Local and regional components of aerosol in a heavily trafficked street canyon in central London derived from PMF and cluster analysis of single-particle ATOFMS spectra

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 3330-3340

  Giorio, Chiara ^a,b,f   Tapparo, Andrea ^a   Dallosto, Manuel ^c   Beddows, David C S ^b   Esser Gietl, Johanna K ^b,g   Healy, Robert M ^d   Harrison, Roy M ^b,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^c INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIES DEL MAR   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^e KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^g DEUTSCHER WETTERDIENST   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; FACTORIZATION; K-MEANS CLUSTERING; MASS SPECTROMETRY; URBAN TRANSPORTATION;

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION; REGIONAL TRANSPORT; ROAD TRAFFIC EMISSIONS; SECONDARY AEROSOLS; SECONDARY PARTICLES; TRAFFIC EMISSIONS; URBAN STREET CANYON;

ROADS AND STREETS;

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; AIR CONDITIONING; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; STREET CANYON; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

AEROSOL TIME OF FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY; ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL REACTION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PARTICULATE MATTER; POSITIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION; SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL; UNITED KINGDOM; WIND; AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTANT; ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMAN; MOTOR VEHICLE; PARTICLE SIZE; PROCEDURES; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; URBANIZATION;

ENGLAND; LONDON [ENGLAND]; UNITED KINGDOM;

AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTANT; AMMONIUM DERIVATIVE; CARBON; ORGANIC COMPOUND; PARTICULATE MATTER;

AEROSOLS; AIR POLLUTANTS; AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; CARBON; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMANS; LONDON; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOTOR VEHICLES; ORGANIC CHEMICALS; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; URBANIZATION;

EID: 84925012679     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es506249z     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Clean Air For Europe (CAFE) Loss in life expectancy attributable to exposure to fine particulatematter. The CAFE reference documents, (2011. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/cafe/general/pdf/map-pm.pdf (accessed October 27, 2014).
2. Chong, U.; Yim, S. H. L.; Barrett, S. R. H.; Boies, A. M. Air quality and climate impacts of alternative bus technologies in greater London Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014) 48, 4613-4622
3. Harrison, R. M.; Giorio, C.; Beddows, D. C. S.; DallOsto, M. Size distribution of airborne particles controls outcome of epidemiological studies Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 409, 289-293
