Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: Old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems

Archives of Medical Science

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 67-77

  Matuszkiewicz Rowińska, Joanna ^a   Małyszko, Jolanta ^b   Wieliczko, Monika ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF BIALYSTOK   (Poland)

Author keywords

Acute cystitis; Acute pyelonephritis; Asymptomatic bacteriuria; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA; CYSTITIS; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; PATIENT SAFETY; PREGNANCY; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING TEST; URETHRITIS; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URINE CULTURE;

EID: 84924955715     PISSN: 17341922     EISSN: 18969151     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.39202     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Schnarr J, Smaill F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38 (Suppl. 2): 50-7.
2. Farkash E, Wientraub AY, Sergienko R, et al. Acute antepartum pyelonephritis in pregnancy: a critical analysis of risk factors and outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 162: 24-7.
3. Gravett MG, Martin ET, Bernson JD, et al. Serious and life-threatening pregnancy-related infections: opportunities to reduce the global burden. Plos Med 2012; 9: e1001324.
4. Foxman B. Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs. Am J Med 2002; 113: 5-13.
5. Mazor-Dray E, Levy A, Schlaeffer F, Sheiner E. Maternal urinary tract infection: is it independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcome? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22: 124-32.
6. Bolton M, Horvath DJ, Li B, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction is a direct consequence of localized maternal uropathogenic Escherichia coli cystitis. Plos ONE 2012; 7: 1-9.
7. Jeyabalan A, Lain KY. Anatomic and functional changes of the upper urinary tract during pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am 2007; 34: 1-6.
8. Jolley JA, Wing DA. Pyelonephritis in pregnancy: an update on treatment options for optimal outcomes. Drugs 2010; 70: 1643-55.
9. Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M, Thinkhamrop J. Screening and treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 22: 95-9.
10. Dwyer PL, O'Reilly M. Recurrent urinary tract infection in the female. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 14: 537-43.
11. MacLean AB. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 17: 273-7.
12. Duarte G, Marcolin AC, Quintana SM, Cavalli RC. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2008; 30: 93-100.
13. BahadiA, El Kabbaj D, Elfazazi H, et al. Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2010; 21: 342-4.
14. Wagenlehner FM, Weidner W, Naber KG. An update on uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women. Curr Opin Urol 2009; 19: 368-74.
15. Sabharwal ER. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens in obstetric patients. N Am J Med Sci 2012; 4: 316-9.
16. Sharma P, Thapa L. Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy: a retrospective study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2007; 47: 313-5.
17. Hill JB, Sheffield JS, McIntire DD, Wendel GD Jr. Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105: 18-23.
18. Stenqvist K, Dahlén-Nilsson I, Lidin-Janson G, et al. Bacteriuria in pregnancy: frequency and risk of acquisition. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 372-9.
19. Pastore LM, Savitz DA, Thorp JM Jr. Predictors of urinary tract infection at the first prenatal visit. Epidemiology 1999; 10: 282-7.
20. Pastore LM, Savitz DA, Thorp JM Jr, et al. Predictors of symptomatic urinary tract infection after 20 weeks' gestation. J Perinatol 1999; 19: 488-93.
21. Kovavisarach E, Vichaipruck M, Kanjarahareutai S. Risk factors related to asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. J Med Assoc Thai 2009; 92: 606-10.
22. Turck M, Goffe BS, Petersdorf RG. Bacteriuria of pregnancy. Relation to socioeconomic factors. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 857-60.
23. Thurman AR, Steed LL, Hulsey T, Soper DE. Bacteriuria in pregnant women with sickle cell trait. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194: 1366-70.
24. Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR 2010; 59: 1-31.
25. McKenna DS, Matson S, Northern I. Maternal group B streptococcal (GBS) genital tract colonization at term in women who have asymptomatic GBS bacteriuria. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11: 203-7.
26. Schrag SJ, Phil D, Zywicki S, et al. Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 15-20.
27. Smaill F, Vazquez JC. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 18: CD000490.
28. Delzell, Schieve LA, Handler A, et al. Urinary tract infection during pregnancy: its association with maternal morbidity and perinatal outcome. Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 405-10.
29. Mittendorf R, Williams MA, Kass EH. Prevention of preterm delivery and low birth weight associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 927-32.
30. Sheiner E, Mazor E, Levy A. Asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonat Med 2009; 22: 423-7.
