Changes in structural style of normal faults due to failure mode transition: First results from excavated scale models

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 74, Issue , 2015, Pages 105-116

  Kettermann, Michael ^a   Urai, Janos L ^a  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Analogmodeling; Cohesive material; Failure modes; Fault zone geometry; Normal faults

Indexed keywords

FAILURE (MECHANICAL); FAILURE MODES; SHEAR FLOW; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

ANALOGMODELING; COHESIVE MATERIALS; FAILURE MODE TRANSITION; FAULT ZONE; FAULT ZONE ARCHITECTURE; FAULT ZONE STRUCTURES; NORMAL FAULTS; TERRESTRIAL PLANETS;

FAULT SLIPS;

ANALOG MODEL; FAILURE MECHANISM; FAULT GEOMETRY; FAULT ZONE; NORMAL FAULT; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY;

EID: 84925399652     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2015.02.013     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Abdelmalak M.M., Mourgues R., Galland O., Bureau D. Fracture mode analysis and related surface deformation during dyke intrusion: results from 2D experimental modelling. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2012, 359-360:93-105.
2. Abràmoff M.D., Magalhães P.J., Ram S.J. Image processing with imageJ. Biophot. Int. 2004, 11:36-41.
3. Acocella V., Gudmundsson A., Funiciello R. Interaction and linkage of extension fractures and normal faults: examples from the rift zone of Iceland. J.Struct. Geol. 2000, 22:1233-1246.
4. Adam J., Urai J.L., Wieneke B., Oncken O., Pfeiffer K., Kukowski N., Lohrmann J., Hoth S., van der Zee W., Schmatz J. Shear localisation and strain distribution during tectonic faulting-new insights from granular-flow experiments and high-resolution optical image correlation techniques. J.Struct. Geol. 2005, 27:283-301.
5. Angelier J., Bergerat F., Dauteuil O., Villemin T. Effective tension-shear relationships in extensional fissure swarms, axial rift zone of northeastern Iceland. J.Struct. Geol. 1997, 19:673-685.
6. Aydin A., Johnson A.M. Analysis of faulting in porous sandstones. J.Struct. Geol. 1983, 5:19-31.
7. Bastesen E., Braathen A., Skar T. Comparison of scaling relationships of extensional fault cores in tight carbonate and porous sandstone reservoirs. Pet. Geosci. 2013, 19:385-398.
8. Bobich J.K. Experimental Analysis of the Extension to Shear Fracture Transition in Berea Sandstone 2005, M.S. thesis, Texas A&M University.
9. Burhannudinnur M., Morley C.K. Anatomy of growth fault zones in poorly lithified sandstones and shales; implications for reservoir studies and seismic interpretation; Part 1, Outcrop study. Pet. Geosci. 1997, 3:211-224.
10. Cartwright J.A., Mansfield C.S. Lateral displacement variation and lateral tip geometry of normal faults in the Canyonlands National Park, Utah. J.Struct. Geol. 1998, 20:3-19.
11. Chemenda A.I., Nguyen S.-H., Petit J.-P., Ambre J. Experimental evidences of transition from mode I cracking to dilatancy banding. Comptes Rendus Mécanique 2011, 339:219-225.
12. Crider J.G., Peacock D.C. Initiation of brittle faults in the upper crust: a review of field observations. J.Struct. Geol. 2004, 26:691-707.
13. Cubas N., Maillot B., Barnes C. Statistical analysis of an experimental compressional sand wedge. J.Struct. Geol. 2010, 32:818-831.
14. Eisenstadt G., Sims D. Evaluating sand and clay models: do rheological differences matter?. J.Struct. Geol. 2005, 27:1399-1412.
15. Engelder T. Transitional-tensile fracture propagation: a status report. J.Struct. Geol. 1999, 21:1049-1055.
16. Ferrill D.A., McGinnis R.N., Morris A.P. Control of mechanical stratigraphy on bed-restricted jointing and normal faulting: Eagle Ford Formation, south-central Texas. AAPG Bull. 2014, 98:2477-2506.
17. Ferrill D.A., McGinnis R.N., Morris A.P., Smart K.J. Hybrid failure: field evidence and influence on fault refraction. J.Struct. Geol. 2012, 42:140-150.
18. Ferrill D.A., Morris A.P. Dilational normal faults. J.Struct. Geol. 2003, 25:183-196.
19. Ferrill D.A., Morris A.P., McGinnis R.N., Smart K.J., Ward W.C. Fault zone deformation and displacement partitioning in mechanically layered carbonates: the Hidden Valley fault, central Texas. AAPG Bull. 2011, 95:1383-1397.