4. Raaschou-Nielsen, O.; Andersen, Z. J.; Beelen, R.; Samoli, E.; Stafoggia, M.; Weinmayr, G.; Hoffmann, B.; Fischer, P.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J.; Brunekreef, B.; Xun, W. W.; Katsouyanni, K.; Dimakopoulou, K.; Sommar, J.; Forsberg, B.; Modig, L.; Oudin, A.; Oftedal, B.; Schwarze, P. E.; Nafstad, P.; DeFaire, U.; Pedersen, N. L.; Östenson, C.-G.; Fratiglioni, L.; Penell, J.; Korek, M.; Pershagen, G.; Eriksen, K. T.; Sørensen, M.; Tjønneland, A.; Ellermann, T.; Eeftens, M.; Peeters, P. H.; Meliefste, K.; Wang, M.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, B.; Key, T. J.; deHoogh, K.; Concin, H.; Nagel, G.; Vilier, A.; Grioni, S.; Krogh, V.; Tsai, M.-Y.; Ricceri, F.; Sacerdote, C.; Galassi, C.; Migliore, E.; Ranzi, A.; Cesaroni, G.; Badaloni, C.; Forastiere, F.; Tamayo, I.; Amiano, P.; Dorronsoro, M.; Trichopoulou, A.; Bamia, C.; Vineis, P.; Hoek, G. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: Prospective analyses from the European study of cohorts for air pollution effects (ESCAPE) Lancet Oncol. 2013, 14, 813-822
5. Yim, S. H. L.; Barrett, S. R. H. Public health impacts of combustion emissions in the United Kingdom Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 4291-4296
6. Zhang, Q.; Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Ulbrich, I. M.; Ng, N. L.; Worsnop, D. R.; Sun, Y. Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: A review Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 401, 3045-3067
7. Denjean, C.; Formenti, P.; Picquet-Varrault, B.; Katrib, Y.; Camredon, M.; Pangui, E.; Zapf, P.; Giorio, C.; Tapparo, A.; Monod, A.; Siekmann, F.; Decorse, P.; Mangeney, C.; Aumont, B.; Doussin, J. F. Relating hygroscopicity, optical properties and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol from α-pinene ozonolysis Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2014, 14, 10543-10596
8. Giorio, C.; Tapparo, A.; Scapellato, M. L.; Carrieri, M.; Apostoli, P.; Bartolucci, G. B. Field comparison of a personal cascade impactor sampler, an optical particle counter and CEN-EU standard methods for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 measurement in urban environment J. Aerosol Sci. 2013, 65, 111-120
9. Jimenez, J. L.; Canagaratna, M. R.; Donahue, N. M.; Prevot, A. S.; Zhang, Q.; Kroll, J. H.; DeCarlo, P. F.; Allan, J. D.; Coe, H.; Ng, N. L.; Aiken, A. C.; Docherty, K. S.; Ulbrich, I. M.; Grieshop, A. P.; Robinson, A. L.; Duplissy, J.; Smith, J. D.; Wilson, K. R.; Lanz, V. A.; Hueglin, C.; Sun, Y. L.; Tian, J.; Laaksonen, A.; Raatikainen, T.; Rautiainen, J.; Vaattovaara, P.; Ehn, M.; Kulmala, M.; Tomlinson, J. M.; Collins, D. R.; Cubison, M. J.; Dunlea, E. J.; Huffman, J. A.; Onasch, T. B.; Alfarra, M. R.; Williams, P. I.; Bower, K.; Kondo, Y.; Schneider, J.; Drewnick, F.; Borrmann, S.; Weimer, S.; Demerjian, K.; Salcedo, D.; Cottrell, L.; Griffin, R.; Takami, A.; Miyoshi, T.; Hatakeyama, S.; Shimono, A.; Sun, J. Y.; Zhang, Y. M.; Dzepina, K.; Kimmel, J. R.; Sueper, D.; Jayne, J. T.; Herndon, S. C.; Trimborn, A. M.; Williams, L. R.; Wood, E. C.; Middlebrook, A. M.; Kolb, C. E.; Baltensperger, U.; Worsnop, D. R. Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere Science 2009, 326, 1525-1529
10. Kourtchev, I.; Fuller, S. J.; Giorio, C.; Healy, R. M.; Wilson, E.; OConnor, I.; Wenger, J. C.; McLeod, M.; Aalto, J.; Ruuskanen, T. M.; Maenhaut, W.; Jones, R.; Venables, D. S.; Sodeau, J. R.; Kulmala, M.; Kalberer, M. Molecular composition of biogenic secondary organic aerosols using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry: Comparing laboratory and field studies Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 1-13
11. Kourtchev, I.; OConnor, I. P.; Giorio, C.; Fuller, S. J.; Kristensen, K.; Maenhaut, W.; Wenger, J. C.; Sodeau, J. R.; Glasius, M.; Kalberer, M. Effects of anthropogenic emissions on the molecular composition of urban organic aerosols: An ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry study Atmos. Environ. 2014, 89, 525-532
