Infection risk associated with anti-TNF-α agents: A review

Expert Opinion on Drug Safety

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 571-582

  Murdaca, Giuseppe ^a   Spanò, Francesca ^a   Contatore, Miriam ^a   Guastalla, Andrea ^a   Penza, Elena ^a   Magnani, Ottavia ^a   Puppo, Francesco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Infections; TNF inhibitors; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

ADALIMUMAB; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; ETANERCEPT; GOLIMUMAB; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLIXIMAB; ISONIAZID; METHOTREXATE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RIFAMPICIN; STEROID; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULTHOOD; AJELLOMYCES CAPSULATUS; ASPERGILLOSIS; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FOLLOW UP; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; IRIDOCYCLITIS; LATENT TUBERCULOSIS; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MEDICAL HISTORY; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOSIS; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STEROID THERAPY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TUBERCULIN TEST; VACCINATION; VIRUS REACTIVATION; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES;

ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS; ETANERCEPT; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS; INFECTION; INFLIXIMAB; RISK FACTORS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84924937079     PISSN: 14740338     EISSN: 1744764X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1009036     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Puppo F.Anti-TNF-Alpha inhibitors: a new therapeutic approach for inflammatory immune-mediated diseases: an update upon efficacy and adverse events.Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22(3): 557-65
2. Taylor PC.Antibody therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003; 3: 323-8
3. Chang J, Girgis L.Clinical use of anti-TNF-Alpha biological agents-A guide for GPs.Aust Fam Physician 2007; 36: 1035-8
4. Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Cagnati P, et al.Update upon efficacy and safety of TNF-A inhibitors.Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11(1): 1-5
5. Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Puppo F.Emerging biological drugs: a new therapeutic approach for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.An update upon efficacy and adverse events.Autoimmun Rev 2011; 11(1): 56-60
6. Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Puppo F.Adalimumab for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases: an update on old and recent indications.Drugs Today (Barc) 2011; 47(4): 277-88
7. Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Barabino G, et al.Anti-Tumor necrosis factor-A treatment with infliximab for disseminated granuloma annulare.Am J Clin Dermatol 2010; 11(6): 437-9
8. Puppo F, Murdaca G, Ghio M, et al.Emerging biologic drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Autoimmun Rev 2005; 4(8): 537-41
9. Murdaca G, Spanò F, Puppo F.Use of leflunomide plus TNF-A inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis.Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013; 12(6): 801-4
10. Murdaca G, Spanò F, Puppo F.Long term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with adalimumab.Research and Reviews 2013; 5: 43-9
11. Hochberg MC, Lebwohl MG, Plevy SE, et al.The benefit/risk profile of TNF-blocking agents: findings of a consensus panel.Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005; 34: 819-36
12. Murdaca G, Spanò F, Contatore M, et al.Potential use of TNF-A inhibitors in systemic sclerosis.Immunotherapy 2014; 6(3): 283-9
13. Murdaca G, Spanò F, Contatore M, et al.Efficacy and safety of etanercept in chronic immune-mediated disease.Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13(5): 649-61
14. Murdaca G, Spanò F, Puppo F.Current therapies for the treatment of systemic sclerosis-related pulmonary arterial hypertension: efficacy and safety.Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13(3): 295-305
15. Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, et al.Updated consensus statement on biological agents, specifically tumour necrosis factor {alpha} (TNF{alpha}) blocking agents and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, 2005.Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64(Suppl 4): iv2-14
16. Gisondi P, Girolomoni G.Biologic therapies in psoriasis: a new therapeutic approach.Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6: 515-19
17. Kyle S, Chandler D, Griffiths CE, et al.Guideline for anti-TNF-Alpha therapy in psoriatic arthritis.Rheumatology 2005; 44: 390-7
18. Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Contini P, et al.Determination of lymphotoxinalpha levels in patients with psoriatic arthritis undergoing etanercept treatment.J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32(6): 277-9
