Distribution of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes and malaria-attributable fraction of fever episodes along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon

Malaria Journal

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Tchuinkam, Timoléon ^a,c   Nyih Kong, Bridget ^a   Fopa, François ^a,b   Simard, Frédéric ^c,d   Antonio Nkondjio, Christophe ^c   Awono Ambene, Herman Parfait ^c   Guidone, Laura ^b   Mpoame, Mbida ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DSCHANG   (Cameroon)

^b HÔPITAL SAINT VINCENT DE PAUL   (Cameroon)

^c Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme Yaounde   (Cameroon)

^d INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT   (France)

Author keywords

Epidemic; Fever episode; Highland malaria; Infectious reservoir; Malaria early warning system

Indexed keywords

ARTEMETHER PLUS BENFLUMETOL;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALTITUDE; ANOREXIA; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; ASTHENIA; BLOOD SAMPLING; CAMEROON; CHILD; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CONSTIPATION; CONVULSION; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; EPIDEMIC; EVALUATION STUDY; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FEVER; FIELD STUDY; GAMETOCYTE; GROUPS BY AGE; HEADACHE; HEALTH CENTER; HUMAN; INFECTION RATE; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALARIA ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTION OF FEVER EPISODE; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; MALARIA INFECTIOUS RESERVOIR; MIGRATION; NAUSEA; OUTPATIENT; PARASITE PREVALENCE; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; POPULATION; PRURITUS; SEASONAL VARIATION; TROPHOZOITE; VOMITING; AGED; DISEASE CARRIER; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MONITORING; INFANT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; MIDDLE AGED; NEWBORN; PARASITOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CAMEROON; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DISEASE RESERVOIRS; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MONITORING; FEVER; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; MIDDLE AGED; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PREVALENCE; SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84925014532     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752875     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0594-6     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Clements AN. The Biology of Mosquitoes: Development, Nutrition and Reproduction, School Hyg Med, Volume 1. 2nd ed. London: CABI Publishing; 2000.
2. Beier JC, Oster CN, Onyango FK, Bales JD, Sherwood JA, Perkins PV, et al. Plasmodium falciparum incidence relative to entomologic inoculation rates at a site proposed for testing malaria vaccines in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1994;50:529-36.
3. Smith T, Killeen G, Lengeler C, Tanner M. Relationship between the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the intensity of transmission in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:80-6.
4. Snow RW, Omumbo JA, Lowe B, Molyneux CS, Obiero JO, Palmer A, et al. Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 1997;349:1650-4.
5. WHO. The Africa Malaria Report. WHO/CDS/MAL/2003.1093. World Health Organization/Unicef; 2003.
6. Jetten TH, Martens WJM, Takken W. Model simulation to estimate malaria risk under climate change. J Med Entomol. 1996;33:361-71.
7. Martens WJM, Nissans WL, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ. Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103:456-64.
8. Pascual M. Altitudinal changes in malaria incidence in highlands of Ethiopia and Colombia. Science. 2014;343:1154-8.
9. Worral E, Rietveld A, Delacollette C. The burden of malaria epidemics and cost-effectiveness of interventions in epidemic situations in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71 Suppl 2:136-40.
10. Robert V, Macintyre K, Keating J, Trape J-F, Duchemin J-B, McWilson W, et al. Malaria transmission in urban sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:169-76.
11. Githeko KA, Ndegwa W. Predicting malaria epidemics in the Kenyan highlands using climate data: a toll for decision makers. Glob Chan Hum Health. 2001;2:54-63.
12. Snow RW, Gouws E, Omumbo J, Rapuolda B, Craig MH, Tanser FC, et al. Models to predict the intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: applications to the burden of diseases in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998;92:601-6.
13. Abeku TA, Hay SI, Ochola S, Langi P, Beard B, De Vlas SI, et al. Malaria epidemic early warning and detection in Africa highlands. Trends Parasitol. 2004;20:400-5.
