Uneasy alliances: Race and party competition in America

Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-244

  Frymer, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

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References (513)

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2. Paul S. Herrnson, "Party Strategy and Campaign Activities in the 1992 Congressional Elections," in Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green, eds., The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994);
3. Philip A. Klinkner, The Losing Parties:Out-Party National Committees, 1956-1993 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1994), 189-91.
4. Corrado, "Politics of Cohesion," 64-69;
5. Klinkner, Losing Parties, chapters 8-9.
6. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991);
7. Peter Brown, Minority Party (Washington, D.C.: Reg nery Gateway, 1991);
8. Stanley Greenberg, "Reconstructing the Democratic Vision," American Prospect (Spring 1990): 82-89;
9. Richard M. Scammon and Ben J. Wattenberg, The Real Majority (New York: Coward-McCann, 1970).
10. Thomas Byrne Edsall, "Now What? Cracks in the Clinton Coalition: How Urban Conflicts Undermine the Democrats," Washington Post (November 8, 1992), C1.
11. Stanley B. Greenberg, Middle Class Dreams: The Politics and Power of the New American Majority (New York: Times Books, 1995), 277.
12. Gwen Ifill, "Clinton Waves at Blacks as He Rushes By," New York Times (September 20, 1992), D1;
13. Michael C. Dawson, "Demonization and Silence: Preliminary Thoughts on the 1992 Presidential Election, The New Consensus on Race, and African American Public Opinion" (paper presented at the Symposium on Race and American Political Culture, 1993);
14. Adolph Reed, Jr., "Old-Time New Democrats," Progressive (April 1993); 16-17;
15. Kimberle Crenshaw, "Running from Race," Tikkun 7 (September-October 1992).
16. Bill Clinton and Al Gore, Putting People First (New York: Times Books, 1992).
17. Andrew Hacker, "The Blacks and Clinton," New York Review of Books (January 28, 1993), 12-15.
18. Thomas B. Edsall, "Black Leaders View Clinton Strategy with Mix of Pragmatism, Optimism," Washington Post (October 28, 1992), A16.
19. Gwen Ifill, "The 1992 Campaign: The Democrats; Tour Touches Small-Town America," New York Times (July 21, 1992), A15.
20. Paul Frymer and John David Skrentny, "Coalition-Building and the Politics of Electoral Capture during the Nixon Administration: African Americans, Labor, Latinos," Studies in American Political Development (Spring 1998).
21. John Kenneth White, "E. E. Schattschneider and the Responsible Party Model," PS 25 (June 1992): 167-71.
22. Theodore J. Lowi and Benjamin Ginsberg, American Government (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996);
23. Edward S. Greenberg and Benjamin I. Page, The Struggle for Democracy (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 268.
24. Robert A. Dahl, Pluralist Democracy in the United States (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967), 245.
25. V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Knopf, 1950), chap.
26. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: Norton, 1970), 132-33.
27. Judson L. James, American Political Parties in Transition (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), 4.
28. William J. Keefe, Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972), 10;
29. Frank J. Sorauf, Political Parties in the American System (Boston: Little, Brown, 1964).
30. Greenberg and Page, Struggle for Democracy, 268.
31. Shefter, Political Parties and the State, 7.
32. Joel H. Silbey, The American Political Nation, 1838-1893 (Stanford, Calif.:Stanford University Press, 1991).
33. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961), 32-62;
34. Steven P. Erie, Rainbow's End (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), chaps. 1-3.
35. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988);
36. Morton Keller, Affairs of State (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977).
37. Richard M. Valelly, "Party, Coercion, and Inclusion: The Two Reconstructions of the South's Electoral Politics," Politics and Society 21 (1993): 37-67.
38. Nelson W. Polsby, The Consequences of Party Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983);
39. Byron E. Shafer, Quiet Revolution: The Struggle for the Democratic Party and the Shaping of Post Reform Politics (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1983).
40. Denise L. Baer and David A. Bositis, Elite Cadres and Party Coalitions (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988).
41. James Q. Wilson, The Amateur Democrat (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 18.
42. Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests.
43. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper, 1957);
44. Joseph A. Schlesinger, Political Parties and the Winning of Office (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
45. Downs, Economic Theory of Democracy, 55-60.
46. Kenneth Benoit and Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Electoral Systems and Minority Representation," in Paul E. Peterson, Classifying by Race (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
47. Steven J. Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillan, 1993).
48. Earl Black and Merle Black, Politics and Society in the South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987);
49. Scott James, "A Theory of Presidential Commitment and Opportunism: Swing States, Pivotal Groups, and Civil Rights under Truman and Clinton" (paper presented at the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Ill., 1995).
50. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977);
51. Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (New York: Agathon Press, 1986).
52. Downs, Economic Theory of Democracy, 121.
53. James Madison, Federalist 10.
54. Guinier, Tyranny of the Majority.
55. Most notably, see Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests.
56. For further discussion on this, see Walters, Black Presidential Politics, chap. 1.
57. Stephen Elkin, "Political Structure, Political Organization, and Race," Politics and Society 8 (1978).
58. Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar, Going Negative: How Attack Ads Shrink and Polarize the Electorate (New York:Free Press, 1995).
59. Adam Przeworski, Capitalism and Social Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 101.
60. Maurice Duverger, Political Parties (London: Metheun, 1951), 422.
61. Alan Ware, Citizens, Parties, and the State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), chap. 7.
62. Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989);
63. Elisabeth R. Gerber and John E. Jackson, "Endogenous Preferences and the Study of Institutions," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 639-56;
64. John R. Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
65. March and Olsen, "The New Institutionalism."
66. Gary A. Mauser, "Marketing and Political Campaigning: Strategies and Limits," in Michael Margolis and Gary A. Mauser, eds., Manipulating Public Opinion (Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole, 1989), 23.
67. Donald R. Kinder and Tali Mendelberg, "Cracks in American Apartheid: The Political Impact of Prejudice among Desegregated Whites," Journal of Politics 57 (1995): 402-24.
68. See for instance, Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982);
69. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1992).
