Epidemiology of dental diseases

Handbook of Epidemiology: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 2321-2353

  Conway, David I ^a   McMahon, Alex D ^a   Robertson, Douglas ^a   Macpherson, Lorna M D ^a  

^a GLASGOW DENTAL HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925314752     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_51     Document Type: Chapter

References (157)

1. Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Hiiri A, Nordblad A, Mäkelä M, Worthington HV (2008) Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD001830. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001830.pub3
2. Ainamo J, Barmes D, Beagrie G, Cutress T, Martin J, Sardo-Infirri J (1982) Development of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Int Dent J 32:281-291
3. Albander JM, Brown LJ, Löe H (1997) Clinical features of early-onset periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc 128:1393-1399
4. Albandar JM, Brunelle JA, Kingman A (1999) Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988-1994. J Periodontol 70:13-29
5. American Academy of Periodontology (1996) Consensus report: periodontal diseases: epidemiology and diagnosis. Ann Periodontol 1:1
6. American Dental Association (2011) Center for evidence-based dentistry. ADA clinical recommendations. http://ebd.ada.org/ClinicalRecommendations.aspx. Accessed Oct 2011
7. Anderson RJ, Bradnock G, James PM (1981) The changes in the dental health of 12-year-old school children in Shropshire. A review after an interval of 10 years. Br Dent J 150:278-281
8. Antunes JLF, Narvai PC, Nugent ZJ (2004) Measuring inequalities in the distribution of dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 32:41-48
9. Arendorf TM, Bredekamp B, Cloete CA, Sauer G (1998) Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 600 South African patients. J Oral Pathol Med 27:176-179
10. Armitage GC (1999) Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol 4:1-6
11. Axelsson P, Nystrom B, Lindhe J (2004) The long-term effect of a plaque control program on tooth mortality, caries and periodontal disease in adults. Results after 30 years of maintenance. J Clin Periodontol 31:749-757
12. Azarpazhooh A, Leake JL (2006) Systematic review of the association between respiratory diseases and oral health. J Periodontol 77:1465-1482
13. Bambra C, Smith KE, Garthwaite K, Joyce KE, Hunter DJ (2011) A labour of Sisyphus? Public policy and health inequalities research from the Black and Acheson Reports to the Marmot Review. J Epidemiol Community Health 65:399-406
14. Benson PE, Shah AA, Millett DT, Dyer F, Parkin N, Vine RS (2005) Fluorides, orthodontics and demineralization: a systematic review. J Orthod 32:102-114
15. Berkman LF, Kawachi I (eds) (2000) Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
16. Berkowitz RJ (2003) Acquisition and transmission of mutans streptococci. J Calif Dent Assoc 31:135-138
17. Bernabé E, Marcenes W (2010) Periodontal disease and quality of life in British adults. J Clin Periodontol 7:968-972
18. Bollen AM (2008) Effects of malocclusions and orthodontics on periodontal health: evidence from a systematic review. J Dent Educ 72:912-918
19. Bratthall D (2000) Introducing the Significant Caries Index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds. Int Dent J 50:378-384
20. Brown LJ, Selwitz RH (1995) The impact of recent changes in the epidemiology of dental caries on guidelines for the use of dental sealants. J Public Health Dent 55:274-291
21. Burt BA, Eklund SA (eds) (2005) Dentistry, dental practice and the community. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, pp 203-209
22. Burt BA, Pai S (2001) Sugar consumption and caries risk. A systematic review. J Dent Res 65:1154-1158
23. Burton PR, Tobin MD, Hopper JL (2005) Key concepts in genetic epidemiology. Lancet 366: 941-951
24. Chaffee BW, Weston SJ (2010). The association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Periodontol 81:1708-1724
25. Chalmers JM, Carter KD, Spencer AJ (2005) Caries incidence and increments in Adelaide nursing home residents. Spec Care Dentist 25:96-105
26. Cheng NF, Han PZ, Gansky SA (2008) Methods and software for estimating health disparities: the case of children's oral health. Am J Epidemiol 168:906-914
