The myth of digital democracy

The Myth of Digital Democracy

Volumn 9781400837496, Issue , 2008, Pages 1-181

  Hindman, Matthew ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOGS; SEARCH ENGINES; WEBSITES;

DIGITAL AGE; DIGITAL DEMOCRACY; FUND RAISING; INTEREST GROUPS; ONLINE NEWS; POLITICAL DISCOURSE; POLITICAL PARTICIPATIONS; WEB TRAFFIC;

SOCIAL SCIENCES;

EID: 84924188948     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (291)

1. Abbatte, J. 1998. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2. Abramowitz, A. I., J. McGlennon, R. B. Rapoport, and W. J. Stone. 2001. "Activists in the United States Presidential Nomination Process, 1980- 1996." Computer file. 2nd ICPSR version. Study no. 6143. http:==webapp.icpsr.umich.edu=cocoon=ICPSR-STUDY=06143.xml.
3. Ackerman, B. A., and J. S. Fishkin. 2004. Deliberation Day. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
4. Adamic, L. A., and N. Glance. 2005. "The Political Blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. Election: Divided They Blog." In LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Link Discovery, 36-43. http:==dx.doi.org= 10.1145=1134271.1134277. New York: ACM Press.
5. Adamic, L. A., and B. A. Huberman. 2000. "The Nature of Markets on the World Wide Web." Quarterly Journal of Economic Commerce 1:5-12.
6. Albert, A., H. Jeong, and A. -L. Barabási. 1999. "Diameter of the World Wide Web." Nature 401:130-31.
7. Allen, M. 2007. "Move Over, MoveOn: GOP's A-Comin'." Politico, June 29. http:==www.politico.com=news=stories=0607=4712.html.
8. Althaus, S. 2007. "Free Falls, High Dives, and the Future of Democratic Accountability." Paper presented at the Changing Media and Political Accountability conference, Center for the Study of Democratic Politics, Princeton University, November 30-December 1.
9. Amazon.com, Inc. 2005. Annual Report. http:==edgar.sec.gov.
10. American Society of Newspaper Editors. 1997. The Journalists. Report, July Reston, VA. http:==www.asne.org=kiosk=reports=97reports=journalists90s= journalists.html.
11. Anderson, C. 2004. "The Long Tail." Wired. http:==www.wired.com=wired= archive=12.10=tail.htm.
12. Anderson, C. 2006a. The Long Tail. New York: Hyperion.
13. Anderson, C. 2006b. "We Did It!" Blog post July 11. http:==www.thelongtail.com= the_long_tail=2006=07=we_did_it.html.
14. Armstrong, J., and M. Moulitsas Zuniga. 2006. Crashing the Gates: Netroots, Grassroots, and the Rise of People-Powered Politics. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green.
15. Arnold, R. D. 1990. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
16. Ashbee, E. 2003. "The Lott Resignation, 'Blogging,' and American Conservatism." Political Quarterly 74:361-70.
17. Ayres, C. 2005. "Million Lawyers a Legal Nightmare." Times (London), February 26. http:==www.timesonline.co.uk=article=0, 11069-1500707,00.html.
18. Baker, S., H. Green, and R. D. Hof. 2004. "Click the Vote." Businessweek, March 29, 102.
19. Barabási, A. -L. 2002. Linked. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
20. Barabási, A. -L., and R. Albert. 1999. "Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks." Science 286:509-12.
21. Barabási, A. -L., R. Albert, H. Jeong, and G. Bianconi. 2000. "Power-Law Distribution of the World Wide Web." Science 287:12-13.
22. Barnes and Noble, Inc. 2005. Annual Report. http:==edgar.sec.gov.
23. Barnouw, E. 1966. A Tower in Babel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
24. Bartels, L. M. 1988. Presidential Primaries and the Dynamics of Public Choice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
25. Bartlett, B. 2003. "Blog On." National Review Online, January 6. http:==www .nationalreview.com=nrofbartlett=bartlett010603.asp.
26. Baum, M. A., and S. Kernell. 1999. "Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television?" American Political Science Review 93:99-114.