70. Hanes Walton, Black Political Parties: An Historical and Political Analysis (New York: Free Press, 1972).
71. Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967);
72. Anne Phillips, Engendering Democracy (University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991).
73. Luis R. Fraga, "Latino Political Incorporation and the Voting Rights Act," in Bernard Grofman and Chandler Davidson, eds., Controversies in Minority Voting (Washington, D.C.:Brookings Institution, 1992);
74. Kenny J. Whitby and Franklin D. Gilliam, Jr., "Representation in Congress: Line Drawing and Minorities," in Herbert Weisberg and Samuel C. Patterson, eds., Great Theater: American Congress in the 1990s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
75. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996);
76. David O. Sears, "Symbolic Racism," in Phylis Katz and Dalmas A. Taylor, eds., Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy (New York: Plenum, 1988);
77. Lawrence Bobo, "Group Conflict, Prejudice, and the Paradox of Contemporary Racial Attitudes," in Katz and Taylor, Eliminating Racism;
78. Keith Reeves, Voting Hopes or Fears? White Voters, Black Candidates, and Racial Politics in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
79. Paul M. Sniderman and Thomas Piazza, The Scar of Race, (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1993).
80. Ronald W. Walters, Black Presidential Politics in America:A Strategic Approach (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988);
81. Patricia Gurin, Shirley Hatchett, and James S. Jackson, Hope and Independence: Blacks' Response to Electoral and Party Politics (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1989);
82. Katherine Tate, From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1993);
83. Hanes Walton, Jr., Black Political Parties (New York:Free Press, 1972);
84. Lani Guinier, The Tyranny of the Majority (New York: Free Press, 1994);
85. Robert Huckfeldt and Carol Kohfeld, Race and the Decline of Class in American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).
86. Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, "Patterns in Congressional Voting," American Journal of Political Science 35 (February 1991).
87. Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
88. Dianne M. Pinderhughes, Race and Ethnicity in Chicago Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), 261.
89. John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, Vol. 1, Commerce and Compromise, 1820-1850 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995);
90. Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969);
91. Richard P. McCormick, The Second Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966);
92. Robert V. Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951);
93. James W. Ceaser, Presidential Selection: Theory and Development (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1979), chap. 3;
94. John H. Aldrich, Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), chaps. 2-5;
95. Fred S. Rolater, "The American Indian and the Origin of the Second American Party System," Wisconsin Magazine of History 76 (1993): 180-203;
96. Douglas W. Jaenecke, "The Jacksonian Integration of Parties into the Constitutional System," Political Science Quarterly 101 (1986): 85-107;
97. Michael Wallace, "Changing Concepts of Party in the United States: New York, 1815-1828," American Historical Review 74 (1968), 453-91.
98. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1957), 115.
99. Charles Plott, "A Notion of Equilibrium and Its Possibility under Majority Rule," American Economic Review 57 (1966): 787-806.
100. Steven J. Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillan, 1993);
101. Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties: Organization and Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
102. Scott C. James and Brian Lawson, "The Political Economy of Voting Rights Enforcement in America's Gilded Age," American Political Science Review (forthcoming).
103. Downs, Economic Theory of Democracy, 55-60.
104. Kenneth Benoit and Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Electoral Systems and Minority Representation," in Paul E. Peterson, ed., Classifying by Race (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 54-59.
105. David W. Rohde, "Something's Happening Here, What It Is Ain't Exactly Clear:Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives," in Morris P. Fiorina and David W. Rohde, eds., Home Style and Washington Work (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991).
106. Earl Black and Merle Black, Politics and Society in the South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), chap. 6, and particularly pp. 138-151.
107. George M. Frederickson, The Black Image in the White Mind (Hanover, N. H.: Wesleyan University Press, 1971);
108. W. E. B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1940);
109. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970);
110. Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981);
111. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: McGraw Hill, 1964).
112. Robert A. Dahl, "The American Oppositions: Affirmation and Denial," in Political Oppositions in Western Democracies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966);
113. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1955).
114. Derrick Bell, And We Are Not Saved (New York: Basic Books, 1987), chap. 1;
115. Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders: Race and Liberty in the Age of Jackson (Armonk, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1996);
116. William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. 1, Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
117. James Madison, The Federalist Papers: A Collection of Essays Written in Support of the Constitution of the United States, ed. Roy P. Fairfield (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981).
118. Barry R. Weingast, "Institutions and Political Commitment: A New Political Economy of the American Civil War" (manuscript, 1991).
119. Remini, Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party, 132.
120. Ceaser, Presidential Selection, 168.
121. Eric Foner, "The Wilmot Proviso Revisited," Journal of American History 56 (1969);
122. Ronald Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971), 208-45.
123. Jaenicke, "Jacksonian Integration," 100-101.
124. Donald B. Cole, Martin Van Buren and the American Political System (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1984), 274, 376.
125. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970).
126. J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
127. Desmond King, Separate and Unequal (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
128. V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Vintage, 1949).
129. David R. Mayhew, "Why Did V. O. Key Draw Back from His 'Have-Nots' Claim?" in Milton C. Cummings, Jr., ed., V. O. Key, Jr., and the Study of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association, 1988).
130. Kousser, Shaping of Southern Politics, 18.
131. Richard M. Valelly, "National Parties and Racial Disenfranchisement," in Paul E. Peterson, ed., Classifying by Race (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 188-216.
132. Foner, Reconstruction, 415;
133. Lawrence Grossman, The Democratic Party and the Negro (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), chap. 2 and particularly n. 67;
134. Michael Perman, The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869-1879 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 59;
135. Justus D. Doenecke, The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1981), 108-9.
136. Fon Louise Gordon, Caste and Class: The Black Experience in Arkansas, 1880-1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 10.
137. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), 103.
138. Foner, Reconstruction, 342-43.
139. William Gillette, The Right to Vote: Politics and the Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), 113.
140. Jerome Mushkat, The Reconstruction of the New York Democracy (Rutherford, N. J.: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1981), 121-31.
141. Phyllis F. Field, The Politics of Race in New York (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), 175.
142. James C. Mohr, The Radical Republicans and Reform in New York during Reconstruction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973), chaps. 7-8.
143. Field, Politics of Race in New York, 178.
144. Mohr, Radical Republicans, 238.
145. LaWanda Cox and John H. Cox, "Negro Suffrage and Republican Politics: The Problem of Motivation in Reconstruction Historiography," Journal of Southern History 33 (1967), 319.
146. Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late-Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 144;
147. Mohr, Radical Republicans, 242.
148. Gillette, Right to Vote, 108-9.
149. Ari Hoogenboom, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (Lawrence:University of Kansas Press, 1988), 19.
150. Rayford W. Logan, The Betrayal of the Negro (New York: Collier, 1954), 46.
151. Hoogenboom, Presidency of Hayes, chap. 3.
152. Charles Richard Williams, ed., Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes (Columbus, Ohio: F. J. Heer, 1924), 533-34.
153. Stanley P. Hirshson, Farewell to the Bloody Shirt: Northern Republicans and the Southern Negro, 1877-1893 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962), chaps. 5 and 8;
154. Woodward, Origins of the New South, chap. 4;
155. Vincent P. De Santis, Republicans Face the Southern Question: The New Departure Years, 1877-1897 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1957);
156. Hanes Walton, Jr., Black Republicans: The Politics of the Black and Tans (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1975), 108-12.
157. James W. Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi (London: Macmillan, 1901), 398.
158. David H. Donald, "The Scalawag in Mississippi Reconstruction," Journal of Southern History 10 (1944): 459.
159. Allen Johnston Going, Bourbon Democracy in Alabama (Montgomery:University of Alabama Press, 1951), 12.
160. Anderson, Race and Politics, 73.
161. Frenise A. Logan, The Negro in North Carolina, 1876-1894 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1964), 19.
162. Edmund L. Drago, Black Politicians and Reconstruction
163. Russell Duncan, "A Georgia Governor Battles Racism: Rufus Bullock and the Fight for Black Legislators," in John C. Inscoe, Georgia in Black and White (Athens:University of Georgia Press, 1994), 45.
164. Olive Hall Shadgett, The Republican Party in Georgia: From Reconstruction through 1900 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1964), chaps. 3-4.
165. Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 89-90.
166. Vincent P. De Santis, "President Arthur and the Independent Movements in the South in 1882," Journal of Southern History 19 (August 1953): 346-63.
167. Scott C. James and Brian L. Lawson, "The Political Economy of Voting Rights Enforcement in America's Gilded Age," American Political Science Review (forthcoming).
168. William E. Chandler, Congressional Record (August 23, 1888), Fiftieth Congress, First Session, 7878.
169. Richard B. Sherman, The Republican Party and Black America: From McKinley to Hoover, 1896-1933 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1973), chap. 1;
170. William Garrott Brown, The New Politics and Other Papers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 183-84.
171. Woodward, Origins of the South, 468.
172. Ralph J. Bunche, The Political Status of the Negro in the Age of FDR (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1973), 518.
173. Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 15-18;
174. David S. Day, "Herbert Hoover and Racial Politics: The DePriest Incident," Journal of Negro History 65 (1980):6-7;
175. Sherman, Republican Party and Black America, 225-29;
176. Sitkoff, New Deal for Blacks, 28.
177. Richard M. Valelly, "Party, Coercion, and Inclusion: The Two Reconstructions of the South's Electoral Politics," Politics and Society 21 (March 1993);
178. George Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (Athens:University of Georgia Press, 1984).
179. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics, (New York: Norton, 1991);
180. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), chaps. 8-9.
181. George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (Hanover, N.H.: Wesleyan University Press, 1987), particularly chaps. 6-10.
182. For trend analysis of racial attitudes just prior to and after the civil rights movement, see Howard Schuman, Charlotte Steeh, and Lawrence Bobo, Racial Attitudes in America:Trends and Interpretations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985).
183. Adolph Reed, Jr., "Demobilization in the New Black Political Regime," in Michael Peter Smith and Joe R. Feagin, eds., The Bubbling Cauldron: Race, Ethnicity, and the Urban Crisis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 183-84;
184. Hanes Walton Jr., When the Marching Stopped: The Politics of Civil Rights Regulatory Agencies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988).
185. Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn Against Liberalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985);
186. Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1996).
187. Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1989).
188. E. E. Schattschneider, Party Government (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1942);
189. John S. Saloma III and Frederick H. Sontag, Parties: The Real Opportunity for Effective Citizen Politics (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972).
190. James Q. Wilson, The Amateur Democrat (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1962);
191. Nelson W. Polsby, The Consequences of Party Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
192. Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue, the Depression Decade (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), chap.
193. Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), chap. 1.
194. John B. Kirby, Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1980);
195. John Frederick Martin, Civil Rights and the Crisis of Liberalism: The Democratic Party, 1945-1976 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1979), 60.
196. Robert C. Lieberman, "Race and the Organization of Welfare Policy," in Paul E. Peterson, Classifying by Race (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
197. Ira Katznelson, Kim Geiger, and Daniel Kryder, "Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933-1950," Political Science Quarterly 108 (1993): 283-306.
198. Henry Lee Moon, Balance of Power: the Negro Vote (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948), 198.
199. David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 590.
200. Barton J. Bernstein, "The Ambiguous Legacy: The Truman Administration and Civil Rights," in Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970);
201. Monroe Billington, "Civil Rights, President Truman and the South," Journal of Negro History 58 (1973);
202. Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten, Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration (Lawrence:University of Kansas Press, 1973).
203. John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson of Illinois: The Life and Times of Adlai Stevenson (New York: Doubleday, 1976), 554.
204. Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1980 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1981), 25.
205. Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1984), 234-36;
206. Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1984), chap. 3.
207. Kenneth O'Reilly, Nixon's Piano: Presidents and Racial Politics from Washington to Clinton (New York: Free Press, 1995), 229.
208. John David Skrentny, "The Effect of the Cold War on African American Civil Rights: America and the World Audience, 1945-1968," Theory and Society, (forthcoming);
209. Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Civil Rights and Foreign Affairs of World War II (Princeton: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).
210. Robert Sherrill, The Accidental President (New York: Grossman, 1967), 193.
211. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservativism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York:Simon and Schuster, 1995), 95.
212. Matusow, Unraveling of America, chap. 7;
213. Earl Black and Merle Black, Politics and Society in the South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), 138-39.
214. Matusow, Unraveling of America, 214.
215. See "Backlash Voting across Nation Helps Republicans to Gain, Especially in the South," New York Times (November 9, 1966), 25, 26, and 29;
216. John Herbers, "White Backlash Evident in Voting," (November 9, 1966), 31.
217. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), pt. 3;
218. Walter Rugaber, "Romney Edges toward Race for '68 Nomination," New York Times (November 10, 1967), 28.
219. Nicol C. Rae, The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans, from 1952 to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989);
220. A. James Reichley, Conservatives in an Age of Change (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1981).
221. William J. Crotty, Decision for the Democrats: Reforming the Party Structure (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 137.