31. Romero R, Oyarzun E, Mazor M, et al. Metaanalysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm delivery/low birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 73: 576-82.
32. Chen YK, Chen SF, Li HC, Lin HC. No increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with urinary tract infections: a nationwide population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010; 89: 882-8.
33. Meis PJ, Michielutte R, Peters TJ, et al. Factors associated with preterm birth in Cardiff, Wales. I. Univariable and multivariable analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 590-6.
34. Meis PJ, Michielutte R, Peters TJ, et al. Factors associated with preterm birth in Cardiff, Wales. II. Indicated and spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 597-602.
35. Thomsen AC, Morup L, Brogaard Hansen K. Antibiotic elimination of group-B streptococci in urine in prevention of preterm labour. Lancet 1987; 1: 591-3.
36. Adair CE, Kowalsky L, Quon H, et al. Risk factors for early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates: a population based case-control study. CMAJ 2003; 169: 198-203.
37. Oddie S, Embleton ND; the Northern Neonatal Network. Risk factors for early onset neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis: case-control study. BMJ 2002; 325: 308-11.
38. Adis Data Information. Standard treatment of pyelonephritis in pregnancy involves parenteral antibacterials and intravenous hydration. Drugs Ther Perspect 2011; 27: 13-7.
39. Millar LK, Cox SM. Urinary tract infections complicating pregnancy. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997; 11: 13-26.
40. Cunningham FG, Lucas MJ. Urinary tract infections complicating pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 8: 353-73.
41. Cox SM, Shelbourne P, Mason R, et al. Mechanisms of hemolysis and anemia associated with acute antepartum pyelonephritis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 587-90.
42. Galajdova L. Pulmonary dysfunction in acute antepartum pyelonephritis and other pregnancy infections. J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 30: 654-8.
43. Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Lindheimer M. Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198: 7-22.
44. Mittal P, Wing DA. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol 2005; 32: 749-64.
45. Neal DE Jr. Complicated urinary tract infections. Urol Clin North Am 2008; 35: 13-22.
46. Gravett MG, Rubens CE, Nunes TM; GAPPS Review Group. Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (2 of 7): discovery science. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2010; 10 (Suppl. 1): S2: 1-26.
47. Millar LK, DeBuque L, Wing DA. Uterine contraction frequency during treatment of pyelonephritis in pregnancy and subsequent risk of preterm birth. J Perinatal Med 2003; 31: 41-6.
48. Beck S, Wojdyla D, Say L, et al. The worldwide incidence of preterm birth: a systematic review of maternal mortality and morbidity. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 31-8.
49. Torres M, Moayedi S. Gynecologic and other infections in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin N Am 2012; 30: 869-84.
50. Widmer ZM, Gülmezoglu AM, Mignini L, Roganti A. Duration of treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 7: CD000491.
51. Crider KS, Cleves MA, Reefhuis J, et al. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2009; 163: 978-85.
52. Sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, and risk of birth defects. Committee Opinion No. 494. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 1484-5.
53. Nordeng H, Lupattelli A, Romøren M, Koren G. Neonatal outcomes after gestational exposure to nitrofurantoin. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 121: 306-13.
54. Duff P. Antibiotic selection in obstetrics; making cost effective choices. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 45: 59-72.
55. Guinto VT, De Guia B, Festin MR, Dowswell T. Different antibiotic regimens for treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD007855.
56. Hooton TM. Urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. UpToDate.com; updated 2011.
57. Forna F, McConnell M, Kitabire FN, et al. Systematic review of the safety of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis in HIV-infected pregnant women: implications for resource-limited settings. AIDS Reviews 2006; 8: 24-36.
58. Berard A, Santos F, Ferreira E, Perreault S. Urinary tract infections during pregnancy. 2011; 113-32. www.intechopen. com.
59. Nuchprayoon I, Sanpavat S, Nuchprayoon S. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) mutation in Thailand: G6PD Viangchan (871GA) is the most common deficiency variant in the Thai population. Hum Mutat 2002; 19: 185-9.
60. Loebstein R, Addis A, Ho E, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to fluoroquinolones: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1336-9.
61. Larsen H, Nielsen GL, Schønheyder HC, et al. Birth outcome following maternal use of fluoroquinolones. In J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18: 259-62.
62. Santos F, Oraichi D, Berard A. Prevalence and predictors of anti-infective use during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010; 19: 418-27.
63. Lee M, Bozzo P, Einarson A, Koren G. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 2008; 54: 853-4.