27. Chestnutt I, Binnie V, Taylor M (2000) Reasons for tooth extraction in Scotland. J Dent 28:295-297
28. Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008) CSDH final report: closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization, Geneva
29. Conte M, Broder HL, Jenkins G, Reed R, Janal MN (2006) Oral health, related behaviors and oral health impacts among homeless adults. J Public Health Dent 66:276-278
30. Conway DI, Quarrell I, McCall DR, Gilmour H, Bedi R, Macpherson LM (2007) Dental caries in 5-year-old children attending multi-ethnic schools in Greater Glasgow - the impact of ethnic background and levels of deprivation. Community Dent Health 24:161-165
31. Demmer RT, Papapanou PN (2010) Epidemiologic patterns of chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 53:28-44
32. Demmer RT, Jacobs DR Jr, Desvarieux M (2008) Periodontal disease and incident type 2 diabetes: results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its epidemiologic follow-up study. Diabetes Care 31:1373-1379
33. Douglass JM, Rinanoff N, Tang JM, Altman DS (2001) Dental caries patterns and oral health behaviours in Arizona infants and toddlers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 29:14-22
34. Dowell P, Chapple IL (2002) The British Society of Periodontology referral policy and parameters of care. Dent Update 29:352-353
35. Dye BA, Arevalo O, Vargas CM (2010) Trends in paediatric dental caries by poverty status in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Int J Paediatr Dent 20:132-143
36. Emilson CG, Krasse B (1985) Support for and implications for the specific plaque hypothesis. Scand J Dent Res 93:96-104
37. European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (2009) Guidelines on the use of fluoride in children: an EAPD policy document. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 10:129-134
38. Fejerskov O (1997) Concepts of dental caries and their consequences for understanding the disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 25:5-12
39. Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM (eds) (2003) Dental caries: the disease and its clinical management. Blackwell Monksgaard, Copenhagen
40. Fisher FJ (1968) A field survey of dental caries, periodontal disease and enamel defects in Tristan da Cunha. Br Dent J 125:447-453
41. Fukuda H, Kuroda K, Ohsaka T, Takatorige T, Nakura I, Saito T (2009) Oral health status among low-income people admitted to Osaka Socio-Medical Center in Japan. Int Dent J 59: 96-102
42. General Register Office for Scotland (2009) Projected population of Scotland (2008-based). General Register Office for Scotland, Edinburgh
43. Gratix D, Holloway PJ (1994) Factors of deprivation associated with dental caries in young children. Community Dent Health 11:66-70
44. Gregory J, Lowe S, Bates CJ, Prentice A, Jackson LV, Smithers G, Wenlock R, Farron M (2000) National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4 to 18 years, vol 1. Report of the diet and nutrition survey. The Stationery Office, London
45. Greenstein G (1984) The role of bleeding on the diagnosis of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 55:648-648
46. Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Swann JL, Zlobin N (2004) Estimating rates of new root caries in older adults. J Dent Res 83:634-638
47. Gustafsson BE, Quensel CE, Lanke LS, Lundquist C, Grahnen H, Bonow BE, Krasse B (1954) The Vipeholm dental caries study; the effect of different levels of carbohydrate intake on caries activity in 436 individuals observed for five years. Acta Odontol Scand 11:232-364
48. Haffajee AD, Bogren A, Hasturk H, Feres M, Lopez NJ, Socransky SS (2004) Subgingival microbiota of chronic periodontitis subjects from different geographic locations. J Clin Periodontol 31:996-1002
49. Harris R, Nicoll AD, Adair PM, Pine CM (2004) Risk factors for dental caries in young children: a systematic review of the literature. Community Dent Health 21(1S):71-85
50. Humphrey LL, Fu R, Buckley DI, Freeman M, Helfand M (2008) Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JGIM 23:2079-2086
51. Iacopino AM (2001) Periodontitis and diabetes interrelationships: role of inflammation. Ann Periodontol 6:125-137
52. Ismail A (2004) Diagnostic levels in dental public health planning. Caries Res 38:199-203
