Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae): A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicology

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 165, Issue , 2015, Pages 215-226

  Mongalo, N I ^a,b   McGaw, L J ^b   Finnie, J F ^b   Staden, J Van ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Pharmacology; Polygalaceae; Securidaca longipedunculata; Toxicology; Xanthones

Indexed keywords

BENZYL BENZOATE; PLANT EXTRACT; SAPONIN; SECURIDACA LONGIPEDUNCULATA EXTRACT; TRITERPENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XANTHONE DERIVATIVE;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BARK; ENZYME INHIBITION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY; NONHUMAN; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; SECURIDACA; SECURIDACA LONGIPEDUNCULATA; TOXICOLOGY; TRANQUILIZING ACTIVITY; AFRICAN MEDICINE; CHEMISTRY; ETHNOBOTANY; PHYTOTHERAPY; PROCEDURES;

POLYGALACEAE; SCOPUS; SECURIDACA LONGIPEDUNCULATA;

ETHNOBOTANY; HUMANS; MEDICINE, AFRICAN TRADITIONAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; SECURIDACA;

EID: 84925002459     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: 18727573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.041     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. O.L. Adebayo, and K. Osman A comparative evaluation of in vitro growth inhibitory activities of different solvent extracts of some medicinal plants in Northern Ghana against selected human pathogens IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 2 2012 199 206
2. O.O. Adeyemi, A.J. Akindele, O.K. Yemitan, F.R. Aigbe, and F.I. Fagbo Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and sedative activities of the aqueous root extract of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 2010 191 195
3. R.C. Adiele, B.B. Fakae, and I.U. Isuzu Anthelmintic activity of Securidaca longepedunculata (Family: Polygalaceae) root extract in mice, in vitro and in vivo Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 6 2013 841 846
4. E. Afful, E.O. Owusu, and D. Obeng-Ofori Bioactivity of Securidaca longepedunculata Fres. against Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) International Journal of Agricultural Science Research 1 2012 046 054
5. E.O. Agbaje, and M.E. Adekoya Toxicological profile of aqueous root extract of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae) after 90-day treatment in rats International Journal of Toxicology and Pharmacology Research 4 2012 5 11
6. U. Ajali, and B.K.C. Chukwurah Antimicrobial activity of Securidaca longipedunculata Phytomedicine 11 2004 701 703
7. G.A. Alitonou, A.Y. Koudoro, J.S. Dangou, B. Yehouenou, F. Avlessi, S. Adeoti, C. Menut, and C.K. Sohounhloue Volatile constituents and biological activities of essential oil from Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. growing in Benin Scientific Study and Research 13 2012 033 042
8. C. Ancolio, N. Azas, V. Mahiou, V. Ollivier, C. Di Giorgio, A. Keita, P. Timon-David, and G. Balansard Antimalarial activity of extracts and alkaloids isolated from six plants used in traditional medicine in Mali and Sao Tome Phytotherapy Research. 16 2002 646 649
9. J.S. Ashidi, P.J. Houghton, P.J. Hylands, and T. Efferth Ethnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity testing of plants of South-western Nigeria used to treat cancer, with isolation of cytotoxic constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp leaves Journal of Ethnopharmacology 128 2010 501 512
10. S.E. Atawodi Comparative in vitro trypanocidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of some Nigerian savannah plants African Journal of Biotechnology 4 2005 177 182
11. S.E. Atawodi, T. Bulus, S. Ibrahim, D.A. Ameh, A.J. Nok, M. Mamman, and M. Galadima In vitro trypanocidal effect of methanolic extract of some Nigerian savannah plants African Journal of Biotechnology 2 2003 317 321
12. S. Augustino, J.B. Hall, F.B.S. Makonda, and R.C. Ishengoma Medicinal resources of the Miombo woodlands of Urumva Tanzania: Plants and Its Use, Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5 2011 6352 6372
13. S.M. Auwal, M.K. Atiku, A.M. Wudil, and M.S. Sule Phytochemical composition and acute toxicity evaluation of aqueous root bark extract of Securidaca longepedunculata (Linn) Bajopas 5 2012 67 72
14. S. Bah, A.K. Jäger, A. Adsersen, D. Diallo, and B.S. Paulsen Antiplasmodial and GABA A-benzodiazepine receptor binding activities of five plants used in traditional medicine in Mali, West Africa Journal of Ethnopharmacology 110 2007 451 457
15. O. Baloyi, and M.P. Tshisikhawe The population ecology of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. in Nylsvlei Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, RSA South African Journal of Botany 75 2009 430