27. Bear, N. Z. 2004. "Weblogs by Average Daily Traffic." http:==www.truthlaidbear.com=TrafficRanking.php (accessed December 5, 2004).
28. Benkler, Y. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
29. Bennett, W. L. 2003a. "The Burglar Alarm That Just Keeps Ringing: A Response to Zaller." Political Communication 20:131-38.
30. Bennett, W. L. 2003b. "Communicating Global Activism: Strengths and Vulnerabilities of Networked Politics." Information, Communications, and Society 6:143-68.
31. Berkowitz, P. 1996. "The Debating Society." New Republic, November 25, 36- 42.
32. Berman, A. 2008. "The Dean Legacy." Nation, March 17. http:==www .thenation.com=doc=20080317=berman.
33. Berners-Lee, T. 2000. Weaving the Web. New York: HarperBusiness.
34. Bimber, B. 1998. "The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism." Polity 31:133-60.
35. Bimber, B. 2000. "The Gender Gap on the Internet." Social Science Quarterly 81: 868-76.
36. Bimber, B. 2001. "Information and Political Engagement in America: The Search for Effects of Information Technology at the Individual Level." Political Research Quarterly 54:53-67.
37. Bimber, B. 2003a. Information and American Democracy: Technology in the Evolution of Political Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Bimber, B. 2003b. "Notes on the Diffusion of the Internet." Report. University of California at Santa Barbara. http:==www.polsci.ucsb.edu=faculty= bimber=Internet-Diffusion.htm.
39. Bimber, B., and R. Davis. 2003. Campaigning Online: The Internet in U.S. Elections. New York: Oxford University Press.
40. Bishop, T. 2004. "Bloggers Rule the Day in Earliest Reporting." Baltimore Sun, November 3, 13B.
41. "Blog-Hopping." 2004. Columbus Dispatch, July 12, 06A.
42. Bloom, J. D. 2003. "The Blogosphere: How a Once Humble Medium Came to Drive Elite Discourse and Influence Public Policy and Elections." Paper presented at the 2003 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, August 28.
43. Boczkowski, P. J. 2005. Digitizing the News: Innovation in Online Newspapers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Borenstein, S., and G. Saloner. 2001. "Economics and Electronic Commerce." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15:3-12.
45. Boyle, J. 1996. Shamans, Software, and Spleens: Law and the Construction of the Information Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46. Brin, S., and L. Page. 1998. "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine." Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 30: 107-17.
47. Bromage, A. W. 1930. "Literacy and the Electorate." American Political Science Review 24:946-62.
48. Brown, M. 1994. "Using Gini-Style Indices to Evaluate the Spatial Patterns of Health Practitioners: Theoretical Considerations and an Application Based on Alberta Data." Social Science Medicine 38:1243-56.
49. Brynjolfsson, E., and L. M. Hitt. 2000. "Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation, and Business Performance." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14:23- 48.
50. Campbell, K. 2002. "You, Too, Can Have a Voice in Blogland." Christian Science Monitor, June 19, Features sec. p. 12.
51. Cappelli, P., and M. Hamori. 2004. "The Path to the Top." National Bureau of Economic Research working paper no. w10507. http:==www.nber.org= papers=w10507.
52. Castells, M. 2000. The Information Age: Economy, Society, Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.
53. Cederman, L. -E. 2003. "Modeling the Size of Wars: From Billiard Balls to Sand Piles." American Political Science Review 97:135-50.
54. Center for Responsive Politics (CRP) 2004. Report on 2004 Donor Demographics. http:==www.opensecrets.org=presidential=donordems.asp.
55. Chaddock, G. R. 2005. "Their Clout Rising, Blogs Are Courted by Washington's Elite." Christian Science Monitor, October 27, USA Sec., 1.
56. Chadwick, A. 2006 Internet Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
57. Cho, J., and S. Roy. 2004. "Impact of Search Engines on Page Popularity." In WWW '04: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on the World Wide Web, 20-29. New York: ACM Press.
58. Cleaver, H. M., Jr. 1998. "The Zapatista Effect: The Internet and the Rise of an Alternative Political Fabric." Journal of International Affairs 51:621-22.