19. Szekanecz Z, Kerekes G, Soltész P.Vascular effects of biologic agents in RA and spondyloarthropathies.Nat Rev Rheumatol 2009; 5(12): 677-84
20. Arenas IA, Armstrong SJ, Xu Y, et al.Chronic tumor necrosis factor-Alpha inhibition enhances NO modulation of vascular function in estrogen-deficient rats.Hypertension 2005; 46(1): 76-81
21. Murdaca G, Spanò F, Miglino M, et al.Effects of TNF-A inhibitors upon the mechanisms of action of VEGF.Immunotherapy 2013; 5(2): 113-15
22. Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Cagnati P, et al.Endothelial dysfunction in rheumatic autoimmune diseases.Atherosclerosis 2012; 224(2): 309-17
23. Ciprandi G, Murdaca G, Colombo BM, et al.Serum vascular endothelial growth factor in allergic rhinitis and systemic lupus erythematosus.Hum Immunol 2008; 69(8): 510-12
24. Ciprandi G, Colombo BM, Murdaca G, et al.Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and sublingual immunotherapy.Allergy 2008; 63(7): 945-6
25. Murdaca G, Spanò F, Cagnati P, et al.Free radicals and endothelial dysfunction: potential positive effects of TNF-A inhibitors.Redox Rep 2013; 18(3): 95-9
26. Colombo BM, Cacciapaglia F, Puntoni M, et al.Traditional and non traditional risk factors in accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGATS Study).Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8(4): 309-15
27. Colombo BM, Murdaca G, Caiti M, et al.Intima-media thickness: a marker of accelerated atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1108: 121-6
28. Piaserico S, Sandini E, Saldan A, et al.Effects of TNF-Alpha Inhibitors on Circulating Th17 Cells in Patients Affected by Severe Psoriasis.Drug Dev Res 2014; 75(Suppl 1): S73-6
29. Murdaca G, Colombo BM, Puppo F.The role of Th17 lymphocytes in the autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases.Intern Emerg Med 2011; 6(6): 487-95
30. Kindler V, Sappino AP, Grau GE, et al.The inducing role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of bactericidal granulomas during BCG infection.Cell 1989; 56(5): 731-40
31. Algood HM, Lin PL, Flynn JL.Tumor necrosis factor and chemokine interactions in the formation and maintenance of granulomas in tuberculosis.Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41(Suppl 3): S189-93
32. Lawn SD, Zumla AI.Tuberculosis.Lancet 2011; 378(9785): 57-72
33. Peschon JJ, Torrance DS, Stocking KL, et al.TNF receptor-deficient mice reveal divergent roles for p55 and p75 in several models of inflammation.J Immunol 1998; 160: 943-52
34. Roach DR, Bean AG, Demangel C, et al.TNF regulates chemokine induction essential for cell recruitment, granuloma formation, and clearance of mycobacterial infection.J Immunol 2002; 168: 4620-7
35. Bean AG, Roach DR, Briscoe H, et al.Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF gene-Targeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin.J Immunol 1999; 162: 3504-11
36. Askling J, Fored CM, Brandt L, et al.Risk and case characteristics of tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Sweden.Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52(7): 1986-92
37. Dixon WG, Hyrich KL, Watson KD, et al.Drug-specific risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR).Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69(3): 522-8
38. American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis Guidelines.Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: 2002 update.Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 328-46
39. Masiá M, Martínez M, García-Sepulcre MF, et al.Recurrence of active tuberculosis following resumption of anti-TNF-A therapy in a patient with Crohns disease.Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 18(2): 249-50
40. Winthrop KL.Risk and prevention of tuberculosis and other serious opportunistic infections associated with the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor.Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2006; 2: 602-10
41. Brandt J, Khariouzov A, Listing J, et al.Six-month results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of etanercept treatment in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis.Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 1667-75
42. Solovic I, Sester M, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al.The risk of tuberculosis related to tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapies: a TBNET consensus statement.Eur Respir J 2010; 36: 1185-206
43. Theis VS, Rhodes JM.Minimizing tuberculosis during anti-Tumour necrosis factor-Alpha treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 19-30
44. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee.BTS recommendations for assessing risk and for managing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in patients due to start anti-TNF-Alpha treatment.Thorax 2005; 60: 800-5
45. Nakane A, Minagawa T, Kato K.Endogenous tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is essential to host resistance against Listeria monocytogenes infection.Infect Immun 1988; 56(10): 2563-9