16. M.J. Bangou, M. Kiendrebeogo, N.T.R. Meda, A.Y. Coulibaly, M. Compaoré, B. Zeba, J. Millogo-Rasolodimby, and O.G. Nacoulma Evaluation of enzymes inhibition activities of medicinal plant from Burkina Faso Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 14 2011 99 105
17. S.R. Belmain, G.E. Neal, D.E. Ray, and P. Golob Insecticidal and vertebrate cytotoxicity associated with ethnobotanicals used as post-harvest protectants in Ghana Food Chemistry and Toxicology 39 2001 287 291
18. S.J. Boeke, I.R. Baumgart, J.J.A. Van Loon, A. Van Huis, M. Dicke, and D.K. Kossou Toxicity and repellence of African plants traditionally used for the protection of stored cowpea against Callosobruchus maculatus Journal of Stored Products Research 40 2004 423 439
19. T.I. Borokini, M. Clement, N.J. Dickson, and D.E. Edagbo Ethnobiological survey of traditional medicine practice for circulatory and nervous system related diseases in Oyo State, Nigeria Topclass Journal of Herbal Medicine 2 2013 111 120
20. P. Bruschi, M. Morganti, M. Mancini, and M.A. Signorini Traditional healers and laypeople: a qualitative and quantitative approach to local knowledge on medicinal plants in Muda (Mozambique) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 138 2011 543 563
21. K.C. Chinsembu, and M. Hedimbi An ethnobotanical survey of plants used to manage HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections in Katima Mulilo, Caprivi region, Namibia Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6 2010 25
22. S.C. Chhabra, R.L.A. Mahunnah, and E.N. Mshiu Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. V. Angiosperms (Passiflorae to Sapindaceae) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 33 1991 143 157
23. M. Coates-Palgrave Keith Coates Palgrave Trees of Southern Africa Third Edition 2005 Struik Publishers Cape Town 458 459
24. C.S. Da Costa, A.C.A. De Aguiar-Dias, and A.O. Simões Securidaca marajoara (Polygalaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Amazon Phytotaxa 137 2013 53 56
25. L.P.X. Dapar, C.J. Aguiyi, N.N. Wannang, S.S. Gyang, and M.N. Tanko The histopathologic effects of Securidaca longepedunculata on heart, liver, kidney and and lungs of rats African Journal of Biotechnology 6 2007 591 595
26. K. Das Medicinal plants for snake bite treatment - future focus Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13 2009 508 521
27. A. Debella, O. Kunert, M.G. Schmid, G. Michl, F. Bucar, D. Abebe, and E. Hasliinger A diterpene, a flavonol glycoside, and a phytosterol glycoside from Securidaca longipedunculata and Entada abyssinica Monatshefte für Chemie 131 2000 401 408
28. N. De Tommasi, S. Placente, F. De Simone, and C. Pizza New sucrose derivatives from the bark of Securidaca longipedunculata Journal of Natural Products 56 1993 134 137
29. D.F. Dibwe, S. Awale, S. Kadota, and Y. Tezuka Muchimangins A-D: novel diphenylmethyl-substituted xanthones from Securidaca longepedunculata Tetrahedron Letters 53 2012 6186 6190
30. D.F. Dibwe, S. Awale, S. Kadota, H. Morita, and Y. Tezuka Hepatoxygenated xanthones as anti-austerity agents from Securidaca longepedunculata Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry. 21 2013 7663 7668
31. J.N. Eloff A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria Planta Medica 64 1998 711 714
32. J.N. Eloff A proposal on expressing the antibacterial activity of plant extracts - a small first step in applying scientific knowledge to rural primary health care in South Africa South African Journal of Science 96 2000 116 118
33. E.U. Etuk, R.A. Adebiyi, A.T. Elsa, and B.M. Agaie Acute and subchronic (28 days) oral toxicity studies of the aqueous root extract of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae) in mice International Journal of Pharmacology 2 2006 421 425
34. V.Y. Eziah, T. Buxton, and E.O. Owusu Bioefficiency of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides and Securidaca longepedunculata against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Journal of Biopesticides 6 2013 54 62
35. L. Fernandes, A.A. Hoosen, C.E.J. van Rensburg, and V. Steenkamp In vitro activity of medicinal plants of the Venda region, South Africa, against Trichomonas vaginalis South African Journal of Epidemiology and Infections 23 2008 26 28
36. Ferreira, M.U., Luo, X., Pires, D., Aínsa, J.A., Gracia, B., Duarte, N., Mulhovo, S., Anes, E., 2012. Searching for natural antituberculars from Mozambican medicinal plants. in: Proceedings of the Atas Do Congresso Internacional Saber Tropical Em Mozambique: Histöria Memöria Ciéncia. 22-26 Outubro 2012.