59. Cohen, A. 2006. "Why the Democratic Ethic of the World Wide Web May Be about to End." New York Times. Editorial observer, May 28. http:==www .nytimes.com=2006=05=28=opinion=28sun3.html.
60. Cohen, J. 1989. "Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy." In The Good Polity, ed. A. Hamlin and P. Pettit, 17-34. Oxford: Blackwell.
61. Colford, P. D. 2004. "Big Blog Bucks." New York Daily News, October 5, 52.
62. Connolly-Ahern, C., A. P. Williams, and L. L. Kaid. 2003. "Hyperlinking as Gatekeeping: Online Newspaper Coverage of the Execution of an American Terrorist." Journalism Studies 4:401-14.
63. Cornfield, M., and L. Raine. 2003. Untuned Keyboards: Online Campaigners, Citizens, and Portals in the 2002 Elections. Washington, DC: Institute for Politics, Democracy, and the Internet.
64. Cortes, C., and V. Vapnik. 1995. "Support-Vector Networks." Machine Learning 20:273-97.
65. Crowe, R. 2005. "Bush, Kerry Aides Reflect on '04 Campaign." Houston Chronicle, January 27, A11.
66. U.S. Census Bureau. 2001. "Households and Families." Census 2000 brief,Washington, DC, September. http:==www.census.gov=prod=2001pubs=c2kbr01-8.pdf.
67. Curtin, M. 2000. "Gatekeeping in the Neo-Network Era." In Advocacy Groups and the Entertainment Industry, ed. M. Suman and G. Rossman. Westport, CT: Praeger, 217- 46.
68. Davis, R. 1998. The Web of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
69. Deibert, R. J. 2000. "International Plug 'n' Play? Citizen Activism, the Internet, and Global Public Policy." International Studies Perspectives 1:255-72.
70. Deibert, R. J. 2003. "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarization of Cyberspace." Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference, Portland, OR, February 25.
71. Dertouzos, J. N., and W. B. Trautman. 1990. "Economic Effects of Media Concentration: Estimates from a Model of the Newspaper Firm." Journal of Industrial Economics 39:1-14.
72. Dijk, J.A.G.M.V. 2005. The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
73. Dill, S., R. Kumar, K. S. McCurley, S. Rajagopalan, D. Sivakumar, and A. Tomkins. 2002. "Self-Similarity in the Web." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 2:205-23.
74. DiMaggio, P., E. Hargittai, C. Ceste, and S. Shafer. 2004. "Digital Inequality: From Unequal Access to Differentiated Use." In Social Inequality, ed. K. Neckerman, 355- 400. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
75. Ding, C., X. He, P. Husbands, H. Zha, and H. Simon. 2002. "PageRank, HITS, and a Unified Framework for Link Analysis." Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
76. Drezner, D. W., and H. Farrell. 2004a. "The Power and Politics of Blogs." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2-5.
77. Drezner, D. W., and H. Farrell. 2004b. "Web of Influence." Foreign Policy 145:32- 40.
78. Drum, K. 2005. "Of Blogs and Men." Blog entry February 18. http:==www.washingtonmonthly.com=archives=individual=005685.php.
79. Dryzek, J. S. 2002. Deliberative Democracy and Beyond: Liberals, Critics, Contestations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
80. Epstein, E. J. 1974. News from Nowhere: Television and the News. New York: Vintage Books.
81. Falcone, M. 2003. "Dear Campaign Diary: Seizing the Day, Online." New York Times, September 11, G1.
82. Faler, B. 2004a. "Online, Political, and Influential; Survey: Visitors to Candidate Web Sites Are Opinion Leaders." Washington Post, February 9, A05.
83. Faler, B. 2004b. "Some Candidates Turn to Blogs to Place Ads; Sites Are Low- Cost, Reach Thousands." Washington Post, April 18, A05.
84. Fallows, D. 2005. Search Engine Users. January 23. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project.
85. Faloutsos, M., P. Faloutsos, and C. Faloutsos. 1999. "On Power-Law Relationships of the Internet Topology." In SIGCOMM, 251-62.
86. Fasoldt, A. 2003. "The Mighty Blog: Lott Saga a Milestone for Online Pundits." New Orleans Times-Picayune, January 8, Living sec., 3.