12. Rincón, A. G.; Calvo, A. I.; Dietzel, M.; Kalberer, M. Seasonal differences of urban organic aerosol composition-An ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry study Environ. Chem. 2012, 9, 298-319
13. Ehn, M.; Thornton, J. A.; Kleist, E.; Sipilä, M.; Junninen, H.; Pullinen, I.; Springer, M.; Rubach, F.; Tillmann, R.; Lee, B.; Lopez-Hilfiker, F.; Andres, S.; Acir, I. H.; Rissanen, M.; Jokinen, T.; Schobesberger, S.; Kangasluoma, J.; Kontkanen, J.; Nieminen, T.; Kurtén, T.; Nielsen, L. B.; Jørgensen, S.; Kjaergaard, H. G.; Canagaratna, M.; Maso, M. D.; Berndt, T.; Petäjä, T.; Wahner, A.; Kerminen, V. M.; Kulmala, M.; Worsnop, D. R.; Wildt, J.; Mentel, T. F. A large source of low-volatility secondary organic aerosol Nature 2014, 506, 476-479
14. Hallquist, M.; Wenger, J. C.; Baltensperger, U.; Rudich, Y.; Simpson, D.; Claeys, M.; Dommen, J.; Donahue, N. M.; George, C.; Goldstein, A. H.; Hamilton, J. F.; Herrmann, H.; Hoffmann, T.; Iinuma, Y.; Jang, M.; Jenkin, M. E.; Jimenez, J. L.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Maenhaut, W.; McFiggans, G.; Mentel, T. F.; Monod, A.; Prévôt, A. S. H.; Seinfeld, J. H.; Surratt, J. D.; Szmigielski, R.; Wildt, J. The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 5155-5236
15. -3) at a heavily trafficked London site? Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 1960-1975
16. Harrison, R. M.; Beddows, D. C. S.; DallOsto, M. PMF Analysis of wide-range particle size spectra collected on a major highway Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 5522-5528
17. Gietl, J. K.; Lawrence, R.; Thorpe, A. J.; Harrison, R. M. Identification of brake wear particles and derivation of a quantitative tracer for brake dust at a major road Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 141-146
18. Harrison, R. M.; Yin, J.; Mark, D.; Stedman, J.; Appleby, R. S.; Booker, J.; Moorcroft, S. Studies of the coarse particle (2.5-10 μm) component in UK urban atmospheres Atmos. Environ. 2001, 21, 3667-3679
19. Harrison, R. M.; DallOsto, M.; Beddows, D. C. S.; Thorpe, A. J.; Bloss, W. J.; Allan, J. D.; Coe, H.; Dorsey, J. R.; Gallagher, M.; Martin, C.; Whitehead, J.; Williams, P. I.; Jones, R. L.; Langridge, J. M.; Benton, A. K.; Ball, S. M.; Langford, B.; Hewitt, C. N.; Davison, B.; Martin, D.; Petersson, K. F.; Henshaw, S. J.; White, I. R.; Shallcross, D. E.; Barlow, J. F.; Dunbar, T.; Davies, F.; Nemitz, E.; Phillips, G. J.; Helfter, C.; Di Marco, C. F.; Smith, S. Atmospheric chemistry and physics in the atmosphere of a developed megacity (London): An overview of the REPARTEE experiment and its conclusions Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 3065-3114
20. Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Ruiz, C. R.; Artiñano, B.; Hansson, H. C.; Harrison, R. M.; Buringh, E.; Ten Brink, H. M.; Lutz, M.; Bruckmann, P.; Straehl, P.; Schneider, J. Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in selected European cities Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 6547-6555
21. Thorpe, A. J.; Harrison, R. M.; Boulter, P. G.; McCrae, I. S. Estimation of particle resuspension source strength on a major London Road Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 8007-8020
22. AQEG. Particulate matter in the United Kingdom. Report ofthe UK Air Quality Expert Group, AQEG. Prepared for the Departmentfor Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the Scottish Executive, theWelsh Assembly Government and the Department of the Environment inNorthern Ireland, (2005. http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/airquality/publications/particulate-matter/documents/pm-summary.pdf (accessed October 27, 2014).