53. James B, Robbins WJ, Schwartz RS (2001) Fundamentals of operative dentistry: a contemporary approach, 2nd edn. Quintessence, Carol Stream
54. Jones CM, McCann M, Nugent ZJ (2004) Scottish Prisons' Dental Health Survey 2002. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2004/02/18868/32855. Accessed Oct 2011
55. Kakwani N, Wagstaff A, Vandoorslaer E (1997) Socioeconomic inequalities in health: measurement, computation, and statistical inference. J Econom 77:87-103
56. Kandelman D, Petersen PE, Ueda H (2008) Oral health, general health, and quality of life in older people. Spec Care Dentist 28:224-236
57. Kantovitz KR, Pascon FM, Rontani RM, Gaviaõ MB (2006) Obesity and dental caries - a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent 4:137-144
58. Kelly M, Steele J, Nuttal N, Bradnock G, Morris J, Nunn J, Pine C, Pitts N, Treasure E, White D (2000) Adult Dental Health Survey: oral health in the United Kingdom in 1998. The Stationery Office, London
59. Kidd EAM (1987) Essentials of dental caries: the disease and its management. Wright, London
60. Kidd EA, Fejerskov O (2004) What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms. J Dent Res 83:C35-C38
61. Klein H, Palmer CE (1937) Dental caries in American Indian children, Public Health Bulletin 239. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC
62. Klinge B, Norlund A (2005) A socio-economic perspective on periodontal diseases: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 32(s6):314-325
63. Klock K, Haugejordan O (1991) Primary reasons for extraction of permanent teeth in Norway: changes from 1968 to 1998. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 9:336-341
64. Kornman KS (2008) Mapping the pathogenesis of periodontitis: a new look. J Periodontol 79(s8):1560-1568
65. Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y (eds) (2004) A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
66. Lang NP, Cumming BR, Löe H (1973) Toothbrushing frequency as it relates to plaque development and gingival health. J Periodontol 44:396-405
67. Levin KA, Davies CA, Douglas GV, Pitts NB (2010) Urban-rural differences in dental caries of 5-year old children in Scotland. Soc Sci Med 71:2020-2027
68. Lobene RR, Mankodi SM, Ciancio SG, Lamm RA, Charles CH, Ross NM (1989) Correlation among gingival indices: a methodology study. J Periodontol 60:159-162
69. Locker D (2004) Oral health and quality of life. Oral Health Prev Dent 2(Suppl 1):247-253
70. Löe H, Brown LJ (1991) Early onset periodontitis in the United States of America. J Periodontol 62:608-616
71. Löe H, Silness J (1963) Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand 21:533-551
72. Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Smith M (1978) The natural history of periodontal disease in man. The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age. J Periodontol 49:607-620
73. Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB (1965) Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 36:177-187
74. Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Morrison E (1986) Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years of age. J Clin Periodontol 13:431-445
75. Macpherson LM, Anopa Y, Conway DI, McMahon AD (2013) National supervised toothbrushing program and dental decay in Scotland. J Dent Res 92:109-13
76. Macpherson LMD, Conway DI, Goold S, Jones CM, McCall DR, Merrett MCW, Pitts NB (2010a) National Dental Inspection Programme of Scotland. Scottish Dental Epidemiological Co-ordinating Committee, Dundee. http://www.scottishdental.org/index.aspx?o=2153. Accessed Oct 2011
77. Macpherson LMD, Ball GE, Brewster L, Duane B, Hodges CL, Wright W, Gnich W, Rodgers J, McCall DR, Turner S, Conway DI (2010b) Childsmile: the national child oral health improvement programme in Scotland. Part 1: Establishment and development. Br Dent J 209:73-78
78. Mann J (2003) Sugar revisited - again. Bull World Health Organ 81:552
79. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A (2002) Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002279. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002279
80. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A (2003) Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD002278. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002278