37. F. Freiburghaus, R. Kaminsky, M.H.H. Nkunya, and R. Brun Evaluation of African medicinal plants for their in vitro trypanocidal activity Journal of Ethnopharmacology 55 1996 1 11
38. I. Funke, and M. Melzig Traditionally used plants in diabetes therapy - phytotherapeutics as inhibitors of α-amylase activity Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 16 2006 1 5
39. I.T. Gbadamosi Evaluation of antibacterial activity of six ethnobotanicals used in the treatment of infectious diseases in Nigeria Botany Research International 5 2012 83 89
40. E. Green, A. Samie, C.L. Obi, P.O. Bessong, and R.N. Ndip Inhibitory properties of selected South African medicinal plants against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 2010 151 157
41. F.A. Hamill, S. Apio, N.K. Mubiru, R. Bukenya-Ziraba, M. Mosango, O.W. Maganyi, and D.D. Soejarto Traditional herbal drugs of Southern Uganda, II: literature analysis and antimicrobial assays Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84 2003 57 78
42. Y. Haruna, C.M. Elinge, I.J. Peni, D. Dauda, and F. Aiki In vivo trypanocidal effect of aqueous root extracts of Securidaca longepedunculata and its phytochemical analysis African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7 2013 2838 2842
43. Y. Haruna, H.O. Kwanashie, J.A. Anuka, S.E. Atawodi, and I.M. Hussaini Bioassay guided fractionations and crude methanol root extracts of Securidaca longepedunculata in mice and rats International Journal of Modern Biochemistry 2 2013 1 14
44. Y. Haruna, H.O. Kwanashie, J.A. Anuka, S.E. Atawodi, and I.M. Hussaini In vivo anti-malarial activity of methanol root extract of Securidaca longepedunculata in mice infected with Plasmodium bergei International Journal of Modern Biology 3 2013 7 16
45. M. Hedimbi, and K.C. Chinsembu An ethnomedicinal study of plants used to manage HIV/AIDS-related disease conditions in the Ohangwena region, Namibia International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 1 2012 4 11
46. T.K. Jayasakara, P.C. Stevenson, S.R. Belmain, D.I. Farman, and D.R. Hall Identification of methyl salicylate as the principal volatile component in the methanol extract of root bark of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen Journal of Mass Spectrometry 37 2002 577 580
47. C.C. Joseph, M.J. Moshi, J. Sempombe, and M.H.H. Nkunya 4-Methoxy-benzo [1,3]dioxol-5-yl-phenylmethanone: An antibacterial benzophenone from Securidaca longepedunculata African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3 2006 80 86
48. S.A. Junaid, A. Abubakar, A.C. Ofodile, G.O.N. Echeonwu, A.E.J. Okwori, and J.A. Ajetunji Evaluation of Securidaca longipedunculata leaf and root extracts for antimicrobial activities African Journal of Microbiology Research 2 2008 322 325
49. M. Kassa, R. Mshana, A. Regassa, and G. Assefa In vitro test of five Ethopian medicinal plants for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum Ethiopian Journal of Science 21 1998 81 89
50. A.B. Kadiri, O.M. Agboola, and F.O. Fashina Ethnobotanical survey and phyto-anatomical studies of some common plants used for the treatment of epilepsy in some rural areas of South West Nigeria Journal of Pharmacy and Phytochemistry 2 2013 175 182
51. S.D. Karou, T. Tchacondo, M.A.D. Tchibozo, K. Anani, L. Ouattara, J. Simpore, and C. de Sousa Screening of Togolese medicinal plants for few pharmacological properties Pharmacognosy Research 4 2012 116 122
52. D.L. Keshebo, M.K. Choundhury, and A.H. Dekebo Investigation on toxicity, hypoglycaemia effect of the root bark of Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae) and determination of heavy metals Annals of Biological Research 5 2014 15 19
53. L.D. Kong, Y. Cai, W.W. Huang, C.H. Cheng, and R.X. Tan Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by some Chinese medicinal plants used to treat gout Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 2000 199 207
54. A.M. Lannang, D. Lontsi, F.N. Ngounou, B.L. Sondengam, A.E. Nkengfack, F.R. van Heerden, and J.C.N. Assob Securidacaxanthone A, a hepatooxygenated xanthone from Securidaca longepedunculata Fitoterapia 77 2006 199 202