222. Julian Bond, A Time to Speak, A Time to Act: The Movement in Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972).
223. Polsby, Consequences of Party Reform, chap. 3.
224. Byron E. Shafer, Quiet Revolution: The Struggle for the Democratic Party and the Shaping of Post-Reform Politics (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1983).
225. Polsby, Consequences of Party Reform, 147.
226. James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1973), 307.
227. Shafer, Quiet Revolution, 525.
228. Rubin, Party Dynamics, 133-36
229. Walters, Black Presidential Politics, 55-68.
230. Rhodes Cook, "'Have-Not' Surge to Polls: Major Force in 1984 Elections," Congressional Quarterly Weekly (July 23, 1983), 1503-7.
231. Milton Coleman, "Democrats Plan a $5 Million Drive to Register Minorities," Washington Post (May 28, 1983), A2.
232. Milton Coleman, "To Blacks, GOP Offers Little," Washington Post (December 7, 1983), A1.
233. Philip A. Klinkner, The Losing Parties: Out-Party National Committees, 1956-1993 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 156 and 158.
234. Walters, Black Presidential Politics, 179.
235. Thomas E. Cavanaugh and Lorn S. Foster, Jesse Jackson's Campaign: The Primaries and Caucuses (Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political Studies, 1984).
236. Adolph L. Reed, Jr., The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1986), chap. 2.
237. Manning Marable, Black American Politics: From the Washington Marches to Jesse Jackson (London: Verso, 1985), 253-56;
238. Roger Wilkins, "Why Blacks May Not Follow in Droves behind White Democrats," Washington Post National Weekly Edition (August 6, 1984), 24.
239. Martin Schram and Dan Balz, "Jackson's Run Poses Dilemma for Black Leaders," Washington Post (November 27, 1983), A1.
240. Marable, Black American Politics, 254-55.
241. Walter Karp, "Playing Politics," Harper's (July 1984), 51-60.
242. William Crotty, "Jesse Jackson's Campaign: Constituency Attitudes and Political Outcomes," in Lucius J. Barker and Ronald W. Walters, eds., Jesse Jackson's 1984 Presidential Campaign: Challenge and Change in American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 64-65.
243. Robert G. Newby, "The 'Naive' and the 'Unwashed': The Challenge of the Jackson Campaign at the Democratic Party National Convention," in Lucius J. Barker and Ronald W. Walters, eds., Jesse Jackson's 1984 Presidential Campaign: Challenge and Change in American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 160-76.
244. Steven M. Gillon, The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 350.
245. James R. Dickenson, "Democrats Seek Identity after Loss," Washington Post (December 17, 1984), A6.
246. Everett Carl Ladd, "On Mandates, Realignments, and the 1984 Presidential Election," Political Science Quarterly (Spring 1985): 13;
247. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Visions of the Democratic Party," Public Interest 79 (1985);
248. Wilson Carey McWilliams, "The Meaning of the Election," in Gerald M. Pomper, ed., The Election of 1984 (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House, 1985), 174.
249. John Herbers, "Party Looks Inward for Ways to Regain Majority," New York Times (November 8, 1984), A24.
250. Zipp, "Did Jesse Jackson Cause a White Backlash against the Democrats? A Look at the 1984 Presidential Election," in Lucius J. Barker and Ronald W. Walters, eds., Jesse Jackson's 1984 Presidential Campaign: Challenge and Change in American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 208-26.
251. Stanley B. Greenberg, "Report on Democratic Defection" (report to the Democratic party, April 15, 1985), 13.
252. Gillon, Democrats' Dilemma, 395.
253. Phil Gailey, "Political Memo: Slouching toward the Center (Post-Reagan)," New York Times (September 18, 1985), 18;
254. Gailey, "Democratic Group, On Trip, Seeks Political Mainstream," New York Times (May 19, 1985), 13.
255. Phil Gailey, "Democrats, with Little Dissent, Approve New Nominating Rules," New York Times (March 9, 1986), 28.
256. Gailey, "Slouching Toward the Center," B8;
257. Klinkner, Losing Parties, 180-83.
258. Gerald M. Pomper, "The Nominations," in The Election of 1984 (Chatham, N.J.:Chatham House, 1985), 16.
259. Jon F. Hale, "The Democratic Leadership Council: Institutionalizing a Party Faction," in Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green, The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994), 250.
260. Thomas Ferguson and Joel Rogers, Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics (New York: Hill and Wang, 1986), 9.
261. Phil Gailey, "Washington Talk: Politics; Some Second Thoughts on 'Super Tuesday,'" New York Times (March 24, 1987), A24.
262. Charles S. Bullock, III, "The Nomination Process and Super Tuesday," in Laurence W. Moreland, Robert P. Steed, and Tod A. Baker, The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity amidst Change in Southern Party Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991), 9-10.
263. Michael Oreskes, "Turnout in South Seen as Boon for the G.O.P.," New York Times (March 10, 1988).
264. Kinder and Sanders, Divided by Color, 237.
265. Dan Balz, "Democrats' Perennial Rising Star Wants to Put New Face on Party," Washington Post (June 25, 1991).
266. Richard P. McCormick, The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966);
267. John H. Aldrich, Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1995), chap. 4.
268. Joel H. Silbey, The American Political Nation, 1838-1893 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1991), 145.
269. Martin Shefter, "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States," in Louis Maisel and Joseph Cooper, eds., Political Parties: Development and Decay (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1978), 211-65;
270. James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1973);
271. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: Norton, 1970).
272. Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944-1969 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976);
273. Paul Kleppner, Chicago Divided: The Making of a Black Mayor (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985);
274. Manning Marable, Black American Politics: From the Washington Marches to Jesse Jackson (London: Verso, 1985);
275. Earl Black and Merle Black, Politics and Society in the South (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1987).
276. A. James Reichley, "The Rise of National Parties," in John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson, eds. New Directions in American Politics (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1985), 175-200.