81. Marmot MG, Freil S, Bell R, Houweling TAJ, Taylor S, on behalf of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (2008) Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet 372:1661-1669
82. Marmot MG, Allen J, Goldblatt P, Boyce T, McNeish D, Grady M, Geddes I, on behalf of the Marmot Review (2010) Fair society, healthy lives: Strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010. The Marmot Review, London
83. Marthaler TM (2004) Changes in dental caries 1953-2003. Caries Res 38:173-181
84. McDonagh MS, Whiting PF, Wilson PM, Sutton AJ, Chestnutt I, Cooper J, Misson K, Bradley M, Treasure E, Kleijnen J (2000) Systematic review of water fluoridation. BMJ 321:855-859
85. McDonald SP, Sheiham A (1992) The distribution of caries on different tooth surfaces at varying levels of caries - a compilation of data from 18 previous studies. Community Dent Health 9:39-48
86. McMahon AD, Blair Y, McCall DR, Macpherson LM (2010) The dental health of three-year-old children in Greater Glasgow, Scotland. Br Dent J 209:E5
87. McMahon AD, Blair Y, McCall DR, Macpherson LM (2011) Reductions in dental decay in 3-year old children in Greater Glasgow and Clyde: Repeated population inspection studies over four years. BMC Oral Health 11:29
88. Mejare I, Stenlund H, Zelezny-Homlund C (2004) Caries incidence and lesion progression from adolescence to young adulthood: a prospective 15-year cohort study in Sweden. Caries Res 38:130-141
89. Merrett MC, Goold S, Jones CM, McCall D, Macpherson LMD, Nugent ZJ, Topping GV (2008) National Dental Inspection Programme of Scotland. Report of the 2008 Survey of P1 Children. Scottish Dental Epidemiology Coordinating Committee, Dundee. http://www.scottishdental.org/index.aspx?o=2153. Accessed Oct 2011
90. Merrett MCW, Conway DI, Goold S, Jones CM, McCall DR, McMahon AD, Macpherson LMD, Pitts NB (2009) National Dental Inspection Programme of Scotland 2009. Report of the 2009 Survey of P7 Children. Scottish Dental Epidemiological Coordinating Committee, Dundee. http://www.scottishdental.org/index.aspx?o=2153. Accessed Oct 2011
91. Michalowicz BS, Diehl SR, Gunsolley JC, Sparks BS, Brooks CN, Koertge TE, Califano JV, Burmeister JA, Schenkein HA (2000) Evidence of a substantial genetic basis for risk of adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 71:1699-1707
92. Millen A (1987) Role of social class in caries occurrence in primary teeth. Int J Epidemiol 16: 252-256
93. Nicolau B, Netuveli G, Kim JW, Sheiham A, Marcenes W (2007a) A life-course approach to assess psychosocial factors and periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 34:844-850
94. Nicolau B, Thomson WM, Steele JG, Allison PJ (2007b). Life-course epidemiology: concepts and theoretical models and its relevance to chronic oral conditions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 35:241-249
95. Nyyssonen V, Paunio I, Rayala M, Vehkalahti M (1984) Dental caries in the adult population in Finland: I. Prevalence of dental caries. Int J Epidemiol 13:486-490
96. Oliver RC, Brown LJ (1993) Periodontal diseases and tooth loss. Periodontology 2000 2:117-127
97. Osborn J, Stoltenberg J, Huso B, Aeppli D, Pihlstrom B (1990) Comparison of measurement variability using a standard and constant force periodontal probe. J Periodontol 61:497-503
98. Parisotto TM, Steiner-Oliveira C, Silva CM, Rodrigues LK, Nobre-dos-Santos M (2010) Early childhood caries and mutans streptococci: a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent 8:59-70
99. Perara I, Ekanayake L (2008) Social gradient in dental caries among adolescents in Sri Lanka. Caries Res 42:105-111
100. Peruzzo DC, Benatti BB, Ambrosano GM, Nogueira-Filho GR, Sallum EA, Casati MZ, Nociti FH Jr (2007) A systematic review of stress and psychological factors as possible risk factors for periodontal disease. J Periodontol 78:1491-1504
101. Petersen PE (2003a) The World Oral Health Report 2003. Oral health programme. WHO, Geneva
102. Petersen PE (2003b) The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century - the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 31(s1):3-24
103. Petersen PE, Yamamoto T (2005) Improving the oral health of older people: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 33:81-92
104. Phelan JA, Mulligan R, Nelson E, Brunelle J, Alves MEAF, Navazesh M, Greenspan D (2004) Dental caries in HIV-seropositive Women. J Dent Res 83:869-873
105. Philstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW (2005) Periodontal diseases. Lancet 366:1809-1820
106. Pitts NB (1997) Diagnostic tools and measurements - impact on appropriate care. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 25:24-35
107. Pitts NB (2001) Clinical diagnosis of dental caries: a European perspective. J Dent Educ 65: 972-978
108. Pitts NB (2004) ICDAS - an international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management. Community Dent Health 21:193-198
109. Polson AM, Caton JG (1985) Current status of bleeding in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 56(s):1-3
110. Reich E (2001) Trends in caries and periodontal health epidemiology in Europe. Int Dent J 51: 392-398
111. Ronderos M, Pihlstrom BL, Hodges JS (2001) Periodontal disease among indigenous people in the Amazon rain forest. J Clin Periodontol 28:995-1003
112. Rugg-Gunn AJ, Edgar WM (1984) Sugar and dental caries; a review of the evidence. Community Dent Health 1:85-92
113. Ryan ME, Camu O, Kamer A (2003) The influence of diabetes on the periodontal tissues. J Am Dent Assoc 134:34S-40S
114. Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S (2003a) Associations between periodontal disease and risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8:38-53
115. Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S (2003b) Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8:54-69
116. Scheutz F, Matee MI, Andsager L, Holm AM, Moshi J, Kagoma C, Mpemba N (1997) Is there an association between periodontal condition and HIV infection? J Clin Periodontol 24:580-587
117. Schou L, Wight C (1994) Mothers' educational level, dental health behaviours and response to a dental health campaign in relation to their 5 year old children's caries experience. Health Bull 52:232-239
118. Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme (2010) Prevention and management of dental caries in children. SDCEP, Dundee. http://www.sdcep.org.uk/index.aspx?o=2332. Accessed Oct 2011
119. Scottish Government (2006) Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2006. Scottish Government, Edinburgh
120. Scottish Government (2009) The Scottish Health Survey 2008. Scottish Government, Edinburgh
121. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2000) Preventing dental caries in children at high caries risk, targeted prevention of dental caries in the permanent teeth of 6-16 year olds presenting for dental care. SIGN Publications 47, Edinburgh. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign47.pdf. Accessed Oct 2011
122. Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (2005) Prevention and management of dental decay in the pre-school child - a national clinical guideline. SIGN 83 NHS Quality Improvement Scotland, Edinburgh. http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign83.pdf. Accessed Oct 2011
123. Selwitz RH, Ismail AL, Pitts NB (2007) Dental caries. Lancet 369:51-59
124. Shaw D, Macpherson L, Conway D (2009) Tackling socially determined dental inequalities: ethical aspects of Childsmile, the national child oral health demonstration programme in Scotland. Bioethics 23:131-139
125. Sheiham A, Nicolau B (2005) Evaluation of social and psychological factors in periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000 39:118-131
126. Sheiham A, Watt RG (2000) The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 28:399-406
127. Shiau HJ, Reynolds MA (2010) Sex differences in destructive periodontal disease: a systematic review. J Periodontol 81:1379-1389
128. Shuler CF (2001) Inherited risks for susceptibility to dental caries. J Dent Educ 65:1038-1045
129. Skeie MS, Raadal M, Strand GV, Espelid I (2006) The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age - a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent 16:152-160
130. Sprod A, Anderson R, Treasure E (1996) Effective oral health promotion. Health Promotion Wales, Cardiff
131. Stabholz A, Soskolne WA, Shapira L (2010) Genetic and environmental risk factors for chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 53:138-153
132. Steele J, O'Sullivan I (2011) Executive summary: Adult Dental Health Survey 2009. The Health and Social Care Information Centre, Leeds. http://www.ic.nhs.uk/statistics-and-data-collections/primary-care/dentistry/adult-dental-health-survey-2009--summary-report-and-thematic-series. Accessed Oct 2011