14. Hay SI, Snow RW, Rogers DJ. Predicting malaria seasons in Kenya using multi-temporal meteorological satellite sensor data. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hy. 1998;92:12-20.
15. Kovats RS. El Niño and human health. Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78:1127-35.
16. Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML. Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Niño. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93:480-7.
17. Patz JA, Strzepek K, Lele S, Hedden M, Greene S, Noden B, et al. Predicting key malaria transmission factors, biting and entomological inoculation rates, using modeled soil moisture in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3:818-27.
18. Najera JA, Kouznetsov RL, Delacollette C. Les épidémies de paludisme: comment les détecter, les combattre, les prévoir et les prévenir, Programme de lutte contre le paludisme, OMS, division de la lutte contre les maladies tropicales. WHO/MAL/98.1084; 1998.
19. WHO. Malaria early warning systems: concepts, indicators and partners: a framework for field research in Africa. Geneva: WHO/CDS/RBM; 2001. p. 32.
20. De Ribes C, Ranaivoson G, Rakotoherisoa E, Rakotoson JD, Andriamahefazafy B. Une épidémie de paludisme dans le Sud de Madagascar? Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar. 1994;61:66-9.
21. Blanchy S, Rakotonjanabelo A, Ranaivoson G. Surveillance épidémiologique du paludisme instable. Cahiers Santé. 1993;3:247-55.
22. Faye O, Gaye O, Konate L, Molez JF, Feller-Dansoko E, Herve JP. Prediction and prevention of malaria epidemics in the Senegal River basin. Cahier Santé. 1988;8:347-52.
23. Thomson MC, Connor SJ. The development of malaria early warning system for Africa. Trends Parasitol. 2001;17:438-45.
24. Mueller DH, Abeku TA, Okia M, Rapuoda B, Cox J. Costs of early detection systems for epidemic malaria in highland areas of Kenya and Uganda. Malar J. 2009;8:17.
25. MINSANTE. Plan stratégique de la lutte contre le paludisme au Cameroun. Cameroun, GTC: Ministère de la Santé publique; 2002.
26. Koram KA, Molyneux ME. When is "malaria" malaria? The different burden of malaria infection, disease, and malaria-like illnesses. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007;77 Suppl 6:1-5.
27. Molyneux M. When is "malaria" malaria ? In abstracts from the fourth MIM Pan-African malaria conference, Yaounde; 13-18 November 2005. Acta Trop. 2005;95S:1-506. O.114.
28. Smith T, Hurt N, Teuscher T, Tanner M. Is fever a good sign for clinical malaria in surveys of endemic communities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52:306-10.
29. Blatteis CM. Fever: pathological or physiological, injurious or beneficial? J Thermal Biol. 2003;28:1-13.
30. Saper CB, Breder CD. The neurologic basis of fever. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1880-6.
31. Jiang Q, De TollaCross AS, Singh IS, Gatdula L, Fitzgerald B, Van Rooijen N, et al. Exposure to febrile temperature upregulate expression of pyrogenic cytokine in endotoxin-challenged mice. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:1653-60.
32. Broom M. Physiology of fever. Paediatr Nurs. 2007;19:40-5.
33. WHO. Global Strategy for Malaria Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.
34. Gosling RD, Drakeley CJ, Mwita A, Chandramohan D. Presumptive treatment of fever cases as malaria: help or hindrance for malaria control? Malar J. 2008;7:132.
35. WHO. Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. 2nd edition. World Health Organization; 2010.
36. Okiro EA, Snow RW. The relationship between reported fever and Plasmodium falciparum infection in Africa. Malar J. 2010;9:99.
37. Laishram DD, Stutton PL, Nanda N, Sharma VL, Sobti RC, Carlton JM, et al. The complexity of malaria disease manifestations with a focus on asymptomatic malaria. Malar J. 2012;11:29.
38. Rogier C, Commenges D, Trape JF. Evidence of an age dependent pyrogenic threshold of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in highly endemic populations. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;54:613-9.
39. Olivry JC. Fleuves et rivières du Cameroun, MESRES-ORSTOM. Paris: Collection Monographie Hydrologiques. Editions de l'ORSTOM; 1986. p. 9.
40. Tchuinkam T, Simard F, Lélé-Defo E, Téné-Fossog B, Tateng-Ngouateu A, Antonio-Nkondjio C, et al. Bionomics of Anopheline species and malaria transmission dynamics along an altitudinal transect in Western Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:119-30.
41. Tateng NA. Evaluation du profil parasitologique et du réservoir infestant du paludisme humain le long d'un transect altitudinal dans la Menoua (Ouest Cameroun). Cameroun: Thèse de Master of Science de l'Université de Dschang; 2006.
42. e RGPH). Central Bureau of the Census and Population studies, Ministère de l'Economie, de la Planification et de l'Aménagement du Térritoire (BUCREP/MINEPLADAT). Annual report of the MINEPLADAT; 2010.