87. Fishman, M. 1980. Manufacturing the News. Austin: University of Texas Press.
88. Foot, K., and S. Schneider. 2006. Web Campaigning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
89. Fortunato, S., A. Flammini, F. Menczer, and A. Vespignani. 2006. "The Egalitarian Effect of Search Engines." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:12684-89.
90. Franklin, C. H. 1992. "Measurement and the Dynamics of Party Identification." Political Behavior 14:297-309.
91. Frantzich, S. 2004. "Technology and the U.S. Congress: Looking Back and Looking Forward." Information Polity 9:103-13.
92. Gamson, J. 2003. "Gay Media, Inc.: Media Structures, the New Gay Conglomerates, and Collective Sexual Identities." In Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice, ed. M. McCaughey and M. D. Ayers, 255-79. London: Routledge.
93. Gandy, O. H. 2002. "The Real Digital Divide: Citizens versus Consumers." In The Handbook of New Media, ed. L. Lievrouw and S. Livingstone, 448-60. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
94. Gans, H. J. 1980. Deciding What's News. New York: Vintage Books.
95. Garrido, M., and A. Halavais. 2003. "Mapping Networks of Support for the Zapatista Movement." In Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice, ed. M. McCaughey and M. D. Ayers, 165-84. London: Routledge.
96. Gates, B. 2000. Business at the Speed of Thought: Succeed in the Digital Economy. New York: Warner Business Books.
97. Geras, N. 2004. "The Normblog Profile 16: Glenn Reynolds." Interview, January 9. http:==normblog.typepad.com=normblog=2004=01=the_normblog_pr_1.html.
98. Gillmor, D. 2004. We the Media. Cambridge, MA: O'Reilly.
99. Gini, C. 1921. "Measurement of Inequality of Incomes." Economic Journal 31:124-26.
100. Google, Inc. 2005. Annual Report. http:==edgar.sec.gov.
101. Green, D. P., B. Palmquist, and E. Schickler. 2002. Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
102. Grossman, L. K. 1995. The Electronic Republic: Reshaping Democracy in the Information Age. New York: Viking Penguin.
103. Guthrie, J. 2004. "Fellow Anchors Defend Rather on Forged Papers." San Francisco Chronicle, October 3, A2.
104. Gutmann, A., and D. Thompson. 1996. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
105. Habermas, J. 1981. The Theory of Communicative Action. London: Beacon Press.
106. Habermas, J. 1996. Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
107. Hafner, K. 1998. Where Wizards Stay Up Late. New York: Simon and Schuster.
108. Halloran, L. 2004. "Slogging through Convention Blogs." Hartford Courant, July 29, D1.
109. Hamilton, J. T. 2004. All the News That's Fit to Sell: How the Market Transforms Information into News. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
110. Hansell, S. 2006. "Google Posts 60% Gain in Earnings." New York Times. http:==www.nytimes.com=2006=04=21=technology=21google.htm.
111. Hargittai, E. 2000. "Open Portals or Closed Gates? Channeling Content on the World Wide Web." Poetics 27:233-53.
112. Hargittai, E. 2003. "How Wide a Web? Inequalities in Accessing Information Online." PhD diss., Princeton University.
113. Hartlaub, P. 2004a. "Unbound by Tradition, Boston Bloggers Exercise Fresh Freedom of the Press." San Francisco Chronicle, July 30, E1.
114. Hartlaub, P. 2004b. "Web Sites Provide Alternative to Wary TV Coverage." San Francisco Chronicle, November 3, A14.
115. Healy, P., and J. Zeleny. 2008. "Obama Outshines Clinton at Raising Funds." New York Times, February 8. http:==www.nytimes.com=2008=02=08=us=politics=08clinton.html.
116. Herring, S. 2002. "Searching for Safety Online: Managing 'Trolling' in a Feminist Forum." Information Society 18:371-84.
117. Hewitt, H. 2005. Blog: Understanding the Information Reformation That's Changing Your World. Nashville, TN: Nelson Books.