64. Bar-Oz B, Moretti ME, Boskovic R, O'Brien L, Koren. The safety of quinolones-a meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 143: 75-8.
65. Dashe JS, Gilstrap LC. Antibiotic use in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1999; 24: 617-29.
66. Macejko AM, Schaeffer AJ. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Urol Clin North Am 2007; 34: 35-42.
67. Källén BA, Otterblad Olausson P. Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect. Reprod Toxicol 2003; 17: 255-6.
68. Einarson A, Phillips E, Mawji F, et al. A prospective controlled multicentre study of clarithromycin in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 1998; 15: 523-5.
69. Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Sorensen HT, Olsen J. A population-based case-control teratologic study of oral erythromycin treatment during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 1999; 13: 531-6.
70. Bar-Oz, Weber-Schoendorfer C, Barlin M, et al. The outcomes of pregnancy in women exposed to the new macrolides in the first trimester. A prospective, multicentre, observational study. Drug Saf 2012; 35: 589-98.
71. Lin KJ, Mitchell AA, Yau WP, et al. Safety of macrolides during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208: 221. e1-8.
72. Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones DR, et al. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with spontaneous preterm labour: 7-year follow-up of the ORACLE II trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 1319-27.
73. McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, et al. The importance of prenatal exposures on the development of allergic disease: a birth cohort study using the West Midlands General Practice Database. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 827-32.
74. Bedford Russel AR, Murch SH. Could peripartum antibiotics have delayed health consequences for the infant? BJOG 2006; 113: 758-65.
75. Algert CS, Bowen JR, Lain SL, et al. Pregnancy exposures and risk of childhood asthma admission in a population birth cohort. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 836-42.
76. Nicolle LE, Bradley S, Colgan R, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 643-54.
77. Lin K, Fajaro K, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: W20-24, 43-7.
78. McIsaac W, Carrol JC, Biringer A, et al. Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2005; 27: 20-4.
79. Tugrul S, Oral O, Kumru P, et al. Evaluation and importance of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2005; 32: 237-40.
80. Rizvi M, Khan F, Shukla, et al. Rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections during pregnancy: necessity for exploring newer treatment options. J Lab Physicians 2011; 3: 98-103.
81. Kashanian J, Hakimian P, Blute M Jr, et al. Nitrofurantoin: the return of an old friend in the wake of growing resistance. BJU Int 2008; 102: 1634-7.
82. AshaPai KB, Rekha R, Sanjeev H, et al. Nitrofurantoin: an alternative therapy for uncomplicated cystits in the era of antimicrobial resistance. J Clin Diagn Res 2011; 5: 964-6.
83. Allen VM, Yudin MH, Bouchard C, et al.; Infectious Diseases Committee, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Management of group B streptococcal bacteriuria in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2012; 34: 482-6.
84. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 485. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117: 1019-28.
85. Harris RE, Gilstrap LC 3rd. Cystitis during pregnancy: a distinct clinical entity. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57: 578-80.
86. Gilstrap LC 3rd, Ramin SM. Urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2001; 28: 581-91.
87. Archabald KL, Friedman A, Raker CA, Anderson BL. Impact of trimester on morbidity of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 201: 406e1-4.
88. Lawrence I. Outpatient treatment evolves for pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Emerg Med News 2002: 24: 6.
89. Brooks AM, Garite TJ. Clinical trial of the outpatient management of pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1995; 3: 50-5.
90. Wing DA, Hendershott CM, Debuque L, Millar LK. Outpatient treatment of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy after 24 weeks. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 683-4.
91. Millar LK, Wing DA, Paul RH, Grimes DA. Outpatient treatment of pyelonephritis in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86: 560-4.
92. Schneeberger C, Geerling SE, Middleton P, Crowther CA. Interventions for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11: CD009279.
93. Dybowski B, Bres-Niewada E, Radziszewski P. Pressure-flow nomogram for women with lower urinary tract symptoms. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10: 752-6.
94. Carlet J, Jarlier V, Harbath, et al. Ready for a world without antibiotics? The Pensières antibiotic resistance call to action. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2012; 1: 1-23.
95. Sękowska A, Gospodarek E, Kamińska D. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic similarity of ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8: 993-7.
96. Bojar I, Owoc A, Humeniuk E, Fronczak A, Walecka I. Quality of pregnant women's diet in Poland-macro-elements. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10: 361-5.