23. 10 in road dust deposited in urban environment Atmos. Environ. 2009) 43, 1650-1659
24. Amato, F.; Pandolfi, M.; Escrig, A.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; Pey, J.; Perez, N.; Hopke, P. K. Quantifying road dust resuspension in urban environment by Multilinear Engine: a comparison with PMF2 Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 2770-2780
25. Thorpe, A.; Harrison, R. M. Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 400, 270-282
26. Jeong, C.-H.; McGuire, M. L.; Godri, K. J.; Slowik, J. G.; Rehbein, P. J. G.; Evans, G. J. Quantification of aerosol chemical composition using continuous single particle measurements Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 7027-7044
27. Pekney, N. J.; Davidson, C. I.; Bein, K. J.; Wexler, A. S.; Johnston, M. V. Identification of sources of atmospheric PM at the Pittsburgh supersite, Part I: single particle analysis and filter-based positive matrix factorization Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, S411-S423
28. Wexler, A. S.; Johnston, M. V. What have we learned from highly time-resolved measurements during EPAs supersites program and related studies? J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 2008, 58, 303-319
29. DallOsto, M.; Harrison, R. M.; Beddows, D. C. S. Single-particle efficiencies of aerosol time-of flight mass spectrometry during the North Atlantic marine boundary layer experiment Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 5029-5035
30. DallOsto, M.; Harrison, R. M. Urban organic aerosols measured by single particle mass spectrometry in the megacity of London Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 4127-4142
31. Giorio, C.; Tapparo, A.; DallOsto, M.; Harrison, R. M.; Beddows, D. C. S.; Nemitz, E.; Di Marco, C. Comparison of three techniques for analysis of data from an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer Atmos. Environ. 2012, 61, 316-326
32. McGuire, M. L.; Jeong, C. H.; Slowik, J. G.; Chang, R. Y. W.; Corbin, J. C.; Lu, G.; Mlhele, C.; Rehbein, P. J. G.; Sills, D. M. L.; Abbatt, J. P. D.; Brook, J. R.; Evans, G. J. Elucidating determinants of aerosol composition through particle-type-based receptor modelling Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11, 8133-8155
33. Crippa, M.; De Carlo, P. F.; Slowik, J. G.; Mohr, C.; Heringa, M. F.; Chirico, R.; Poulain, L.; Freutel, F.; Sciare, J.; Cozic, J.; Di Marco, C. F.; Elsasser, M.; Nicolas, J. B.; Marchand, N.; Abidi, E.; Wiedensohler, A.; Drewnick, F.; Schneider, J.; Borrmann, S.; Nemitz, E.; Zimmermann, R.; Jaffrezo, J.-L.; Prévôt, A. S. H.; Baltensperger, U. Wintertime aerosol chemical composition and source apportionment of the organic fraction in the metropolitan area of Paris Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 961-981
34. Healy, R. M.; Sciare, J.; Poulain, L.; Crippa, M.; Wiedensohler, A.; Prévôt, A. S. H.; Baltensperger, U.; Sarda-Estève, R.; McGuire, M. L.; Jeong, C.-H.; McGillicuddy, E.; OConnor, I. P.; Sodeau, J. R.; Evans, G. J.; Wenger, J. C. Quantitative determination of carbonaceous particle mixing state in Paris using single-particle mass spectrometer and aerosol mass spectrometer measurements Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 9479-9496
35. Lee, A. K. Y.; Willis, M. D.; Healy, R. M.; Onasch, T. B.; Abbatt, J. P. D. Single particle characterization using the soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2014, 14, 15323-15361
36. Draxler, R. R.; Rolph, G. D. HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory), model v 4.9; NOAA Air Resource Laboratory: Silver Spring, MD, 2003; http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php (accessed October 27, 2014).
