 139-146. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000102
5. Amedeo, D., Golledge, R. G., & Stimson, R. R. J. (2009). Personenvironment-behavior research: Investigating activities and experiences in spaces and environments. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
6. Antonovsky, A. (1979). Health, stress and coping. San Francisco, CA:Jossey-Bass.
7. Antonovsky, A. (1993). The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science & Medicine, 36, 725-733. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90033-Z
8. Atkinson, P. A., Martin, C. R., & Rankin, J. (2009). Resilience revisited. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 16, 137-145. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01341.x
9. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45. doi:10.1177/1073191105283504
10. Baruth, J., & Carroll, K. (2002). A formal assessment of resilience: The Baruth Protective Factors Inventory. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 58, 235-244.
11. Beardslee, W. R. (1989). The role of self-understanding in resilient individuals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 266-278. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01659.x
12. Bird, V. J., Le Boutillier, C., Leamy, M., Larsen, J. G., Oades, L., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2012). Assessing the strengths of mental health consumers: A systematic review. Psychological Assessment, 24, 1024-1033. doi:10.1037/a0028983
13. Block, J. H., Block, J., & Morrison, A. (1981). Parental agreementdisagreement on child-rearing orientations and gender-related personality correlates in children. Child Development, 52, 965-974. doi:10.2307/1129101
14. Block, J., & Kremen, A. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
15. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20-28. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59 .1.20
16. Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2013). Annual research review:Positive adjustment to adversity-trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 378-401. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12021
17. Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 671-682. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671
18. Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748-766. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748
19. Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 1019-1028. doi:10.1002/jts.20271
20. Caplan, G. (1990). Loss, stress, and mental health. Community Mental Health Journal, 26, 27-48. doi:10.1007/BF00752675
21. Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 245-266. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01217.x
22. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 879-889. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
23. Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Lynch, M., & Holt, K. D. (1993). Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 629-647. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006209
24. Cohen, J. (1968). Weighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement with provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 213-220. doi:10.1037/h0026256
25. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59, 676-684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
26. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82. doi:10.1002/da.10113
27. Cronbach, L., & Meehl, P. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281-302. doi:10.1037/h0040957
28. Ekehammar, B. (1974). Interactionism in personality from a historical perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 1026-1048. doi:10.1037/h0037457
29. Endler, N. (1983). Interactionism: A personality model, but not yet a theory. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 155-200.
30. Endler, N., & Edwards, J. (1983). Personality research. In M. Hersen, A. Kazdin, & S. Bellack (Eds.), The clinical psychology handbook (1st ed., pp. 223-238). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
31. Endler, N., & Magnusson, D. (1977). The interaction model of anxiety: An empirical test in an examination situation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 9, 101-107.
32. Endler, N., & Parker, J. J. (1992). Interactionism revisited: Reflections on the continuing crisis in the personality area. European Journal of Personality, 6, 177-198. doi:10.1002/per.2410060302
33. Fitzpatrick, R., Bowling, A., Gibbons, E., Haywood, K., Jenkinson, C., Mackintosh, A., & Peters, M. (2006). A structured review of patientreported measures in relation to selected chronic conditions, perceptions of quality of care and career impact. Retrieved from http://phi .uhce.ox.ac.uk/pdf/ChronicConditions/DH_REVIEWS_NOVEMBER_ 2007.pdf
34. Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience. European Psychologist, 18, 12-23. doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
35. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel-Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986). Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 992-1003. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.992
36. Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 313-332. doi:10.1080/02699930441000238
37. Friborg, O., Barlaug, D., Martinussen, M., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Hjemdal, O. (2005). Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14, 29-42. doi:10.1002/mpr.15
38. Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Martinussen, M. (2003). A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12, 65-76. doi:10.1002/mpr.143
39. Funder, D. C. (2009). Persons, behaviors and situations: An agenda for personality psychology in the postwar era. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 120-126. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.041
40. Furr, J. M., Comer, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Disasters and youth: A meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 765-780. doi:10.1037/a0021482
41. Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience in children's adaptation to negative life events and stressed environments. Pediatric Annals, 20, 459-460. doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19910901-05
42. Germain, C., & Gitterman, A. (1987). Ecological perspective. In A. Minahan (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social work (18th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 488-499). Silver Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers.