55. R.A. Lawal, M.D. Ozaslan, O.S. Odesanmi, I.D. Karagoz, I.H. Lilic, and O.A.T. Ebuehi Cytotoxic antiproliferative activity of Securidaca longepedunculata aqueous extract on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in Swiss albino mice International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products 5 2012 19 27
56. A. Lino, and O. Deogracious The in-vitro antibacterial activity of Annona senegalensis, Securidaca longipedunculata and Steganotaenia araliacea- Ugandan medicinal plants African Health Sciences 6 2006 31 35
57. G. Lognay, M. Marlier, D. Seck, and É. Haubruge The occurrence of 2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester in Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen root bark Biotechnology and Agronomy Society Environment 4 2000 107 110
58. X. Luo, D. Pires, J.A. Aínsa, B. Gracia, S. Mulhovo, A. Duarte, E. Anes, and M.U. Ferreira Antimycobacterial evaluation and preliminary phytochemical investigation of selected medicinal plants traditionally used in Mozambique Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 2011 114 120
59. Mabogo, D.E.N., 1990. The ethnobotany of the Vhavenda. MSc thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
60. A. Maroyi Traditional use of medicinal plants in South-central Zimbabwe: review and perspectives Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9 2013 31
61. A.L. Meli, F.N. Ngninzeko, P.C. Castilho, V. Kuete, D. Lontsi, V.P. Beng, and M.I. Choudhary Securidacaxanthones from Securidaca longepedunculata (Polygalaceae) Planta Medica 73 2007 411
62. J.M.M. Meyer, N.C. Rakuambo, and A.A. Hussein Novel xanthones from Securidaca longepedunculata with activity against erectile dysfunction Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119 2008 599 603
63. A.C. Mitaine-Offer, N. Pénez, T. Miyamoto, C. Delaude, J.F. Mirjolet, O. Duchamp, and M.A. Lucaille-Dubois Acylated triterpene saponins isolated from the roots of Securidaca longepedunculata Phytochemistry 71 2010 90 94
64. T.E. Moeng An investigation into the trade of medicinal plants by muthi shops and street vendors in the Limpopo Province, South Africa Master of Science dissertation 2010 University of Limpopo South Africa
65. N.I. Mongalo Peltophorum africanum Sond [Mosetlha]: a review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7 2013 3484 3491
66. N.I. Mongalo, and B.J. Mafoko Cassia abbreviata Oliv. a review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology, phytochemistry, possible propagation techniques and pharmacology African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7 2013 2901 2906
67. M.J. Moshi, C.J.P. van der Beukel, O.J.M. Hamza, Z.H. Mbwambo, R.O.S. Nondo, P.J. Masimba, M.I.N. Matee, M.C. Kapingu, F. Mikx, P.E. Verweij, and A.J.A.M. van der Ven Brine shrimp toxicity evaluation of some Tanzanian plants used traditionally for the treatment of fungal infections African Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine 4 2007 219 225
68. D.M.T. Motlhanka, and G.P. Nthoiwa Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants of Tswapong North, in Eastern Botswana: a case of plants from Mosweu and Seolwane villages European Journal of Medicinal Plants 3 2013 10 24
69. F.N. Muanda, A. Dicko, and R. Soulimani Assessment of polyphenolic compounds, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties of Securidaca longepedunculata root barks C. R. Biologies 333 2010 663 669
70. A.A. Musa, A.O. Oyewale, I.G. Ndukwe, S.E. Yakubu, and M.S. Abdullahi Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of solvent fractions of Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen) root bark methanol extract Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 5 2013 28 33
71. A.A. Mustapha Ethno-medico-botanical uses of Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen) (Family Polygalaceae) from Keffi local government, Nasarawa State, Nigeria Journal of Natural Remedies 13 2013 133 137
