Lipid-lowering therapy in older persons

Archives of Medical Science

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 43-56

  Aronow, Wilbert S ^a  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerotic vascular disease; Coronary heart disease; Highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol; Lipid lowering drugs; Lipids; Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Statins; Triglycerides

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; AMINOTRANSFERASE; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPID; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

AGED; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG UTILIZATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HEART INFARCTION; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MYOPATHY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 84924975040     PISSN: 17341922     EISSN: 18969151     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.48148     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Castelli WP, Wilson PWF, Levy D, Anderson K. Cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 12H-9H.
2. Wong ND, Wilson PWF, Kannel WB. Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 687-93.
3. Benfante R, Reed D. Is elevated serum cholesterol level a factor for coronary heart disease in the elderly? JAMA 1990; 263: 393-6.
4. Rubin SM, Sidney S, Black DM, et al. High blood cholesterol in elderly men and the excess risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 916-20.
5. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Risk factors for new coronary events in a large cohort of very elderly patients with and without coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 864-6.
6. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Correlation of serum lipids with the presence or absence of coronary artery disease in 1,793 men and women aged > 62 years. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 702-3.
7. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Correlation of serum lipids with the presence or absence of atherothrombotic brain infarction and peripheral arterial disease in 1,834 men and women aged > 62 years. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 995-7.
8. Suryadevara V, Storey SG, Aronow WS, Ahn C. Association of abnormal serum lipids in elderly persons with atherosclerotic vascular disease and dementia, atherosclerotic vascular disease without dementia, dementia without atherosclerotic vascular disease, and no dementia or atherosclerotic vascular disease. J Gerontol Med Sci 2003; 58A: 859-61.
9. Wolf PA. Cerebrovascular disease in the elderly. In: Cardiovascular disease in the elderly patient. Tresch DD, Aronow WS (eds). Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York City 1994; 125-47.
10. Corti MC, Guralnik JM, Salive ME, et al. HDL cholesterol predicts coronary heart disease mortality in older persons. JAMA 1995; 274: 539-44.
11. Zimetbaum P, Frishman WH, Ooi WL, et al. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the very elderly. The Bronx Aging Study. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 416-23.
12. Lavie CJ, Milani RV. National Cholesterol Education Program's recommendations, and implications of "missing" high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Am J Cardiol 1991; 68: 1087-8.
13. Bihari-Varga M, Szekely J, Gruber E. Plasma high-density lipoproteins in coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease: the influence of various risk factors. Atherosclerosis 1981; 40: 337-45.
14. Pomrehn P, Duncan B, Weissfeld L, et al. The association of dyslipoproteinemia with symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease: the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1986; 73 (Suppl. I): I-100-7.
15. Beach KW, Brunzell JD, Strandness DE Jr. Prevalence of severe arteriosclerosis obliterans in patients with diabetes mellitus: relation to smoking and form of therapy. Arteriosclerosis 1982; 2: 275-80.
16. Aronow WS, Sales FF, Etienne F, Lee NH. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and its correlation with risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in elderly patients in a long-term health care facility. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 644-6.
17. American Heart Association. Older Americans and cardiovascular diseases-statistics. 2004 update.
18. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-9.
19. Miettinen TA, Pyorala K, Olsson AG, et al. Cholesterol-lowering therapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. Findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation 1997; 96: 4211-8.
20. Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Pyorala K, et al. Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 333-6.
21. Pedersen TR, Wilhelmsen L, Faergeman O, et al. Follow-up study of patients randomized in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) of cholesterol lowering. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 257-62.
22. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001-9.
23. Lewis SJ, Moye LA, Sacks FM, et al. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction and cholesterol levels in the average range. Results of the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 681-9.
24. The Long-Term Intervention With Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349-57.
25. The LIPID Study Group. Long-term effectiveness and safety of pravastatin in 9014 patients with coronary heart disease and average cholesterol concentrations: the LIPID trial follow-up. Lancet 2002; 359: 1379-87.
26. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 7-22.
27. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-97.
28. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1623-30.
29. Packard CJ, Ford I, Robertson M, et al. Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins as predictors of cardiovascular risk and treatment benefit in the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). Circulation 2005; 112: 3058-65.
30. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes. The MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285: 1711-8.
31. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. NEJM 1999; 341: 410-8.
32. Aronow WS, Nayak D, Woodworth S, Ahn C. Effect of simvastatin versus placebo on treadmill exercise time until the onset of intermittent claudication in older patients with peripheral arterial disease at six months and at one year after treatment. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 711-2.
33. Mohler ER III, Hiatt WR, Creager MA; the Study Investigators. Cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003; 108: 1481-6.
34. Mondillo S, Ballo P, Barbati R, et al. Effects of simvastatin on walking performance and symptoms of intermittent claudication in hypercholesterolemic patients with peripheral vascular disease. Am J Med 2003; 114: 359-64.
35. Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 1149-58.
36. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1071-80.
37. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Comparison of intensive and moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1495-504.
38. Calhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 685-96.
39. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Eng J Med 2005; 352: 1425-35.
40. Deedwania P, Stone PH, Merz CNB, et al. Effects of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on myocardial ischemia in older patients with coronary heart disease. Results of the Study Assessing Goals in the Elderly (SAGE). Circulation 2007; 115: 700-7.
41. The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 549-59.
42. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Francisco MIA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2195-207.
43. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008; 371: 117-25.
44. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010; 376: 1670-81.
45. Afilalo J, Duque G, Steele R, et al. Statins for secondary prevention in elderly patients: a hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 37-45.
46. The ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1563-74.
47. Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovasular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes melliyus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 366: 1849-61.
48. Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Erikkson M, et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2109-22.
49. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Abt M, et al. Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2089-99.
50. AIM-HIGH Investigators, Boden WE, Probstfield JL, et al. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2255-67.
51. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Incidence of new coronary events in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 67-9.
52. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Gutstein H. Incidence of new atherothrombotic brain infarction in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. J Gerontol Med Sci 2002; 57A: M333-5.
53. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Frequency of congestive heart failure in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 147-9.
54. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Reduction of coronary events with aspirin in older patients with prior myocardial infarction treated with and without statins. Heart Disease 2002; 4: 159-61.
55. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Gutstein H. Reduction of new coronary events and of new atherothrombotic brain infarction in older persons with diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >125 mg/dl treated with statins. J Gerontol Med Sci 2002; 57A: M747-50.
56. Aronow WS, Ahn C. Frequency of new coronary events in older persons with peripheral arterial disease and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 789-91.
57. Horwich TB, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 642-8.
58. Aronow WS, Ahn C, Kronzon I, Goldman ME. Association of coronary risk factors and use of statins with progression of mild valvular aortic stenosis in older persons. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 693-5.
59. Novaro GM, Tiong IY, Pearce GL, et al. Effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors on the progression of calcific aortic stenosis. Circulation 2001; 104: 2205-9.
60. Bellamy MF, Pellikka PA, Klarich KW, et al. Association of cholesterol levels, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor treatment, and progression of aortic stenosis in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1723-30.
61. Moura LM, Ramos SF, Zamorano JL, et al. Rosuvastatin affecting aortic valve endothelium to slow the progression of aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 554-61.
62. Cowell SJ, Newby DE, Preston RJ, et al. A randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2389-97.
63. Rossebo AB, Pedersen TR, Boman K, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1343-56.
64. Horwich TB, MacLellan WR, Fonarow GC. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 642-8.
65. Foody JM, Shah R, Galusha D, et al. Statins and mortality among elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation 2006; 113: 1086-92.
66. GISSI-HF Investigators. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 1231-9.
67. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The ASTEROID trial. JAMA 2006; 295: 156-65.
68. Ballantyne CM, Raichlen JS, Nicholls SJ, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on coronary artery stenoses assessed by quantitative coronary angiography: a study to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin on intravascular ultrasound-derived coronary atheroma burden. Circulation 2008; 117: 2458-66.
69. Hiro T, Kimura T, Morimoto T, et al. Effect of intensive statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a multicenter randomized trial evaluated by volumetric intravascular ultrasound using pitavastatin versus atorvastatin (JAPAN-ACS [Japan Assessment of pitavastatin and atorvastatin in acute coronary syndrome] study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 293-302.
70. De Sutter J, Tavernier R, De Buyzere M, et al. Lipid lowering drugs and recurrences of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in high-risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 766-72.
71. Mitchell LB, Powell JL, Gillis AM, et al. Are lipid-lowering drugs also antiarrhythmic drugs? An analysis of the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 81-7.
72. Chiu JH, Abdelhadi RH, Chung MK, et al. Effect of statin therapy on risk of ventricular arrhythmia among patients with coronary artery disease and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 490-1.
73. Vyas AK, Guo H, Moss AJ, et al. Reduction in ventricular tachyarrhythmias with statins in the Multicenter automatic Defibrillator Implantation trial (MADIT)-II. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 769-73.
74. Lai HM, Aronow WS, Kruger A, et al. Effect of beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins on mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 77-8.
75. Desai H, Aronow WS, Tsai FS, et al. Statins reduce appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator shocks and mortality in patients with heart failure and combined cardiac resynchronization and implantantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therap 2009; 14: 176-9.
76. Desai H, Aronow WS, Ahn C, et al. Incidence of appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator shocks and mortality in patients with heart failure treated with combined cardiac resynchronization plus implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy versus implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therap 2010; 15: 37-40.