46. Bowie VL, Snella KA, Gopalachar AS, et al.Listeria meningitis associated with infliximab.Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38(1): 58-61
47. Izbeki F, Nagy F, Szepes Z, et al.Severe Listeria meningoencephalitis in an infliximab-Treated patient with Crohns disease.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14(3): 429-31
48. Kesteman T, Yombi JC, Gigi J, et al.Listeria infections associated with infliximab: case reports.Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26(12): 2173-5
49. Slifman NR, Gershon SK, Lee JH, et al.Listeria monocytogenes infection as a complication of treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agents.Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(2): 319-24
50. Tweezer-Zaks N, Shiloach E, Spivak A, et al.Listeria monocytogenes sepsis in patients treated with anti-Tumor necrosis factor-Alpha.Isr Med Assoc J 2003; 5(11): 829-30
51. Abreu C, Magro F, Vilas-Boas F, et al.Listeria infection in patients on anti-TNF treatment: report of two cases and review of the literature.J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7(2): 175-82
52. Schaible TF.Important drug warning (Centocor).FDA Web site.Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/.Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/.SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/.UCM174242.pdf [Last accessed 4 October 2001
53. Morelli J, Wilson FA.Does administration of infliximab increase susceptibility to listeriosis?.Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95(3): 841-2
54. Dixon WG, Watson K, Lunt M, et al.Rates of serious infection, including sitespecific and bacterial intracellular infection, in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy: results from the british society for rheumatology biologics register.Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54(8): 2368-76
55. Ramos JM, García-Sepulcre MF, Masiá M, et al.Listeria monocytogenes infection in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases receiving anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy.Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2010; 102(10): 614-16
56. Kamath BM, Mamula P, Baldassano RN, et al.Listeria meningitis after treatment with infliximab.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 34: 410-12
57. Joosten AA, van Olffen GH, Hageman G.Meningitis due to listeria monocytogenes as a complication of infliximab therapy.Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2003; 147: 1470-2
58. Tweezer-Zaks N, Shiloach E, Spivak A, et al.Listeria monocytogenes sepsis in patients treated with anti-Tumor necrosis factor-Alpha.Isr Med Assoc J 2003; 5: 829-30
59. de la Fuente Penco B, Marcó Piella A, Riera Mestre A, et al.Sepsis caused by Listeria monocytogenes related with the use of infliximab.Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 124: 398
60. Williams G, Khan AA, Schweiger F.Listeria meningitis complicating infliximab treatment for Crohns disease.Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005; 16: 289-92
61. Dederichs F, Pinciu F, Gerhard H, et al.Listeria meningitis in a patient with Crohns disease-A seldom, but clinically relevant adverse event of therapy with infliximab.Z Gastroenterol 2006; 44: 657-60
62. Osuna Molina R, Ferrer Ríos T, Gallego Gallegos R, et al.Listeria meningitis as complication of treatment with infliximab in a patient with Crohns disease.Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2006; 98: 60-1
63. Ramanampamonjy RM, Laharie D, Bonnefoy B, et al.Infliximab therapy in Crohns disease complicated by Listeria monocytogenes meningoencephalitis.Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2006; 30: 157-8
64. Izbéki F, Nagy F, Szepes Z, et al.Severe Listeria meningoencephalitis in an infliximab-Treated patient with Crohns disease.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14: 429-31
65. Aparicio AG, Munoz-Fernandez S, Bonilla G, et al. Report of An Additional Case of Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy and Listeria Monocytogenes Infection: Comment on the Letter by Gluck et Al.Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(6): 1764-5
66. Glück T, Linde HJ, Scholmerich J, et al.Anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy and Listeria monocytogenes infection: report of two cases.Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46(8): 2255-7
67. Bodro M, Paterson DL.Listeriosis in patients receiving biologic therapies.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32(9): 1225-30
68. Ehlers S.Tumor necrosis factor and its blockade in granulomatous infections: differential modes of action of infliximab and etanercept?.Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41(Suppl 3): S199-203