43. Gillespie, B. M., Chaboyer, W., & Wallis, M. (2007). Development of a theoretically derived model of resilience through concept analysis. Contemporary Nurse, 25, 124-135. doi:10.5172/conu.2007.25.1-2.124
44. Gough, H. (1956). California Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto, CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
45. Grant, S. G. N. (2006). Michael Rutter: Genes and behavior: Naturenurture interplay explained. Genes, Brain & Behavior, 5, 303. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00219.x
46. Harvey, M. R. (2007). Towards an ecological understanding of resilience in trauma survivors: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 14, 9-32. doi:10.1300/J146v14n01_02
47. Harvey, M. R., Liang, B., Harney, P. A., Koenen, K., Tummala-Narra, P., & Lebowitz, L. (2003). A multidimensional approach to the assessment of trauma impact, recovery and resiliency. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 6, 87-109. doi:10.1300/J146v06n02_05
48. Hjemdal, O. (2007). Measuring protective factors: The development of two resilience scales in Norway. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16, 303-321. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2006.12.003
49. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44, 513-524. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
50. House, J. S., Kahn, R. L., McLeod, J. D., & Williams, D. (1985). Measures and concepts of social support. In S. Syme & S. Leonard (Eds.), Social support and health (pp. 83-108). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
51. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
52. Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. J. (2008). A guide to assessments that work. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
53. Judge, T., Erez, A., Bono, J., & Thoreson, C. (2003). Core Self-Evaluations Scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, 56, 303-331. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00152.x
54. Kaplan, H. (1999). Toward an understanding of resilience: A critical review of definitions and models. In M. Glantz & J. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 17-83). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
55. Kobasa, S. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1-11. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.1
56. Koczwara, A., Patterson, F., Zibarras, L., Kerrin, M., Irish, B., & Wilkinson, M. (2012). Evaluating cognitive ability, knowledge tests and situational judgement tests for postgraduate selection. Medical Education, 46, 399-408. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04195.x
57. Kumpfer, K. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: The resilience framework. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnston (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations. Longitudinal research in the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 161-176). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
58. Legree, P., & Psotka, J. (2006). Refining situational judgment test methods. Arlington, VA: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Retrieved from www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD_ ADA481655
59. Lepore, S., & Revenson, T. (2006). Resilience and posttraumatic growth:Recovery, resistance, and reconfiguration. In L. Calhoun & R. Tedesch (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 24-46). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
60. Liang, B., Tummala-Narra, P., Bradley, R., & Harvey, M. R. (2007). The Multidimensional Trauma Recovery and Resiliency Instrument. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 14, 55-74. doi:10.1300/J146v14n01_04
61. Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2011). Meaning in life and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16, 150-159. doi:10.1080/15325024.2010.519287
62. Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. Psychological Reports, 3(Monograph Supplement 9), 635-694.
63. Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G. R., & Lester, P. B. (2006). Developing the psychological capital of resiliency. Human Resource Development Review, 5, 25-44. doi:10.1177/1534484305285335
64. Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital:Developing the human competitive edge. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
65. Luthar, S. S., & Brown, P. (2007). Maximizing resilience through diverse levels of inquiry: Prevailing paradigms, possibilities, and priorities for the future. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 931-955. doi:10.1017/S0954579407000454
66. Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857-885. doi:10.1017/S0954579400004156
67. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience:A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00164
68. Luthar, S. S., & Cushing, G. (1999). Measurement issues in the empirical study of resilience. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations. Longitudinal research in the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 129-160). Dordrecht, the Netherlands:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/0-306-47167-1_7
69. Lyons, J. A. (1991). Strategies for assessing the potential for positive adjustment following trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4, 93-111. doi:10.1002/jts.2490040108
70. Maddi, S. R., Harvey, R. H., Khoshaba, D. M., Lu, J. L., Persico, M., & Brow, M. (2006). The personality construct of hardiness, III: Relationships with repression, innovativeness, authoritarianism, and performance. Journal of Personality, 74, 575-597. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00385.x
71. Madsen, M. D., & Abell, N. (2010). Trauma Resilience Scale: Validation of protective factors associated with adaptation following violence. Research on Social Work Practice, 20, 223-233. doi:10.1177/1049731509347853
72. Magnusson, D. (1976). The person and the situation in an international model of behavior. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 17, 253-271. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1976.tb00239.x
73. Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
74. Masten, A., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development:Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425-444. doi:10.1017/S0954579400005812
75. Masten, A., Coatsworth, D., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205-220. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205
76. Masten, A., Hubbard, J., Gest, S., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999). Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 143-169. doi:10.1017/S0954 579499001996
77. Masten, A., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 227-257. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100356
78. Masten, A.,&Powell, J. (2003). Aresilience framework for research, policy, and practice. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 1-26). Cambridge, England:Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511615788.003
79. McDowell, I. (2006). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires (3rd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165678.001.0001
80. McFarlane, A. C., & Yehuda, R. A. (1996). Resilience, vulnerability, and the course of posttraumatic reactions. In B. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weiseth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 155-181). New York, NY:Guilford Press.
81. McHorney, C. A. (1996). Measuring and monitoring general health status in elderly persons: Practical and methodological issues in using the SF-36 Health Survey. The Gerontologist, 36, 571-583. doi:10.1093/geront/36.5.571
82. Mehling, W. E., Gopisetty, V., Daubenmier, J., Price, C. J., Hecht, F. M., & Stewart, A. (2009). Body awareness: Construct and self-report measures. PloS One, 4, e5614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005614
83. Mischel, W. (1977). The interaction of person and situation. In D. Magnusson & N. Endler (Eds.), Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology (pp. 333-352). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
84. Motowidlo, S., & Beier, M. E. (2010). Differentiating specific job knowledge from implicit trait policies in procedural knowledge measured by a situational judgment test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 321-333. doi:10.1037/a0017975
85. Motowidlo, S., Dunnette, M., & Carter, G. (1990). An alternative selection procedure: The low-fidelity simulation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 640-647. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.640
86. Parker, S. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 835-852. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.6.835
87. Patterson, F., Ashworth, V., Zibarras, L., Coan, P., Kerrin, M., & O'Neill, P. (2012). Evaluations of situational judgement tests to assess nonacademic attributes in selection. Medical Education, 46, 850-868. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04336.x
88. Patterson, F., Ferguson, E., Norfolk, T., & Lane, P. (2005). A new selection system to recruit general practice registrars: Preliminary findings from a validation study. British Medical Journal, 330, 711-714. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7493.711
89. Polk, L. V. (1997). Toward a middle-range theory of resilience. Advances in Nursing Science, 19, 1-13. doi:10.1097/00012272-199703000-00002
90. Reynolds, K. J., Turner, J. C., Branscombe, N. R., Mavor, K. I., Bizumic, B., & Subašić, E. (2010). Interactionism in personality and social psychology:An integrated approach to understanding the mind and behaviour. European Journal of Personality, 24, 458-482. doi:10.1002/per .782
91. Roberts, B., & Caspi, A. (2003). The cumulative continuity model of personality development: Striking a balance between continuity and change in personality traits across the life course. In U. Staudinger & U. Lindenberger (Eds.), Understanding human development: Dialogues with lifespan psychology (pp. 183-214). Dordrecht, the Netherlands:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