118. Hirschman, A. O. 1964. "The Paternity of an Index." American Economic Review 54:761-62.
119. Hitwise. 2007. "Methodology FAQ." Hitwise Competitive Intelligence. http:==clients.hitwise.com=faq=index.html.
120. Horn, J. 2004. "Exit Polls Bog Down the Blogs." Los Angeles Times, November 3, A33.
121. Howard, P. N. 2005. New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen. New York: Cambridge University Press.
122. Huberman, B. A. 2001. Laws of the Web. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
123. Huberman, B. A., P.L.T. Pirolli, J. E. Pitkow, and R. M. Lukose. 1998. "Strong Regularities in World Wide Web Surfing." Science 280:95-97.
124. Introna, L. D., and H. Nissenbaum. 2000. "Shaping the Web: Why the Politics of Search Engines Matters." Information Society 16:169-85.
125. Jansen, B. J., and A. Spink. 2006. "How Are We Searching the World Wide Web? A Comparison of Nine Search Engine Transaction Logs." Information Processing and Management 42:248-63.
126. Jansen, B. J., A. Spink, J. Bateman, and T. Saracevic. 1998. "Real Life Information Retrieval: A Study of User Queries on the Web." SIGIR Forum 32:5-17.
127. Jennings, M. K., and V. Zeitner. 2003. "Internet Use and Civic Engagement: A Longitudinal Analysis." Public Opinion Quarterly 67:311-34.
128. Joachims, T. 1998. "Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with Many Relevant Features." In Proceedings of ECML-98, 10th European Conference on Machine Learning, ed. C. Nédellec and C. Rouveirol, 137- 42. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
129. Johnson, D. B., and J. R. Gibson. 1974. "The Divisive Primary Revisited: Party Activists in Iowa." American Political Science Review 68:67-77.
130. Johnson, T. J., and B. K. Kaye. 2003. "A Boost or Bust for Democracy?" Harvard International Journal of Press and Politics 8:9-34.
131. Johnson, T. J., and B. K. Kaye. 2004. "Wag the Blog: How Reliance on Traditional Media and the Internet Influence Credibility Perceptions of Weblogs among Blog Users." Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 81:622- 42.
132. Justice, G. 2004. "Kerry Kept Money Coming with Internet as His ATM." New York Times, November 6, A12.
133. Kahn, R., and D. Kellner. 2004. "New Media and Internet Activism: From the Battle of Seattle to Blogging." New Media and Society 6:87-95.
134. Karmark, E. C., and J. S. Nye, eds. 2002. Governance.com: Democracy in the Information Age. Washington, DC: Brookings.
135. Kayany, J. M. 1998. "Contexts of Uninhibited Online Behavior: Flaming in Social Newsgroups on Usenet." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 49:1135- 41.
136. Kelley, S. 1962. "Campaign Debate: Some Facts and Figures." Public Opinion Quarterly 26:351-66.
137. Kessler, J. 2004. "Call of the Blog." Atlanta Journal-Constitution. August 17, 1JJ.
138. Kleinberg. J. M. 1999. "Authoritative Sources in a Hyperlinked Environment." Journal of the ACM 46:604-32.
139. Klotz, R. J. 2004. The Politics of Internet Communication. New York: Rowman and Littlefield.
140. Knight Ridder, Inc. 2005. Annual Report. http:==edgar.sec.gov.
141. Kohut, A. 2005. "The Dean Activists: Their Profile and Prospects." April 6. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center for People and the Press.
142. Kornblum, J. 2003. "Welcome to the Blogosphere." USA Today, July 8, 7D.
143. Krueger, B. S. 2002. "Assessing the Impact of Internet Political Participation in the United States: A Resource Approach." American Political Research 30:476-98.
144. Krugman, P. 1994. "Complex Landscapes in Economic Geography." American Economic Review 84:412-16.
145. Kumar, R., P. Raghavan, S. Rajagopalan, and A. Tomkins. 1999. "Trawling the Web for Emerging Cyber-communities." Computer Networks 31:1481- 93.
146. Last, J. V. 2002. "Reading, Writing, and Blogging." Weekly Standard, March 14. http:==www.weeklystandard.com=Content=Public=Articles=000=000=001=009flofq.asp.