77. Desai H, Aronow WS, Ahn C, et al. Risk factors for appropriate cardioverter-defibrillator shocks, inappropriate cardioverter-defibrillator shocks, and time to mortality in 549 patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105: 1336-8.
78. Buber J, Goldeberg I, Moss AJ, et al. Reduction in life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in statin-treated patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy enrolled in the MADIT-CRT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy). JAm Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 749-55.
79. Durazzo AES, Machado FS, Ikeoka DT, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39: 967-76.
80. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Westerhout CM, et al. Association between long-term statin use and mortality after successful abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Am J Med 2004; 116: 96-103.
81. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Kertai MD, et al. Statins are associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative mortality in patients undergoing major noncardiac vascular surgery. Circulation 2003; 107: 1848-51.
82. O'Neil-Callahan K, Katsimaglia MR, Ryan J, et al. Statins decrease perioperative cardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery. The Statins for Risk Reduction in Surgery (StaRRS) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 336-42.
83. Aronow WS, Desai H, Ahn C, et al. Incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and of 2-year mortality in 577 elderly patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery treated with and without statins. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010; 51: 149-51.
84. Ravipati G, Aronow WS, Kumbar S, et al. Patients with diabetes mellitus with ischemic stroke have a higher hemoglobin A1c level and a higher serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than diabetics without ischemic stroke. Arch Med Sci 2009; 5: 391-3.
85. Sukhija R, Aronow WS, Sandhu R, et al. Mortality and size of abdominal aortic aneurysm at long-term follow-up of patients not treated surgically and treated with and without statins. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 279-80.
86. Ravipati G, Aronow WS, Ahn C, et al. Incidence of new stroke or new myocardial infarction or death in patients with severe carotid arterial disease treated with and without statins. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 1170-1.
87. Katsiki N, Mikhalidis DP, Banach M. Effects of statin treatment on endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with arterial hypertension and normal cholesterol levels. J Hypertens 2011; 29: 2493-4.
88. Banach M, Mikhalidis DP, Kjeldsen SE, Rysz J. Time for new indications for statins? Med Sci Monit 2009; 15: MS1-5.
89. Barylski M, Malyszko J, Rysz J, et al. Lipids, blood pressure, kidney-what was new in 2011? Arch Med Sci 2011; 7: 1055-66.
90. Aronow WS. What should the optimal blood pressure goal be in patients with diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease? Arch Med Sci 2012; 8: 399-402.
91. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Goch JH, Mikhalidis DP, et al. The influence of atorvastatin on parameters of inflammation and function of the left ventricle in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Med Sci Monit 2009; 15: MS12-23.
92. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Goch JH, Rysz J, et al. Influence of co-existing atrial fibrillation on the efficacy of atorvastatin treatment in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a pilot study. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9: 21.
93. Bielecka-Dabrowa A, Mikhailidis DP, Hannam S, et al. Statins and dilated cardiomyopathy: do we have enough data? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20: 1-9.
94. Sukhija R, Bursac Z, Krakar P, et al. Effect of statins on development of renal dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101: 975-9.
95. Nikolic D, Nikfar S, Salari P, et al. Effects of statins on lipid profile in chronic kidney disease patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 2013; 29: 435-51.
96. Rysz J, Aronow WS, Stolarek RS, et al. Nephroprotective and clinical potential of statins in dialyzed patients. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13: 541-50.
97. Lai HM, Aronow WS, Mercando AD, et al. The impact of statin therapy on long-term cardiovascular outcomes in an outpatient cardiology practice. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8: 53-6.
98. Mercando AD, Lai HM, Aronow WS, et al. Reduction in atherosclerotic events: a retrospective study in an outpatient cardiology practice. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8: 57-62.
99. Lai HM, Aronow WS, Mercando AD, et al. Risk factor reduction in progression of angiographic coronary artery disease. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8: 444-8.
100. Aronow WS. Underutilization of lipid-lowering drugs in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and a serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level > 125 mg/dl. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 82: 668-9.
101. Mendelson G, Aronow WS. Underutilization of measurement of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and of lipid-lowering therapy in older patients with manifest atherosclerotic disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46: 1128-31.
102. Foody JM, Rathore SS, Galusha D, et al. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors in older persons with acute myocardial infarction: evidence for an age-statin interaction. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54: 421-30.
103. Sanal S, Aronow WS. Effect of an educational program on the prevalence of use of antiplatelet drugs, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, lipid-lowering drugs, and calcium channel blockers prescribed during hosptalization and at hospital discharge in patients with coronary artery disease. J Gerontol Med Sci 2003; 58A: 1046-8.
104. Ghosh S, Aronow WS. Utilization of lipid-lowering drugs in elderly persons with increased serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol associated with coronary artery disease, symptomatic peripheral arterial disease, prior stroke, or diabetes mellitus before and after an educational program on dyslipidemia treatment. J Gerontol Med Sci 2003; 58A: 432-5.
105. Aronow WS. Should the NCEP III guidelines be changed in elderly and younger persons at high risk for cardiovascular events? J Gerontol Med Sci 2005; 60A: M591-2.
106. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110: 227-39.
107. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes: 2013. Diabetes Care 2013; 36 (Suppl. 1): S11-66.
108. Armitage J. The safety of statins in clinical practice. Lancet 2007; 370: 1781-90.
109. Bellosta S, Paoletti R, Corsini A. Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions. Circulation 2004; 109 (Suppl. 1): 50-7.