69. Van den Brande JM, Braat H, van den Brink GR, et al.Infliximab but not etanercept induces apoptosis in lamina propria T-lymphocytes from patients with Crohns disease.Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1774-85
70. Lugering A, Schmidt M, Lugering N, et al.Infliximab induces apoptosis in monocytes from patients with chronic active Crohns disease by using a caspasedependent pathway.Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 1145-57
71. Scallon B, Cai A, Solowski N, et al.Binding and functional comparisons of two types of tumor necrosis factor antagonists.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301: 418-26
72. Grell M, Douni E, Wajant H, et al.The transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor is the prime activating ligand of the 80 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor.Cell 1995; 83: 793-802
73. Kuehn BM.Growing list of infections linked to TNF blockers.JAMA 2011; 306(13): 1430
74. Rudol M, Scherer S.High incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in European red smear cheese.Int J Food Microbiol 2001; 63: 91-8
75. Davies R, Dixon WG, Watson KD, et al.Influence of anti-TNF patient warning regarding avoidance of high risk foods on rates of listeria and salmonella infections in the UK.Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72(3): 461-2
76. Russian DA, Levine SJ.Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without HIV infection.Am J Med Sci 2001; 321(1): 56-65
77. Thomas CF Jr, Limper AH.Pneumocystis pneumonia.N Engl J Med 2004; 350(24): 2487-98
78. Cheng CY, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, et al.Risk of pneumocystosis after early discontinuation of prophylaxis among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10: 126-33
79. Sepkowitz KA.Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1098-107
80. Ogawa J, Harigai M, Nagasaka K, et al.Prediction of and prophylaxis against Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with connective tissue diseases undergoing medium- or high-dose corticosteroid therapy.Mod Rheumatol 2005; 15: 91-6
81. Mori S, Imamura F, Kiyofuji C, et al.Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis as a complication of treatment with infliximab, anti-Tumor necrosis factor a neutralizing antibody.Mod Rheumatol 2006; 16: 58-62
82. Seddik M, Melliez H, Seguy D, et al.Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia after initiation of infliximab and azathioprine therapy in a patient with Crohns disease.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11: 618-20
83. Tai TL, ORourke KP, McWeeney M, et al.Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following a second infusion of infliximab [letter].Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002; 41: 951-2
84. Velayos FS, Sandborn WJ.Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during maintenance anti-Tumor necrosis factor-A therapy with infliximab for Crohns disease.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10: 657-60
85. Komano Y, Harigai M, Koike R, et al.Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with infliximab: a retrospective review and case-control study of 21 patients.Arthritis Rheum 2009; 61(3): 305-12
86. Desales AL, Mendez-Navarro J, Méndez-Tovar LJ, et al.Pneumocystosis in a patient with Crohns disease treated with combination therapy with adalimumab.J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6(4): 483-7
87. Lawrance IC, Radford-Smith GL, Bampton PA, et al.Serious infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving anti-Tumor-necrosis-factor-Alpha therapy: an Australian and New Zealand experience.J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 1732-8
88. Ikeuchi H, Umemoto A, Tsukida M, et al.Pneumocystis pneumonia developed in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis during treatment of adalimumab.Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 2011; 34(5): 420-5
89. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Panaccione R, et al.Adalimumab safety in global clinical trials of patients with Crohns disease.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 1308-19
90. Mori S, Tomita Y, Horikawa T, et al.Delayed spinal infection after laminectomy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis interruptedly exposed to anti-Tumor necrosis factor alpha agents.Clin Rheumatol 2008; 27(7): 937-9
91. Kaur N, Mahl TC.Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia after infliximab therapy: a review of 84 cases.Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 1481-4
92. Cottone M, Kohn A, Daperno M, et al.Advanced age is an independent risk factor for severe infections and mortality in patients given anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 30-5
93. Zhou P, Miller G, Seder RA.Factors involved in regulating primary and secondary immunity to infection with Histoplasma capsulatum: TNF-Alpha plays a critical role in maintaining secondary immunity in the absence of IFNgamma.J Immunol 1998; 160(3): 1359-68