277. Robert Blaemire, "The Party as Consultant," Campaigns and Elections (July/August, 1987): 30-33.
278. Paul S. Herrnson, Party Campaigning in the 1980s (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), 122.
279. Robert Huckfeldt and John Sprague, "Political Parties and Electoral Mobilization:Political Structure, Social Structure, and the Party Canvass," American Political Science Review 86 (1992): 70.
280. Peter W. Wielhouwer and Brad Lockerbie, "Party Contacting and Political Participation," American Journal of Political Science 38 (February 1994): 211-29.
281. Michael A. Krassa, "Getting Out the Black Vote: The Party Canvass and the Black Response," in Lucius J. Barker, ed., New Perspectives in American Politics (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1989), 58-75.
282. Steven J. Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (New York: Macmillan, 1993), 31.
283. Raymond E. Wolfinger and Steven J. Rosenstone, Who Votes? (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980).
284. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992);
285. Keith Reeves, Voting Hopes or Fears? White Voters, Black Candidates, and Racial Politics in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
286. Jonathan Moore, ed., Campaign for President: The Managers Look at 1984 (Dover, Mass.: Auburn House, 1986), 33.
287. E. E. Schattschneider, The Semi-Sovereign People (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960), 66.
288. David R. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
289. Richard Fenno, Jr., Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (Glenview, Ill.:Scott, Foresman, 1978).
290. Richard L. Hall, Participation in Congress (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
291. Nelson W. Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review 62 (1968):144-68.
292. Paul S. Herrnson, "National Party Organizations at the Century's End," in L. Sandy Maisel, ed., The Parties Respond: Changes in American Parties and Campaigns (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998).
293. Walter J. Oleszek, Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1996);
294. David W. Rohde, Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
295. Keith Krehbiel, "Where's the Party?" British Journal of Political Science 23 (April 1993).
296. Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development (Madison:University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), chap. 5;
297. Charles Whalen and Barbara Whalen, The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (New York: New American Library, 1985).
298. James MacGregor Burns, The Deadlock of Democracy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
299. Rohde, Parties and Leaders, 64-65.
300. Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 52.
301. Carol M. Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of Black Interests in Congress (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 13-19.
302. Rohde, Parties and Leaders, chap. 3.
303. Michael C. Dawson, Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African American Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), chap. 5.
304. Lani Guinier, "The Representation of Minority Interests," in Paul E. Peterson, ed., Classifying by Race (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 25.
305. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
306. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993);
307. Joe Feagin, "The Continuing Significance of Race: Anti-Black Discrimination in Public Places," American Sociological Review 56 (1991): 101-23.
308. Dawson, Behind the Mule, 11.
309. James W. Singer, "Humphrey-Hawkins Bill: Boondoggle or Economic Blessing?" National Journal 8 (June 12, 1976): 815.
310. William L. Clay, Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1991 (New York: Amistad, 1992), esp. 98-102 and 302-11.
311. Laurence E. Lynn and David de F. Whitman, The President as Policymaker: Jimmy Carter and Welfare Reform (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981).
312. Weir, Politics and Jobs, 140.
313. Hugh Davis Graham, "Race, History, and Policy: African Americans and Civil Rights since 1964," in Civil Rights in the United States (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994), 24.
314. Gary Orfield, Must We Bus? Segregated Schools and National Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1978), chap. 8.
315. Abigail M. Thernstrom, Whose Votes Count? Affirmative Action and Minority Voting Rights (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987), chaps. 5-6. The quote is from page 83.
316. Joan Bikupic, "Behind the Fight over Quotas Lie Divisive Racial Issues," Congressional Quarterly Weekly (June 1, 1991): 1442-45.
317. Nicole L. Gueron, "An Idea Whose Time Has Come: A Comparative Procedural History of the Civil Rights Acts of 1960, 1964, and 1991," Yale Law Journal 104 (March 1995): 1201-34.
318. Michael R. Gordon, "MX Foes Say Aspin Wooed Them to Win Post," National Journal 17 (January 12, 1985): 128.
319. Janet Hook, "Seniority System Tested by Smith-Obey Face-Off," Congressional Quarterly Weekly (March 5, 1994): 520.
320. Kitty Cunningham, "Black Caucus Flexes Muscle on Budget-And More," Congressional Quarterly Weekly 51 (July 3, 1993): 1711.
321. David T. Canon, "Redistricting and the Congressional Black Caucus," American Politics Quarterly 23 (1995): 166.
322. Juan Williams, "Blacked Out in the Newt Congress," Washington Post (November 20, 1994), C1.
323. Paul Frymer, "The 1994 Electoral Aftershock: Dealignment or Realignment in the South," in Philip A. Klinkner, ed., Midterm: The Elections of 1994 in Context (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996).
324. Russell Korobkin, "The Politics of Disfranchisement in Georgia," Georgia Historical Quarterly 74 (1990).
325. Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservativism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 95.
326. Steven M. Gillon, The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 350.
327. Bob Woodward, The Agenda: Inside the Clinton White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 40-41.
328. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996);
329. Martin Gilens, "'Race Coding' and White Opposition to Welfare," American Political Science Review 90 (September 1996): 593-604.
330. Jeeyang Rhee Baum, "Korea's Democratic Paradox: How Labor Politics Moved from Reform to Repression" (manuscript, UCLA, 1997).
331. Ronald P. Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971)
332. Lee Sigelman, "Jews and the 1988 Election: More of the Same?" in James L. Guth and John C. Green, eds. The Bible and the Ballot Box: Religion and Politics in the 1988 Election (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 190;
333. Marjorie Connelly, "Portrait of the Electorate: Who Voted for Whom in the House," New York Times (March 1, 1995).
334. John Mark Hansen, Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919-1981 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
335. J. David Greenstone, Labor in American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1969);
336. Karen Orren, "Union Politics and Postwar Liberalism in the United States, 1946-1979," Studies in American Political Development (1986): 215-52;
337. Michael Rogin, "Nonpartisanship and the Group Interest," in Ronald Reagan, the Movie: and Other Episodes of Political Demonology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987);
338. David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
339. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991);
340. John David Skrentny, The Logic of Affirmative Action (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), chap. 8.
341. Scott James, "A Theory of Presidential Commitment and Opportunism: Swing States, Pivotal Groups, and Civil Rights under Truman and Clinton" (paper presented at the American Political Science Association, Chicago, Ill. 1995), 29.