133. Steele JG, Treasure E, Pitts NB, Morris J, Bradnock G (2000) Total tooth loss in the United Kingdom in 1998 and implications for the future. BDJ 189:598-603
134. Stookey GK, González-Cabezas C (2001) Emerging methods of caries diagnosis. J Dent Educ 65:1001-1006
135. Sullivan HR, Harris R (1958) The biology of the children of Hopewood House, Bowral, NSW. II. Observations extending over five years (1952-1956). 2. Observations and oral conditions. Aust Dent J 3:311-317
136. Susin C, Kingman A, Albandar JM (2005) Effect of partial recording protocols on estimates of prevalence of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 76:262-267
137. Sweeney PC, Nugent Z, Pitts NB (1999) Deprivation and dental caries status of 5-year-old children in Scotland. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 27:152-158
138. Taylor L (1975) Poverty, wealth, and health, or getting the dosage right. BMJ 4:207-211
139. Tezal M, Grossi SG, Ho AW, Genco RJ (2004) Alcohol consumption and periodontal disease. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Periodontol 31:484-488
140. Thomson WM, Poulton R, Milne BJ, Caspi A, Broughton JR, Ayres KMS (2004) Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health in childhood and adulthood in a birth cohort. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 32:345-353
141. Toverud G (1957) The influence of war and post-war conditions on the teeth of Norwegian school children. III. Discussions of food supply and dental condition in Norway and other European countries. Milbank Meml Fund Q 35:373-459
142. TNS Opinion & Social (2010) Eurobarometer 72.3. Oral health report undertaken at the request of the Directorate General Health and Consumers, European Commission. TNS Opinion & Social, Brussels. http://ec.europa.eu/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs330en.pdf. Accessed Oct 2011
143. Treadwell HM, Formicola AJ (2005) Improving the oral health of prisoners to improve overall health and well-being. Am J Public Health 95:1677-1678
144. Turner S, Brewster L, Kidd J, Gnich W, Ball GE, Milburn K, Pitts NB, Goold S, Conway DI, Macpherson LM (2010) Childsmile: the national child oral health improvement programme in Scotland. Part 2: Monitoring and delivery. Br Dent J 209:79-83
145. Valaitis R, Hesch R, Passarelli C, Sheehan D, Sinton J (2000) A systematic review of the relationship between breastfeeding and early childhood caries. Can J Public Health 91: 411-417
146. van der Putten GJ, Vanobbergen J, De Visschere L, Schols J, de Baat C (2009) Association of some specific nutrient deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people: a systematic literature review. Nutrition 25:717-722
147. Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD (2007). Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 97:667-675
148. Verrips GH, Kalsbeek H, Eijkman MAJ (2006) Ethnicity and maternal education as risk indicators for dental caries, and the role of dental behavior. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 21:209-214
149. Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Appelbe P, Marinho VCC, Shi X (2010) Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD007868
150. Watt RG, Marinho VC (2005) Does oral health promotion improve oral hygiene and gingival health? Periodontology 2000 37:35-47
151. Whelton H, O'Mullane DM (2007) Public health aspects of oral diseases and disorders. Dental caries. In: Pine C, Harris R (eds) Community oral health. Quintessence, London, pp 165-176
152. WHO (1986) The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. WHO, Geneva
153. WHO (2010a) Global oral health database and the WHO oral health country/area profile programme. WHO, Malmo
154. WHO (2010b) World health organization: significant caries index. http://www.whocollab.od.mah.se/sicdata.html. Accessed Oct 2011
155. Wong MCM, Glenny A-M, Tsang BWK, Lo ECM, Worthington HV, Marinho VCC (2010) Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD007693
156. Wyatt CCL, MacEntee MI (2008) Dental caries in chronically disabled elders. Special Care Dent 17:196-202
157. Xiong X, Buekens P, Fraser WD, Beck J, Offenbacher S (2006) Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. BJOG 113:135-143