92. Roisman, G. I. (2005). Conceptual clarifications in the study of resilience. American Psychologist, 60, 264-265. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.3.264
93. Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children's responses to stress and disadvantage. In M. Kent & J. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology: Vol. 3. Social competence in children (pp. 49-74). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
94. Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598-611. doi:10.1192/bjp.147.6.598
95. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x
96. Rutter, M. (1999). Resilience concepts and findings: Implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 119-144. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.00108
97. Rutter, M. (2006). Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 1-12. doi:10.1196/annals.1376.002
98. Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 335-344. doi:10.1017/S0954579412000028
99. Ryan, L., & Caltabiano, M. (2009). Development of a new resilience scale:The Resilience in Midlife Scale (RIM Scale). Asian Social Science, 5, 39-51. doi:10.5539/ass.v5n11p39
100. Ryff, C. D., Singer, B., Love, G. D., & Essex, M. J. (1998). Resilience in adulthood and later life. In J. Lomranz (Ed.), Handbook of aging and mental health: An integrative approach (pp. 69-96). New York, NY:Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0098-2_4
101. Schmitt, N., & Chan, D. (2006). Situational judgment tests: Method or construct. In J. E. Weekley & R. E. Ployhart (Eds.), Situational judgment tests: Theory, measurement, and application (pp. 135-155). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
102. Schoon, I. (2006). Risk and resilience: Adaptation in changing times. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511490132
103. Semmer, N. K., Grebner, S., & Elfering, A. (2003). Beyond self-report:Using observational, physiological, and situation-based measures in research on occupational stress. In P. Perrewe & D. Ganster (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being: Vol. 3. Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies (pp. 205-263). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Emerald Group. doi:10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03006-3
104. Shaikh, A., & Kauppi, C. (2010). Deconstructing resilience: Myriad conceptualizations and interpretations. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3, 155-176.
105. Sharma, S., Gangopadhyay, M., Austin, E., & Mandal, M. (2013). Development and validation of a situational judgment test of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21, 57-73. doi:10.1111/ijsa.12017
106. Silver, R., & Wortman, C. (1980). Coping with undesirable life events. In J. Garber & M. Seligman (Eds.), Human helplessness: Theory and applications (pp. 279-375). New York, NY: Academic Press.
107. Sinclair, V. G., & Wallston, K. A. (2004). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment, 11, 94-101. doi:10.1177/1073191103258144
108. Skinner, H. A. (1981). Toward the integration of classification theory and methods. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 68-87. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.90.1.68
109. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200. doi:10.1080/10705500802222972
110. Snyder, C. R. (2000). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 11-28. doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19 .1.11
111. Sternberg, R., & Wagner, R. (1986). Practical intelligence: Nature and origins of competence in the everyday world. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
112. Streiner, D., & Norman, G. (2008). Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use (4th ed.). Oxford, England:Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231881.001 .0001
113. Tett, R. P., & Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 500-517. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.500
114. Trickett, P. K., Kurtz, D. A., & Pizzigati, K. (2004). Resilient outcomes in abused and neglected children: Bases for strengths-based intervention and prevention policies. In K. Maton, C. Schellenbach, B. Leadbeater, & A. Solarz (Eds.), Investing in children, youth, families, and communities:Strengths-based research and policy (pp. 73-95). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10660-005
115. Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81, 1-17. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x
116. Vaishnavi, S., Connor, K., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2007). An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the CDRISC2:Psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials. Psychiatry Research, 152, 293-297. doi:10.1016/j .psychres.2007.01.006
117. Vanderbilt-Adriance, E., & Shaw, D. S. (2008). Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time, and domains of competence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11, 30-58. doi:10.1007/s10567-008-0031-2
118. Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165-178.
119. Walker, L., & Avant, K. (2005). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
120. Werner, E. (1986). The concept of risk from a developmental perspective. Advances in Special Education, 5, 1-23.
121. Werner, E. (1993). Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 503-515. doi:10.1017/S095457940000612X
122. Werner, E. (1995). Resilience in development. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 4, 81-85.
123. Werner, E., & Smith, R. (1982). Vulnerable but not invincible. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
124. Werner, E., & Smith, R. (2001). Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience, and recovery. New York, NY: Cornell University Press.
125. Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21, 152-169. doi:10.1017/S0959259810000420
126. Windle, G., Bennett, K. M., & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9, 8. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-9-8
127. Zuroff, D. C. (1992). New directions for cognitive models of depression. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 274-277. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0303_19