342. Elizabeth Drew, On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 127.
343. Stanley B. Greenberg, The Road to Realignment: The Democrats and Perot Voters (Washington, D.C.: Democratic Leadership Council, 1993), 2-3.
344. Thomas Byrne Edsall, "Clinton, So Far," New York Review of Books 40 (October 7, 1993).
345. Both Bond and Mixner are quoted in Sharon Waxman, "Out in Hollywood, but Not for Clinton: Position on Gay Marriage Losses Him Support," Washington Post (June 12, 1996), C1.
346. Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
347. For an excellent account of the Christian Right's emergence in the Republican party, see Duane Murray Oldfield, The Right and the Righteous: The Christian Right Confronts the Republican Party (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996).
348. Steve Bruce, The Rise and Fall of the New Christian Right: Conservative Protestant Politics in America, 1978-1988 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), chap. 5.
349. Phil Gailey, "Washington Talk: Political Notebook," New York Times (February 5, 1987), A24.
350. John B. Judis, "The Charge of the Light Brigade: Fundamentalists and Republicans in the post-Reagan Era," New Republic (September 29, 1986), 16.
351. James A. Barnes, "Looking for Credibility," National Journal (April 25, 1987), 986.
352. Paul Gailey, "Politics: Evangelism and a Fight with Peril to Both Sides," New York Times (March 17, 1986).
353. Thomas B. Edsall, "Souljah Episode Echoes in Dole's Move; Clinton Took on a Rapper; GOP Rival's Gambit on Abortion Is Riskier," Washington Post (June 13, 1996), A10.
354. Kenneth Benoit and Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Electoral Systems and Minority Representation," in Paul E. Peterson, ed., Classifying by Race (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), 67.
355. Marshall R. Singer, "Prospects for Conflict Management in the Sri Lankan Ethnic Conflict," in Joseph V. Montville, ed., Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1990).
356. Benoit and Shepsle, "Electoral Systems and Minority Representation";
357. Arend Lijphart, Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984);
358. Arend Lijphart, Ronald Rogowski, and R. Kent Weaver, "Separation of Powers and Cleavage Management," in R. Kent Weaver and Bert A. Rockman, eds., Do Institutions Matter? Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1993).
359. Richard F. Fenno, Jr., Home Style: House Members in Their Districts (Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1978);
360. David R. Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
361. Theodore J. Lowi, "Party, Policy, and Constitution in America," in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds., American Party Systems (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 257.
362. Marshall Ganz, "Voters in the Crosshairs: How Technology and the Market Are Destroying Politics," American Prospect (July 1994), 106.
363. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78 (1984): 734-49;
364. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
365. Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
366. Kenneth A. Shepsle, "The Strategy of Ambiguity: Uncertainty and Electoral Competition," American Political Science Review 66 (1972): 555-68.
367. Benjamin I. Page, Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections: Rational Man and Electoral Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 179.
368. Alan Ware, The Logic of Party Democracy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 148.
369. Edward C. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), chap. 5.
370. John Zaller, "Information, Values, and Opinion" American Political Science Review 85 (1991): 1215-38.
371. Elisabeth R. Gerber and John E. Jackson, "Endogenous Preferences and the Study of Institutions," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 639.
372. Joseph J. Houska, Influencing Mass Political Behavior (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1985).
373. Daniel M. Weintraub and Bill Stall, "Wilson Would Expel Illegal Immigrants from Schools; Politics: Saying State Can't Afford to Educate Them, He Clarifies Stand on Prop. 187. Brown Charges Hypocrisy," Los Angeles Times (September 16, 1994), A1;
374. quot;Brown, Wilson Clash on Crime, Immigration, Taxes; Debate: Challenger Discloses Daughter's Rape in Forceful Answer to Governor's Charge that She's Soft on Crime" (October 16, 1994), A1.
375. Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980);
376. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage, 1993).
377. Gitlin, Whole World Is Watching;
378. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Vintage, 1977);
379. Jane Mansbridge, Why We Lost the Era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986);
380. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1981);
381. Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Devel opment of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982);
382. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965);
383. Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: Free Press, 1984).
384. "Reverend Jesse Jackson Says His Tears for 'Martyrs and Murdered Whose Blood Made Last Night Possible.'" Interview by Michel Martin, Tell Me More, NPR News, November 5, 2008. Found at http://www.npr.org/about/press/2008/110508.JesseJackson.html.
385. Caitlyn Dwyer, "A Different Nominee? The Role of the Rules in the 2008 Primaries" (paper presented at Midwest Political Science Association, April 2-5, 2009).
386. Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream (New York: Crown, 2006).
387. Robert Charles Smith, We Have No Leaders: African Americans in the Post-Civil Rights Era (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996);
388. Katherine Tate, From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993);
389. Hanes Walton, Jr., African American Power and Politics: The Political Context Variable (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
390. Valerie Sinclair-Chapman and Melanye Price, "Black Politics, the 2008 Election, and the (Im)Possibility of Race Transcendence," PS: Political Science & Politics 41 (2008):739-45;
391. Ronald W. Walters, "Barack Obama and the Politics of Blackness," Journal of Black Studies 38, no. 1 (2007): 16.
392. Matt Bai, "Is Obama the End of Black Politics?" New York Times Magazine (August 6, 2008).
393. Michael Crowley, "Post-Racial: Even White Supremacists Don't Hate Obama," New Republic (March 12, 2008);
394. David Remnick, "The Joshua Generation: Race and the Campaign of Barack Obama," New Yorker (November 17, 2008);
395. Jeffrey Rosen, "Race to the Top: Like it or Not, the President is About to Confront Civil Rights," New Republic (May 6, 2009).
396. Zoltan L. Hajnal, Changing White Attitudes Toward Black Leadership (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2006);
397. Tali Mendelberg, The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
398. See Joint Center for Political Studies, "Black Elected Officials: A National Roster" (Washington, D.C.: JCPS, 2004).
399. Thomas C. Holt, The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 2000);
400. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States (New York: Routledge, 1994).
401. Jane Mansbridge, "Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent 'Yes,'" Journal of Politics 61 (August 1999): 628-57.