94. Allendoerfer R, Deepe GS Jr.Blockade of endogenous TNF-Alpha exacerbates primary and secondary pulmonary histoplasmosis by differential mechanisms.J Immunol 1998; 160(12): 6072-82
95. Allendoerfer R, Deepe GS Jr.Regulation of infection with Histoplasma capsulatum by TNFR1 and -2.J Immunol 2000; 165(5): 2657-64
96. Nakelchik M, Mangino JE.Reactivation of histoplasmosis after treatment with infliximab.Am J Med 2002; 112(1): 78
97. Wood KL, Hage CA, Knox KS, et al.Histoplasmosis after treatment with antitumor necrosis factor-Alpha therapy.Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167(9): 1279-82
98. Lee JH, Slifman NR, Gershon SK, et al.Life-Threatening histoplasmosis complicating immunotherapy with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists infliximab and etanercept.Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 2565-70
99. Wheat LJ, Smith EJ, Sathapatayavongs B, et al.Histoplasmosis in renal allograft recipients.Two large urban outbreaks.Arch Intern Med 1983; 143(4): 703-7
100. Peddi VR, Hariharan S, First MR.Disseminated histoplasmosis in renal allograft recipients.Clin Transplant 1996; 10(2): 160-5
101. Vail GM, Young RS, Wheat LJ, et al.Incidence of histoplasmosis following allogeneic bone marrow transplant or solid organ transplant in a hyperendemic area.Transpl Infect Dis 2002; 4(3): 148-51
102. Dotson JL, Crandall W, Mousa H, et al.Presentation and outcome of histoplasmosis in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with antitumor necrosis factor alpha therapy: a case series.Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17(1): 56-61
103. Lan N, Patil DT, Shen B.Histoplasma capsulatum infection in refractory Crohns disease of the pouch on anti-TNF biological therapy.Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108(2): 281-3
104. Lim LT, Ruzmetova N, Ballinger SH, et al.Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a patient with uveitis after infliximab therapy.Int Ophthalmol 2011; 31(4): 349-51
105. Deepe GS Jr, Gibbons RS.TNF-Alpha antagonism generates a population of antigen-specific CD4+CD25+ T cells that inhibit protective immunity in murine histoplasmosis.J Immunol 2008; 180(2): 1088-97
106. Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al.Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the infectious diseases society of america.Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45(7): 807-25
107. Kasahara S, Ando K, Saito K, et al.Lack of tumor necrosis factor alpha induces impaired proliferation of hepatitis B virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.J Virol 2003; 77(4): 2469-76
108. Tur-Kaspa R, Burk RD, Shaul Y, et al.Hepatitis B virus DNA contains a glucocorticoid-responsive element.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83(6): 1627-31
109. Chou CK, Wang LH, Lin HM, et al.Glucocorticoid stimulates hepatitis B viral gene expression in cultured human hepatoma cells.Hepatology 1992; 16(1): 13-18
110. Charpin C, Guis S, Colson P, et al.Safety of TNF-blocking agents in rheumatic patients with serology suggesting past hepatitis B state: results from a cohort of 21 patients.Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11(6): R179
111. Ballanti E, Conigliaro P, Chimenti MS, et al.Use of anti-Tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy in patients with concurrent rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis B or hepatitis C: a retrospective analysis of 32 patients.Drug Dev Res 2014; 75(Suppl 1): S42-5
112. Costa L, Caso F, Atteno M, et al.Long-Term safety of anti-TNF-A in PsA patients with concomitant HCV infection: a retrospective observational multicenter study on 15 patients.Clin Rheumatol 2014; 33(2): 273-6
113. Iannone F, La Montagna G, Bagnato G, et al.Safety of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and hepatitis C virus infection: a multicenter randomized clinical trial.J Rheumatol 2014; 41(2): 286-92
114. Caporali R, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Atzeni F, et al.Safety of tumor necrosis factor alpha blockers in hepatitis B virus occult carriers (hepatitis B surface antigen negative/antihepatitis B core antigen positive) with rheumatic diseases.Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010; 62: 749-54
115. Tamori A, Koike T, Goto H, et al.Prospective study of reactivation of hepatitis B virus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received immunosuppressive therapy: evaluation of both HBsAg-positive and HBsAgnegative cohorts.J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 556-64
116. Mori S.Past hepatitis B virus infection in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving biological and/or nonbiological diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs.Mod Rheumatol 2011; 21(6): 621-7
117. Yeo W, Zee B, Zhong S, et al.Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associating with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy.Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 1306-11