20. Ferrill D.A., Stamatakos J.A., Sims D. Normal fault corrugation: Implications for growth and seismicity of active normal faults. J.Struct. Geol. 1999, 21:1027-1038.
21. Ferrill D.A., Wyrick D.Y., Morris A.P., Sims D.W., Franklin N.M. Dilational fault slip and pit chain formation on Mars. GSA Today 2004, 14:4-12.
22. Ferrill D.A., Wyrick D.Y., Smart K.J. Coseismic, dilational-fault and extension-fracture related pit chain formation in Iceland: analog for pit chains on Mars. Lithosphere 2011, 4:133-142.
23. Fossen H., Gabrielsen R.H. Experimental modeling of extensional fault systems by use of plaster. J.Struct. Geol. 1996, 18:673-687.
24. Fossen H., Schultz R.A., Rundhovde E., Rotevatn A., Buckley S.J. Fault linkage and graben stepovers in the Canyonlands (Utah) and the North Sea Viking Graben, with implications for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. AAPG Bull. 2010, 94:597-613.
25. Galland O., Cobbold P.R., Hallot E., de Bremond d'Ars J., Delavaud G. Use of vegetable oil and silica powder for scale modelling of magmatic intrusion in a deforming brittle crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 243:786-804.
26. Galland O., de Bremond d'Ars J., Cobbold P.R., Hallot E. Physical models of magmatic intrusion during thrusting. Terra Nova 2003, 15:405-409.
27. Grant J.V., Kattenhorn S.A. Evolution of vertical faults at an extensional plate boundary, southwest Iceland. J.Struct. Geol. 2004, 26:537-557.
28. Gudmundsson A. Formation and growth of normal faults at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland. Terra Nova 1992, 4:464-471.
29. Gudmundsson A., Bäckström K. Structure and development of the Sveinagja graben, Northeast Iceland. Tectonophysics 1991, 200:111-125.
30. Hancock P.L. Brittle microtectonics: principles and practice. J.Struct. Geol. 1985, 7:437-457.
31. Holland M., Urai J.L., Martel S. The internal structure of fault zones in basaltic sequences. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 248:301-315.
32. Holland M., van Gent H., Bazalgette L., Yassir N., Hoogerduijn Strating E.H., Urai J.L. Evolution of dilatant fracture networks in a normal fault - Evidence from 4D model experiments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 304:399-406.
33. Keep M., McClay K.R. Analogue modelling of multiphase rift systems. Tectonophysics 1997, 273:239-270.
34. Kristensen M.B., Childs C., Olesen N.Ø., Korstgård J.A. The microstructure and internal architecture of shear bands in sand-clay sequences. J.Struct. Geol. 2013, 46:129-141.
35. Lehner F.K., Pilaar W.F. The emplacement of clay smear in synsedimentary normal faults: inferences from field observations near Frechen, Germany. Norwegian Petroleum Society Special Publications: Hydrocarbon Seals Importance for Exploration and Production 1997, 39-50. Elsevier. P. Møller-Pedersen, A.G. Koestler (Eds.).
36. Lindanger R., Øygaren M., Mjelde R., Gabrielsen R.H., Randen T., Tjøstheim B.A. Analogue (plaster) modelling and synthetic seismic representation of hangingwall fault. First Break 2004, 22:33-41.
37. Maksimovic M. Nonlinear failure envelope for soils. J.Geotech. Eng. 1989, 115:581-586.
38. Mandl G. Rock Joints: the Mechanical Genesis. Rock Joints: the Mechanical Genesis 2005.
39. Mandl G., Jong L.N.J., Maltha A. Shear Zones in Granular Material. Rock Mechanics Felsmechanik Mecanique des Roches 1977, vol. 9:95-144.
40. Mansfield C., Cartwright J. Fault growth by linkage: observations and implications from analogue models. J.Struct. Geol. 2001, 23:745-763.
41. McClay K.R., Dooley T., Whitehouse P., Mills M. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models. AAPG Bull. 2002, 86:935-959.
42. McGrath A.G., Davison I. Damage zone geometry around fault tips. J.Struct. Geol. 1995, 17:1011-1024.
43. Micarelli L., Benedicto A., Invernizzi C., Saint-Bezar B., Michelot J.L., Vergely P. Influence of P/T conditions on the style of normal fault initiation andgrowth in limestones from the SE-Basin, France. J.Struct. Geol. 2005, 27:1577-1598.