402. Paul Gilroy, 'There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack': The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984);
403. Desmond S. King and Rogers M. Smith, "Racial Orders in American Political Development," American Political Science Review 99 (2005): 75-92;
404. Tasha Philpot, Race, Republicans, and the Return of the Party of Lincoln (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007).
405. Holt, The Problem of Race, 6.
406. Mark A. Graber, "The Non-Majoritarian Difficulty: Legislative Deference to the Judiciary," Studies in American Political Development 7 (1993);
407. Kevin J. McMahon, Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race: How the Presidency Paved the Road to Brown (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2004).
408. Regarding this division in public opinion, see Lawrence D. Bobo, "Racial Attitudes and Relations at the Close of the Twentieth Century," in Neil J. Smelser, William Julius Wilson, and Faith Mitchell, eds., America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2001);
409. Lawrence D. Bobo, "Inequalities That Endure: Racial Ideology, American Politics, and the Peculiar Role of the Social Sciences," in Maria Krysan and Amanda E. Lewis, eds., The Changing Terrain of Race and Ethnicity (New York: Russell Sage, 2004);
410. Michael Dawson, Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994);
411. Michael Dawson, "Structure and Ideology: The Shaping of Black Public Opinion" (unpublished manuscript, 1995);
412. Michael Dawson, Melissa Harris-Lacewell, and Cathy Cohen, "2005 Racial Attitudes and the Katrina Disaster Study" (unpublished manuscript, 2006);
413. Jennifer Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
414. Dawson et al., "2005 Racial Attitudes."
415. Leonie Huddy and Stanley Feldman, "Worlds Apart: Blacks and Whites React to Hurricane Katrina," Du Bois Review 3 (2006): 97-113.
416. Dawson et al., "2005 Racial Attitudes."
417. Gallup Poll, "Race Relations" (2007).
418. "Blacks See Growing Values Gap Between Poor and Middle Class," Pew Research Center, November 13, 2007. Found at http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/700/black-public-opinion.
419. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979).
420. Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and Heidi Shierholz, The State of Working America, 2008-2009 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009), 5.
421. Michael K. Brown, et al., Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005);
422. Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou, Asian American Youth: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity (New York: Routledge, 2004);
423. Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001).
424. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, "From Bi-racial to Tri-racial:Towards a New System of Racial Classification in the United States," Ethnic and Racial Studies 27 (6) (2004): 931-50;
425. Rodney E. Hero, Faces of Inequality: Social Diversity in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998);
426. Claire Jean Kim, "The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans," Politics and Society 27, no. 1 (1999): 10-38;
427. Taeku Lee, "From Shared Demographic Categories to Common Political Destinies," Du Bois Review 4 (2) (2007), 433-56;
428. Taeku Lee, "Race, Immigration, and the Identity-to-Politics Link," Annual Review of Political Science 11 (2008), 457-78;
429. Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in Nineteenth Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000);
430. Mark Q. Sawyer and Tianna S. Paschel, "'We Didn't Cross the Color Line, the Color Line Crossed Us," Du Bois Review 4 (2) (2007), 303-15;
431. Gary M. Segura and Helena Alves Rodrigues, "Comparative Ethnic Politics in the United States: Beyond Black and White," Annual Review of Political Science (9) (2006), 375-95;
432. Mary C. Waters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001).
433. Luis Ricardo Fraga and David L. Leal, "Playing the 'Latino Card': Race, Ethnicity, and National Party Politics," Du Bois Review 1, no. 2 (2004): 297-317;
434. Thomas P. Kim, The Racial Logic of Politics: Asian Americans and Party Competition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006);
435. Janelle S. Wong, Democracy's Promise: Immigrants and American Civic Institutions (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006).
436. U.S. Census Bureau, "Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003," June 2004, https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf.
437. Sam Dillon, "'No Child' Law Is Not Closing a Racial Gap," New York Times (April 28, 2009).
438. Maureen T. Hallinan, "Sociological Perspectives on Black-White Inequalities in American Schooling," Sociology of Education 74 (2001): 50-70.
439. Christopher Jencks and M. Phillips, "America's Next Achievement Test: Closing the Black-White Test Score Gap," American Prospect (1998): 44-53;
440. Debra Viadero, "Black-White Gap Widens Faster for High Achievers," Education Weekly (April 16, 2008).
441. Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, "Historic Reversals, Accelerating Resegregation, and the Need for New Integration Strategies" (report of the Civil Rights Project, UCLA, 2007).
442. Alemayehu Bishaw and Jessica Semegu, U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey Reports, ACS-09, Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data from the 2007 Community Survey (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008).
443. Joe Soss, Jacob S. Hacker, and Suzanne Mettler, eds., Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality (New York: Russell Sage, 2007), 8;
444. Mishel et al., State of Working America, 107.
445. William Julius Wilson, "The Political and Economic Forces Shaping Concentrated Inequality," Political Science Quarterly 123 (Winter 2008/09).
446. Martin Gilens, Why Americans Hate Welfare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
447. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Vintage, 1997).
448. Larry Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).
449. Jessica Gordon Nebhard, Steven C. Pitts, and Patrick L. Mason, "African American Intragroup Inequality and Corporate Globalization," in Cecilia A. Conrad, John Whitehead, Patrick Mason, and James Stewart, eds., African Americans in the U.S. Economy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 211-214.
450. U.S. Department of Labor, "Highlights of Women's Earnings in 2007" (Bureau of Labor Studies Report 1008), October 2008;
451. Bishaw and Semegu, "Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data";
452. Carmen DeNavas-Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica Smith, U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-233, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2006 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007), http://www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/p60-233.pdf;
453. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Historical Income Tables-Families, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/f05.html.
454. Thomas Shapiro, "Close the Racial Wealth Gap," CNN.com (June 10, 2009), http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/06/10/shapiro.wealth/index.html?iref=allsearch.
455. Shapiro, The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
456. Brian K. Bucks, Arthur B. Kennickell, Traci L. Mach, and Kevin B. Moore, "Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2004 to 2007: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances," Federal Reserve Bulletin (February 2009), 14.
457. Brown et al., Whitewashing Race, 14.
458. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, ed. Brian D. Smedley, Adrienne Y. Stith, and Alan R. Nelson (Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2002).