72. A.A. Mustapha Ethno-medicinal field study of anti-fertility medicinal plants used by the local people in Keffi local government, Nasarawa State, Nigeria International Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2 2013 215 218
73. P. Nadembega, J.I. Boussim, J.B. Nikiema, F. Poli, and F. Antognoni Medicinal plants in Baskoure Kourittenga Province 133 2011 An ethnobotanical study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Burkina Faso 378 395
74. M.M. Ndamitso, A. Mohammed, T.O. Jimoh, S. Idris, S.B. Oyeleke, and M.B. Etsuyangkpa Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Securidaca longepedunculata on selected pathogens Africa Journal of Microbiology Research 7 2013 5652 5656
75. F. Ngonda, Z. Magombo, P. Mpeketula, and J. Mwatseteza Evaluation of Malawian Vernonia glabra (Steetz) Vatke leaf and Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen) root extracts for antimicrobial activities Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2 2012 026 033
76. J.M. Nguta, J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi, and S.G. Kiama Antimalarial herbal remedies of Msambweni, Kenya Journal of Ethnopharmacology 128 2010 424 432
77. J.M. Nguta, J.M. Mbaria, D.W. Gakuya, P.K. Gathumbi, and S.G. Kiama Traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the South Coast community, Kenya Journal of Ethnopharmacology 131 2010 256 267
78. M.T.T. Nguyen, S. Awale, Y. Tezuka, Q. Le Tran, H. Watanabe, and S. Kadota Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Vietnamese medicinal plants Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27 2004 1414 1421
79. J. Niño, J.A. Hernández, Y.M. Correa, and O.M. Mosquera In vitro inhibition of acetylcholnesterase by crude plant extracts from Columbian flora Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 101 2006 783 785
80. H. Nordeng, W. Al-Zayadi, D. Diallo, N. Ballo, and B.S. Paulsen Traditional medicine practitioners knowledge and views on treatment of pregnant women in three regions of Mali Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9 2013 67
81. O.T. Ogunmefun, and Z.O. Gbile An ethnobotanical study of anti-rheumatic plants in South Western States of Nigeria Asian Journal of Science and Technology 4 2012 63 66
82. J.A.O. Ojewole, T. Mawoza, W.D.H. Chiwororo, and P.M.O. Owira Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst. [Marula] (Anacardiaceae): a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology and its ethnomedicinal uses Phytotherapy Research 24 2010 633 639
83. C.O. Okoli, P.A. Akah, and U. Ezugworie Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts of root bark of Securidaca longipedunculata Fres (Polygalaceae) African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2 2005 54 63
84. F.C.M. Okomolo, J.T. Mbafor, E. Ngo Bum, N. Kouemou, A.K. Kandeda, E. Talla, T. Dimo, and S.V. Rakotonirira Evaluation of the sedative and anticonvulsant properties of three Cameroonian plants African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicine 8 2011 181 190
85. M.K. Oladunmoye, and F.Y. Kehinde Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating viral infections among Yoruba tribe of South Western Nigeria African Journal of Microbiology Research 5 2011 2991 3004
86. L.K. Olofintoye Comparative evaluation of molluscicidal effects of Securidaca longepedunculata (Fres.) and Tephrosia bracteolata (Guilland Perr) on Bullinus globosus Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology 2 2010 44 47
87. P.I. Oni, S.O. Jimoh, and L.A. Adebisi Management of indigenous medicinal plants in Nigeria using phonological information Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 8 2014 619 631
88. O.C. Onyeche, and J.A. Kolawole Preliminary screening of aqueous extract of the leaves of Securidaca longepedunculata Linn for anti-hyperglycemic property Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4 2005 18 21
89. C. Orwa, A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, and A. Simons Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide, version 4 2009 0 (accessed 26.01.15).