37. DallOsto, M.; Beddows, D. C. S.; Kinnersley, R. P.; Harrison, R. M. Characterization of individual airborne particles by using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry at Mace Head, Ireland J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2004, 109 D21302 10.1029/2004JD004747
38. Drewnick, F.; DallOsto, M.; Harrison, R. M. Characterization of aerosol particles from grass mowing by joint deployment of ToF-AMS and ATOFMS instruments Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 3006-3017
39. Gard, E.; Mayer, J. E.; Morrical, B. D.; Dienes, T.; Fergenson, D. P.; Prather, K. A. Real-time analysis of individual atmospheric aerosol particles: design and performance of a portable ATOFMS Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 4083-4091
40. Su, Y.; Sipin, M. F.; Furutani, H.; Prather, K. A. Development and characterization of an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer with increased detection efficiency Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 712-719
41. Paatero, P. Users Guide for Positive Matrix Factorization Programs PMF2 and PMF3; University of Helsinki: Helsinki, Finland, 1998.
42. Paatero, P.; Tapper, U. Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values Environmetrics 1994, 5, 111-126
43. Gross, D. S.; Atlas, R.; Rzeszotarski, J.; Turetsky, E.; Christensen, J.; Benzaid, S.; Olson, J.; Smith, T.; Steinberg, L.; Sulman, J.; Ritz, A.; Anderson, B.; Nelson, C.; Musicant, D. R.; Chen, L.; Snyder, D. C.; Schauer, J. J. Environmental chemistry through intelligent atmospheric data analysis Environ. Modell. Softw. 2010, 25, 760-769
44. MacQueen, J.. Some Methods for Classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations, Proceedings of 5th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 1.; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, 1967; pp 281-297.
45. Healy, R. M.; Riemer, N.; Wenger, J. C.; Murphy, M.; West, M.; Poulain, L.; Wiedensohler, A.; OConnor, I. P.; McGillicuddy, E.; Sodeau, J. R.; Evans, G. J. Single particle diversity and mixing state measurements Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2014, 14, 6289-6299
46. Riemer, N.; West, M. Quantifying aerosol mixing state with entropy and diversity measures Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 11423-11439
47. McLafferty, F. W. Interpretation of Mass Spectra, 3 rd ed.; CA University Co. Books: Valley, CA, 1983.
48. Angelino, S.; Suess, D. T.; Prather, K. A. Formation of aerosol particles from reactions of secondary and tertiary alkylamines: Characterization by aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 3130-3138
49. Vardoulakis, S.; Fisher, B. E. A.; Pericleous, K.; Gonzalez-Flesca, N. Modelling air quality in street canyons: a review Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, 155-182
50. 2.5-10) particulate matter on a heavily trafficked London highway: Sources and processes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 7768-7776
51. Atkinson, R. W.; Barratt, B.; Armstrong, B.; Anderson, H. R.; Beevers, S. D.; Mudway, I. S.; Green, D.; Derwent, R. G.; Wilkinson, P.; Tonne, C.; Kelly, F. J. The impact of the congestion charging scheme on ambient air pollution concentrations in London Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 5493-5500
52. Beevers, S. D.; Carslaw, D. C. The impact of congestion charging on vehicle emissions in London Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 1-5
53. Jones, A. M.; Harrison, R. M. Estimation of the emission factors of particle number and mass fractions from traffic at a site where mean vehicle speeds vary over short distances Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 7125-7137
54. Keogh, D. U.; Kelly, J.; Mengersen, K. L.; Jayaratne, R.; Ferreira, L.; Morawska, L. Derivation of motor vehicle tailpipe particle emission factors suitable for modelling urban fleet emissions and air quality assessments Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2010, 17, 724-739
55. Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., New Jersey, USA, 1988.