118. Carroll MB, Forgione MA.Use of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients: a literature review and potential mechanisms of action.Clin Rheumatol 2010; 29(9): 1021-9
119. Marusawa H, Hijikata M, Chiba T, et al.Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits Fas- And tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis via NF-kappaB activation.J Virol 1999; 73: 4713-20
120. Manzano-Alonso ML, Castellano-Tortajada G.Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection after cytotoxic chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy.World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17(12): 1531-7
121. Harigai M, Mochida S, Mimura T, et al A proposal for management of rheumatic disease patients with hepatitis B virus infection receiving immunosuppressive therapy.Mod Rheumatol 2014; 24(1): 1-7
122. Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG.Hepatitis B virus reactivation in HBsAg-positive patients with rheumatic diseases undergoing anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy or DMARDs.Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 16(5): 527-31
123. Smith CH, Anstey AV, Barker JN, et al.British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for biologic interventions for psoriasis 2009.Br J Dermatol 2009; 161: 987-1019
124. Brunasso AM, Puntoni M, Gulia A, et al.Safety of anti-Tumour necrosis factor agents in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: a systematic review.Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50: 1700-11
125. Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, et al.Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 1.Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics.J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 826-50
126. Gisbert JP, Chaparro M, Esteve M.Review article: prevention and management of hepatitis B and C infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33: 619-33
127. Rahier JF, Ben-Horin S, Chowers Y, et al.European evidence-based Consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease.J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3: 47-91
128. Puoti C, Magrini A, Stati T, et al.Clinical, histological, and virological features of hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal or abnormal alanine transaminase levels.Hepatology 1997; 26: 1393-8
129. Pompili M, Biolato M, Miele L, et al.Tumor necrosis factor-A inhibitors and chronic hepatitis C: a comprehensive literature review.World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(44): 7867-73
130. Tsiodras S, Samonis G, Boumpas DT, et al.Fungal infections complicating tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade therapy.Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83: 181-94
131. Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, et al.Treatment of active in ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a randomized controlled multicentre trial.Lancet 2002; 359: 1187-93
132. Guedes-Barbosa LS, Pereira da Costa I, Fernandes V, et al.Leishmaniasis during anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy: Report of 4 cases and review of the literature (additional 28 cases).Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43: 152-7
133. Pizzorni C, Secchi ME, Cutolo M.Leishmaniasis in rheumatoid arthritis.Reumatismo 2007; 59: 235-9
134. Che H, Lukas C, Morel J, et al.Risk of herpes/herpes zoster during anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Systematic review and meta-Analysis.Joint Bone Spine 2014; 81(3): 215-21
135. Ma C, Walters B, Fedorak RN.Varicella zoster meningitis complicating combined anti-Tumor necrosis factor and corticosteroid therapy in Crohns disease.World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(21): 3347-51
136. Kuter B, Matthews H, Shinefield H, et al.Ten year follow-up of healthy children who received one or two injections of varicella vaccine.Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23(2): 132-7
137. Cottone M, Kohn A, Daperno M, et al.Advanced age is an independent risk factor for severe infections and mortality in patients given anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy for inflammatory bowel disease.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9(1): 30-5
138. Murdaca G, Gulli R, Spanò F, et al.TNF-A gene polymorphisms: association with disease susceptibility and response to anti-TNF-A treatment in psoriatic arthritis.J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134(10): 2503-9
139. Murdaca G, Spanò F, Contatore M, et al.Pharmacogenetics of etanercept: role of TNF-A gene polymorphisms in improving its efficacy.Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10(12): 1703-10
140. Murdaca G, Gulli R, Spanò F, et al.Pharmacogenetics and future therapeutic scenarios: what affects the prediction of response to treatment with etanercept?.Drug Dev Res 2014; 75(Suppl 1): S7-10