90. D.K.B. Runyoro, A. Kamuhabwa, O.D. Ngassapa, and P. de Witte Cytotoxic activity of some Tanzanian medicinal plants East Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 8 2005 35 39
91. D.K.B. Runyoro, M.I.N. Matee, O.D. Ngassapa, C.C. Joseph, and Z.H. Mbwambo Screening of Tanzanian medicinal plants for anti-Candida activity BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6 2006 11 10.1186/1472-6882-6-11
92. A. Samie, and F. Mashau Antifungal activity of fifteen Southern African medicinal plants against five Fusarium species Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7 2013 1839 1848
93. S.S. Semenya, and M.J. Potgieter Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Bapedi traditional healers to treat erectile dysfunction in the Limpopo Province, South Africa Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7 2013 349 357
94. C.R. Smith, R.V. Madrigal, and R.D. Plattner New conjugated hydroxydienoic fatty acids and acetotriacylglycerols from Securidaca longipedunculata seed oil Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 572 1979 314 324
95. J.F. Sobiecki A review of plants used in divination in Southern Africa and their psychoactive effects Southern African Humanities 20 2008 333 351
96. P.C. Stevenson, T.K. Dayarathna, S.R. Belmain, and N.C. Veitch Bisdesmosidic saponins from Securidaca longepedunculata roots: evaluation of deterrency and toxicity to Coleopteran storage pests Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 2009 8860 8867
97. J.R.S. Tabuti, C.B. Kukunda, D. Kaweesi, and O.M.J. Kasilo Herbal medicine use in the districts of Nakapiripirit, Pallisa, Kanungu and Mukono in Uganda Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2012 8
98. M.P. Tshisikhawe, M.W. van Rooyen, and R.B. Bhat An evaluation of the extent and threat of bark harvesting of medicinal plant species in the Venda region, Limpopo Province, South Africa Phyton 81 2012 89 100
99. B.E. Van Wyk, B. Van Oudtshoorn, and N. Gericke Medicinal plants of South Africa First Ed. 2005 Briza Publications Pretoria 236
100. B.E. Van Wyk, and C. Albrecht A review of taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119 2008 620 629
101. B.E. Van Wyk, B. Van Oudtshoorn, and N. Gericke Medicinal plants of South Africa Second Ed. 2009 Briza Publications Pretoria 268
102. D.I. Viol Screening of traditional medicinal plants from Zimbabwe for phytochemistry, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral and toxicological activities M.Phil. Dissertation 2009 University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
103. W. Wanzala, W. Takken, W.R. Mukabana, A.O. Pala, and A. Hassanali Ethnoknowledge of Busuku community on livestock tick prevention and control in Bungoma district, Western Kenya Journal of Ethnopharmacology 140 2012 298 324
104. B. Wallnöfer A new species of Securidaca L. (Polygalaceae) from Peru Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 100B 1998 709 714
105. X.D. Yang, L.Z. Xu, and S.L. Yang Xanthones from the stems of Securidaca longepedunculata Phytochemistry 58 2001 1245 1249
106. X.D. Yang, L.Z. Xu, and S.L. Yang Two new xanthones from stems of Securidaca longepedunculata Acta Botanica Sinica 45 2003 365 368
107. F. Zongo, C. Ribout, A. Boumendjel, and I. Guissou Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Waltheria indica L. (syn. Waltheria americana): a review Journal of Ethnopharmacology 148 2013 14 26