56. Reilly, P. T. A.; Lazar, A. C.; Gieray, R. A.; Whitten, W. B.; Ramsey, J. M. The elucidation of charge-transfer-induced matrix effects in environmental aerosols via real-time aerosol mass spectral analysis of individual airborne particles Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2000, 33, 135-152
57. Reinard, M. S.; Johnston, M. V. Ion formation mechanism in laser desorption ionization of individual particles J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 19, 389-399
58. Cadle, S. H.; Mulawa, P. A. Low molecular weight aliphatic amines in exhaust from catalyst-equipped cars Environ. Sci. Technol. 1980, 14, 718-723
59. Ge, X.; Wexler, A. S.; Clegg, S. L. Atmospheric amines-Part I. A review Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 524-546
60. Holzinger, R.; Jordan, A.; Hansel, A.; Lindinger, W. Automobile emissions of acetonitrile: Assessment of its contribution to the global source J. Atmos. Chem. 2001, 38, 187-193
61. Fraser, M. P.; Cass, G. R. Detection of excess ammonia emissions from in-use vehicles and the implications for fine particle control Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998, 32, 1053-1057
62. Sutton, M. A.; Dragosits, U.; Tang, Y. S.; Fowler, D. Ammonia emissions from non-agricultural sources in the UK Atmos. Environ. 2000, 34, 855-869
63. Tanner, P. Vehicle-related ammonia emissions in Hong Kong Environ. Chem. Lett. 2009, 7, 37-40
64. Suarez-Bertoa, R.; Zardini, A. A.; Astorga, C. Ammonia exhaust emissions from spark ignition vehicles over the New European Driving Cycle Atmos. Environ. 2014, 97, 43-53
65. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the council quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union: Eighth annual report (Reporting year 2009). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0127 (accessed November 18, 2014).
66. Martin, C. L.; Allan, J. D.; Crosier, J.; Choularton, T. W.; Coe, H.; Gallagher, M. W. Seasonal variation of fine particulate composition in the centre of a UK city Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 4379-4389
67. Abdalmogith, S. S.; Harrison, R. M. The use of trajectory cluster analysis to examine the long-range transport of secondary inorganic aerosol in the UK Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 6686-6695
68. Miller, J. A.; Bowman, C. T. Mechanism and modeling of nitrogen chemistry in combustion Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1989, 15, 287-338
69. Cheng, Y.; Engling, G.; He, K.-B.; Duan, F.-K.; Ma, Y.-L.; Du, Z.-Y.; Liu, J.-M.; Zheng, M.; Weber, R. J. Biomass burning contribution to Beijing aerosol Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 7765-7781
70. Guazzotti, S. A.; Suess, D. T.; Coffee, K. R.; Quinn, P. K.; Bates, T. S.; Wisthaler, A.; Hansel, A.; Ball, W. P.; Dickerson, R. R.; Neusüß, C.; Crutzen, P. J.; Prather, K. A. Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols outflow from India and Arabia: Biomass/biofuel burning and fossil fuel combustion J. Geophys. Res. 2003, 108 (D15 4485 10.1029/2002JD003277
71. Dallmann, T. R.; Onasch, T. B.; Kirchstetter, T. W.; Worton, D. R.; Fortner, E. C.; Herndon, S. C.; Wood, E. C.; Franklin, J. P.; Worsnop, D. R.; Goldstein, A. H.; Harley, R. A. Characterization of particulate matter emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2014, 14, 4007-4049
72. De Caland, L. B.; Silveira, E. L. C.; Tubino, M. Determination of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium cations in biodiesel by ion chromatography Anal. Chim. Acta 2012, 718, 116-120
73. Gross, D. S.; Galli, M. E.; Silva, P. J.; Prather, K. A. Relative sensitivity factors for alkali metal and ammonium cations in single-particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectra Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 416-422
74. Cross, E. S.; Sappok, A.; Fortner, E. C.; Hunter, J. F.; Jayne, J. T.; Wong, V. W.; Trimborn, A.; Worsnop, D. R.; Kroll, J. H.; Brooks, W. A.; Onasch, T. B. Real-time measurements of engine-out trace elements: application of a novel soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer for emissions characterization J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 2012, 134, 072801
75. Cheung, K. L.; Ntziachristos, L.; Tzamkiozis, T.; Schauer, J. J.; Samaras, Z.; Moore, K. F.; Sioutas, C. Emissions of particulate trace elements, metals and organic species from gasoline, diesel, and biodiesel passenger vehicles and their relation to oxidative potential Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 500-513
76. DallOsto, M.; Harrison, R. M.; Coe, H.; Williams, P. I.; Allan, J. D. Real time chemical characterization of local and regional nitrate aerosols Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 3709-3720
77. Day, D. A.; Liu, S.; Russell, L. M.; Ziemann, P. J. Organonitrate group concentrations in submicron particles with high nitrate an organic fractions in coastal southern California Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 1970-1979
78. Pratt, K. A.; Hatch, L. E.; Prather, K. A. Seasonal volatility dependence of ambient particle phase amines Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 5276-5281