459. National Minority AIDS Council, African Americans, Health Disparities, and HIV/ Aids (report, November 2006).
460. Douglas S. Massey, "Segregation and Stratification: A Biosocial Perspective," Du Bois Review 1 (2004): 1-19;
461. Mary Pattillo-McCoy, Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
462. Devah Pager, Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 90-91.
463. Jennifer Lee and Frank D. Bean, "Intermarriage and Multiracial Identification: The Asian American Experience and Implications for Changing Color Lines," in Lee and Zhou, eds., Asian American Youth.
464. Jonathan Simon, Governing Through Crime: How the War on America Transformed Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 141.
465. David Garland, Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences (New York:Russell Sage, 2001).
466. Pew Center on the States, "One in One Hundred: Behind Bars in America 2008" (February 2008).
467. Zoltan L. Hajnal, "Who Loses in American Democracy? A Count of Votes Demonstrates the Limited Representation of African Americans," American Political Science Review 103 (1) (February 2009): 37-57.
468. John D. Griffin and Brian Newman, Minority Report: Evaluating Political Equality in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008).
469. Dara Strolovitch, Affirmative Advocacy: Race, Class, and Gender in Interest Group Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
470. Claire Jean Kim, "Managing the Racial Breach: Clinton, Black-White Polarization, and the Race Initiative," Political Science Quarterly 117, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 55-79.
471. Philpot, Race, Republicans.
472. Lee Sigelman and Emmett H. Buell, Jr., "Avoidance or Engagement? Issue Convergence in U.S. Presidential Campaigns, 1960-2000," American Journal of Political Science 48 (October 2004): 650-61, at 655.
473. D. Sunshine Hillygus and Todd G. Shields, The Persuadable Voter: Wedge Issues in Presidential Campaigns (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008).
474. Hillygus and Shields, Persuadable Voter, 142-43.
475. Katherine Beckett, Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999);
476. Naomi Murakawa, "The Origins of the Carceral Crisis: Racial Order as 'Law and Order,'" in Joseph E. Lowndes et al., eds., Race and American Political Development (New York: Routledge, 2008);
477. Vesla M. Weaver, "Frontlash:Race and the Development of Punitive Crime Policy," Studies in American Political Development 21 (September 2007): 230-65.
478. Rebecca Bohrman and Naomi Murakawa, "Remaking Big Government: Immigration and Crime Control in the United States," in Julia Sudbury, ed., Global Lockdown: Race, Gender, and the Prison-Industrial Complex (New York: Routledge, 2005);
479. Bruce Western, Punishment and Inequality in America (New York: Russell Sage, 2006).
480. Jeff Manza and Christopher Uggen, Locked Out: Federal Disenfranchisement and American Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
481. For an overview of the events, see Tamala M. Edwards, "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" Salon (December 19, 2000).
482. Though, importantly, see Tavis Smiley and Stephanie Robinson, Accountable: Making America as Good as Its Promise (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009);
483. Ronald W. Walters, Freedom Is Not Enough: Black Voters, Black Candidates, and American Presidential Politics (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005).
484. Matt Bai, The Argument: Inside the Battle to Remake Democratic Politics (New York:Penguin, 2007), 57.
485. John B. Judis and Ruy Teixeira, "Back to the Future: The Re-emergence of the Emerging Democratic Majority," American Prospect (June 19, 2007).
486. Rahm Emanuel and Bruce Reed, The Plan: Big Ideas for America (New York: Public Affairs, 2006).
487. Naftali Bendavid, The Thumpin': How Rahm Emanuel and the Democrats Learned to Be Ruthless and Ended the Republican Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 2007).
488. Thomas Frank, What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (New York: Metropolitan, 2004);
489. Dave Saunders and Steve Jarding, Foxes in the Henhouse: How the Republicans Stole the South and the Heartland and What the Democrats Must Do to Run 'Em Out (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006);
490. Mark Halperin and John F. Harris, The Way to Win: Taking the White House in 2008 (New York: Random House, 2006);
491. John B. Judis and Ruy Teixeira, The Emerging Democratic Majority (New York: Scribner, 2002).
492. Indeed, it is further striking that immigrant voters are not discussed by these pundits as a new group of voters. See Fraga and Leal, "Playing the 'Latino Card'";
493. Kim, The Racial Logic of Party Competition.
494. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1944);
495. Henry Lee Moon, The Balance of Power: The Negro Vote (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1948).
496. Howard Schuman, Charlotte Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, and Maria Krysan, Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 312.
497. Bobo, "Inequalities That Endure," 17;
498. Donald R. Kinder and David O. Sears, "Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Racial Threats to the Good Life," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981): 414-31, at 416.
499. Nicholas A. Valentino and David O. Sears, "Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South," American Journal of Political Science 49, no. 3 (2005):672-88.
500. Bobo, "Inequalities That Endure," 22.
501. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996);
502. Michael Tesler and David Sears, "Barack Obama and the Two Sides of Symbolic Racism: Explaining the Effects of Racial Resentment in the Primaries and Beyond" (paper presented at the Western Political Science Association, March 19-21, 2009).
503. Paul M. Sniderman and Edward G. Carmines, Reaching Beyond Race (Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1997).
504. Ruy Teixeira, ed., Red, Blue, and Purple America: The Future of Election Demographics (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 2008).
505. William Frey, "Race, Immigration, and America's Changing Electorate," 79-108.
506. Marc Ambinder, "Race Over?" Atlantic (January/February 2009).
507. Stephen Ansolabehere and Charles Stewart III, "Amazing Race: How Post-Racial Was Obama's Victory?" Boston Review (January/February 2009).
508. Philip A. Klinkner and Thomas Schaller, "LBJ's Revenge: The 2008 Election and the Rise of the Great Society Coalition," Forum 6(4): 7.
509. Bonilla-Silva, "From Bi-Racial to Tri-Racial?";
510. Luis R. Fraga and Gary M. Segura, "Culture Clash? Contesting Notions of American Identity and the Effects of Latin American Immigration," Perspectives on Politics 4 (2) (2006), 279-87;
511. Taeku Lee, "Race, Immigration";
512. Segura and Rodrigues, "Comparative Ethnic Politics in the United States."
513. Gary C. Jacobson, "The 2008 Presidential and Congressional Elections: Anti-Bush Referendum and Prospects for the Democratic Majority," Political Science Quarterly 124 (Spring 2009): 3.