44. Nguyen S.-H., Chemenda A.I., Ambre J. Influence of the loading conditions on the mechanical response of granular materials as constrained from experimental tests on synthetic rock analogue material. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 2011, 48:103-115.
45. Nollet S., Kleine Vennekate G.J., Giese S., Vrolijk P., Urai J.L., Ziegler M. Localization patterns in sandbox-scale numerical experiments above a normal fault in basement. J.Struct. Geol. 2012, 39:199-209.
46. Noorsalehi-Garakani S., Kleine Vennekate G.J., Vrolijk P., Urai J.L. Clay-smear continuity and normal fault zone geometry - first results from excavated sandbox models. J.Struct. Geol. 2013, 57:58-80.
47. Paterson M.S. Experimental Rock Deformation - the Brittle Field 1978, Springer-Verlag, Berlin; Heidelberg; New York. first ed.
48. Patton T.L., Logan J.M., Friedman M. Experimentally generated normal faults in single-layer and multilayer limestone specimens at confining pressure. Tectonophysics 1998, 295:53-77.
49. Peacock D.C. Propagation, interaction and linkage in normal fault systems. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2002, 58:121-142.
50. Peacock D.C.P., Sanderson D.J. Displacements, segment linkage and relay ramps in normal fault zones. J.Struct. Geol. 1991, 13:721-733.
51. Peacock D.C.P., Sanderson D.J. Effects of layering and anisotropy on fault geometry. J.Geol. Soc. 1992, 149:793-802.
52. Price N.J., Cosgrove J.W. Analysis of geological structures 1990, Cambridge University Press.
53. Ramsey J.M., Chester F.M. Hybrid fracture and the transition from extension fracture to shear fracture. Nature 2004, 428:63-66.
54. Rodriguez E. AMicrostructural Study of the Extension-to-Shear Fracture Transition in Carrara Marble 2005, M.S. thesis, Texas A&M University.
55. Schellart W.P. Shear test results for cohesion and friction coefficients for different granular materials: scaling implications for their usage in analogue modelling. Tectonophysics 2000, 324:1-16.
56. Schöpfer M.P.J., Childs C., Walsh J.J. Localisation of normal faults in multilayer sequences. J.Struct. Geol. 2006, 28:816-833.
57. Schöpfer M.P.J., Childs C., Walsh J.J. Two-dimensional distinct element modeling of the structure and growth of normal faults in multilayer sequences: 2. Impact of confining pressure and strength contrast on fault zone geometry and growth. J.Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:B10404.
58. Schöpfer M.P.J., Childs C., Walsh J.J. Two-dimensional distinct element modeling of the structure and growth of normal faults in multilayer sequences: 1. Model calibration, boundary conditions, and selected results. J.Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:B10401.
59. Schreurs G., Buiter S.J.H., Boutelier D., Corti G., Costa E., Cruden A.R., Daniel J.-M., Hoth S., Koyi H.A., Kukowski N., Lohrmann J., Ravaglia A., Schlische R.W., Withjack M.O., Yamada Y., Cavozzi C., Del Ventisette C., Brady J.A.E., Hoffmann-Rothe A., Mengus J.-M., Montanari D., Nilforoushan F. Analogue Benchmarks of Shortening and Extension Experiments. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 253 2006, 1-27.
60. Soden A.M., Shipton Z.K. Dilational fault zone architecture in a welded ignimbrite: the importance of mechanical stratigraphy. J.Struct. Geol. 2013, 51:156-166.
61. Soliva R., Benedicto A. Alinkage criterion for segmented normal faults. J.Struct. Geol. 2004, 26:2251-2267.
62. Trudgill B., Cartwright J. Relay-ramp forms and normal-fault linkages, Canyonlands National Park, Utah. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1994, 106:1143-1157.
63. Van Gent H.W. Scaled Analogue Models of Normal Faulting in Brittle Lithologies 2006, Dipl. thesis, RWTH Aachen University.
64. Van Gent H.W., Holland M., Urai J.L., Loosveld R. Evolution of fault zones in carbonates with mechanical stratigraphy - insights from scale models using layered cohesive powder. J.Struct. Geol. 2010, 32:1375-1391.
65. Walsh P., Schultz-Ela D.D. Mechanics of graben evolution in Canyonlands National Park, Utah. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2003, 115:259-270.
66. Walter T.R., Troll V.R. Formation of caldera periphery faults: an experimental study. Bull. Volcanol. 2001, 63:191-203.