79. Vehkamäki, H. Classical Nucleation Theory in Multicomponent Systems; Springer: New York, 2006.
80. 2O in a new reaction chamber for atmospheric chemistry and physics Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 2668-2678
81. Volkamer, R.; Jimenez, J. L.; San Martini, F.; Dzepina, K.; Zhang, Q.; Salcedo, D.; Molina, L. T.; Worsnop, D. R.; Molina, M. J. Secondary organic aerosol formation from anthropogenic air pollution: Rapid and higher than expected Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33 L17811 10.1029/2006GL026899
82. Emanuelsson, E. U.; Hallquist, M.; Kristensen, K.; Glasius, M.; Bohn, B.; Fuchs, H.; Kammer, B.; Kiendler-Scharr, A.; Nehr, S.; Rubach, F.; Tillmann, R.; Wahner, A.; Wu, H.-C.; Mentel, Th. F. Formation of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influence on biogenic SOA properties Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 2837-2855
83. Platt, S. M.; El Haddad, I.; Zardini, A. A.; Clairotte, M.; Astorga, C.; Wolf, R.; Slowik, J. G.; Temime-Roussel, B.; Marchand, N.; Ježek, I.; Drinovec, L.; Močnik, G.; Möhler, O.; Richter, R.; Barmet, P.; Bianchi, F.; Baltensperger, U.; Prévôt, A. S. H. Secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline vehicle emissions in a new mobile environmental reaction chamber Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 9141-9158
84. Bedjanian, Y.; Nguyen, M. L.; Le Bras, G. Kinetics of the reactions of soot surface-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with the OH radicals Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 1754-1760
85. Slade, J. H.; Knopf, D. A. Multiphase OH oxidation kinetics of organic aerosol: the role of particle phase state and relative humidity Geophys. Res. Lett. 2014, 41, 5297-5306
86. Stroud, C. A.; Liggio, J.; Zhang, J.; Gordon, M.; Staebler, R. M.; Makar, P. A.; Zhang, J.; Li, S.-M.; Mihele, C.; Lu, G.; Wang, D. K.; Wentzell, J.; Brook, J. R.; Evans, G. J. Rapid organic aerosol formation downwind of a highway: Measured and model results from the FEVER study J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2014, 119, 1663-1679
87. DallOsto, M.; Ovadnevaite, J.; Ceburnis, D.; Martin, D.; Healy, R. M.; OConnor, I. P.; Kourtchev, I.; Sodeau, J. R.; Wenger, J. C.; ODowd, C. Characterization of urban aerosol in Cork city (Ireland) using aerosol mass spectrometry Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 4997-5015
88. de Foy, B.; Smyth, A. M.; Thompson, S. L.; Gross, D. S.; Olson, M. R.; Sager, N.; Schauer, J. J. Sources of nickel, vanadium, and black carbon in aerosols in Milwaukee Atmos. Environ. 2012, 59, 294-301
89. Zhang, G.; Bi, X.; Chan, L. Y.; Li, L.; Wang, X.; Feng, J.; Sheng, G.; Fu, J.; Li, M.; Zhou, Z. Enhanced trimethylamine-containing particles during fog events detected by single particle aerosol mass spectrometry in urban Guangzhou China Atmos. Environ. 2012, 55, 121-126
90. Zhao, Y.; Gao, Y. Acidic species and chloride depletion in coarse aerosol particles in the US east coast Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 407, 541-547