43. OMS. Techniques de base pour le diagnostic microscopique du paludisme. Genève: Genève: Guide du stagiaire, Partie I; Organisation Mondiale de la Santé; 1994.
44. WHO. Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Malaria Infection. 2nd ed. 2000.
45. Smith DL, Guerra CA, Snow RW, Hay SI. Standardizing estimates of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate. Malar J. 2007;6:131.
46. Bodker R, Akida J, Shayo D, Kisinza W, Msangeni HA, Pedersen EM, et al. Relationship between altitude and intensity of malaria transmission in the Usambara mountains, Tanzania. J Med Entomol. 2003;40:706-17.
47. Maxwell CA, Chambo W, Mwaimu M, Magogo F, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF. Variation of malaria transmission and morbidity with altitude in Tanzania and with introduction of alphacypermethrin treated nets. Malar J. 2003;2:28.
48. Drakeley C, Carneiro I, Reyburn H, Malina R, Lasing APJ, Cox J, et al. Altitude-dependent and -independent variations in Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in Northeastern Tanzania. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1589-98.
49. Minakawa N, Munga S, Atieli F, Mushinzimana E, Zhou G, Githeko AK, et al. Spatial distribution of anopheles larval habitats in Western Kenya highlands: effects of land cover types and topography. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:157-65.
50. Githeko KA, Ayisi MJ, Okada KP, Atieli KF, Ndenga AB, Githure IJ, et al. Topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in Western Kenya highlands: prospect for focal vector control. Malar J. 2006;5:107.
51. Stuyft P, Manirankunda L, Delacollette C. L'approche de risque dans le diagnostic du paludisme maladie en région d'altitude. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1993;73:81-9.
52. Shanks GD, Biomndo K, Maguire J. Travel as a risk factor for malaria requiring hospitalisation on a highland tea plantation in Western Kenya. J Travel Med. 2004;11:354-7.
53. Zhou G, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G. Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East Africa highlands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:2375-80.
54. Giha HA, Rosthoj S, Hviid L, Satti GMH, Scheike T, Arnot DE, et al. The epidemiology of febrile malaria episodes in an area of unstable and seasonal transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:645-51.
55. Cameroun Tribune. Le MINSANTE sur le terrain de la lutte contre le paludisme, L'actualité en continu. 2013.
56. Mouchet J, Carnevale P, Coosemans M, Fontenille D, Ravoonjanahary C, Richard A, et al. Typologie du paludisme en Afrique. Cahiers Santé. 1993;3:220-8.
57. Mouchet J, Carnevale P, Coosemans M, Julvez J, Manguin S, Lenoble DR, et al. Biodiversité du paludisme dans le monde. Paris: Ed. John Libbey; 2004.
58. Hay SI, Gurra CA, Tatem AJ, Atkinson PM, Snow RW. Urbanisation, malaria and disease burden in Africa. Nat Rev Microbial. 2005;3:81-90.
59. Bodker R, Hamisi A, Msangeni HA, Kisinza W, Lindsay SW. Relationship between the intensity of exposure to malaria parasites and infection in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;754:716-23.
60. Lusingu JPA, Vestergaard LS, Mmbando BP, Drakeley CJ, Jones C, Akida J, et al. Malaria morbidity and immunity among resistants of villages with different Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in North-Eastern Tanzania. Malar J. 2004;3:26.
61. Roca-Feltrer A, Carneiro I, Smith L, Armstrong Schellenberg JC, Greenwood B, Shellenberg D. The age patterns of severe malaria in sub- Saharan Africa across a range of transmission intensities and seasonalitysetting. Malar J. 2010;9:282.
62. Cox J, Craig M, Le Sueur D, Sharp B. Towards an Atlas of Malaria Risk in Africa: First Technical Report of the ARMA/MARA. Durban (South Africa): Mapping malaria risk in Africa (MARA). Highland malaria (HIMAL) project; 1998.
63. Lawpoolsri S, Chavez IF, Yimsamran S, Puangsa-Art S, Thanyavanich N, Maneeboonyang W, et al. The impact of human reservoir of malaria at a community-level on individual malaria occurrence in a low malaria transmission setting along the Thai-Mayanmar border. Malar J. 2010;9:143.
64. Smith T, Schellenberg JA, Haves R. Attributable fraction estimates and case definitions for malaria in endemic areas. Stat Med. 1994;13:2345-58.
65. Mabunda S, Aponte JJ, Tiago A, Alonso P. Acountry-wide malaria survey in Mozambique. II. Malaria attributable proportion of fever and establishment of malaria case definition in children across different epidemiological settings. Malar J. 2009;8:74.
66. D'Acremont V, Lengeler C, Genton B. Reduction in the proportion of fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Africa: a systematic review. Malar J. 2010;9:240.