147. Lawrence, S., and C. L. Giles. 1998. "Searching the World Wide Web." Science 280:98-100.
148. Lebert, J. 2003. "Wiring Human Rights Activism: Amnesty International and the Challenges of Information and Communication Technologies." In Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice, ed. M. McCaughey and M. Ayers, 209-32. London: Routledge.
149. LeCun, Y., L. Jackel, L. Bottou, A. Brunot, C. Cortes, J. Denker, H. Drucker, I. Guyon, U. Muller, E. Sackinger, P. Simard, and V. Vapnik. 1995. "Comparison of Learning Algorithms for Handwritten Digit Recognition." In International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, ed. F. Fogelmon and P. Gallinari, 53-60. Paris: EC2 et Cie.
150. Lenhart, A., and S. Fox. 2006. Bloggers: A Picture of the Internet's New Storytellers. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project. http:==www.pewinternet.org=PPF=r=186=report_display.asp.
151. Lenhart, A., J. Horrrigan, L. Rainie, A. Boyce, M. Madden, and E. O'Grady. 2003. "The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at Internet Access and the Digital Divide." April 16. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project.
152. Lentz, J. 2001. Electing Jesse Ventura. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
153. Lessig, L. 1999. Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books.
154. Lessig, L. 2001. The Future of Ideas. New York: Random House.
155. Levey, N. M. 2006. "Anti-Foley Blogger Speaks Out." Los Angeles Times, November 10, A13.
156. Lewin, K. 1947. "Frontiers in Group Dynamics." Human Relations 1 (2): 143-53.
157. Lijphart, A. 1997. "Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma." American Political Science Review 91:1-14.
158. Liljeros, F., C. R. Edling, L. A. Nunes Amaral, H. E. Stanley, and Y. Aberg. 2001. "The Web of Human Sexual Contacts." Nature 411:907-8.
159. Lillkvist, M. 2004. "Advertising Sales Take Off on Internet Blogs." Wall Street Journal, March 16, D6.
160. Littan, R. E., and A. M. Rivlin. 2001. "Projecting the Economic Impact of the Internet." American Economic Review 91:313-17.
161. Lohr, S., and S. Hansell. 2006. "Microsoft and Google Set to Wage Arms Race." New York Times. http:==www.nytimes.com=2006=05=02=technology=02google.html.
162. Lucking-Reiley, D., and D. F. Spulber. 2001. "Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15:55-68.
163. Luo, M. 2008. "Small Online Contributions Add Up to a Huge Edge for Obama." New York Times, February 20. http:==www.nytimes.com=2008=02=20=us=politics=20obama.html.
164. Lupia, A., and G. Sin. 2003. "Which Public Goods Are Endangered? How Evolving Communications Technologies Affect The Logic of Collective Action." Public Choice 117:315-31.
165. Macedo, S., Y. Alex-Assensoh, J. M. Berry, M. Brintnall, D. E. Campbell, L. R. Fraga, A. Fung, W. A. Galston, C. F. Karpowitz, M. Levi, M. Levinson, K. Lipsitz, R. G. Niemi, R. D. Putnam, W. M. Rahn, R. Reich, R. R. Rodgers, T. Swanstrom, and K. C. Walsh. 2005. Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation and What We Can Do about It. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
166. MacIntyre, B. 2004. "Welcome to the New Tom Paines." London Times, November 13, 30.
167. Malcolm, A. 2008. "News Shocker: Ron Paul Was Biggest GOP Fundraiser Last Quarter." Los Angeles Times, Top of the Ticket blog, February 2. http:==latimesblogs.latimes.com=washington=2008=02=news-shocker-ro.html.
168. Manuel, M. 2004. "Boston E-Party." Atlanta Journal-Constitution, July 25, 1E.
169. Marendy, P. 2001. "A Review of World Wide Web Searching Techniques, Focusing on HITS and Related Algorithms That Utilise the Link Topology of the World Wide Web to Provide the Basis for a Structure-Based Search Technology." Working paper, James Cook University, North Queensland, Australia.
170. Margolis, M., and D. Resnick. 2000. Politics as Usual: The Cyberspace "Revolution." Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
171. Martinez, J. 2004. "Wild, Wild Web." Denver Post, August 13, B07.
172. Matheson, D. 2004. "Weblogs and the Epistemology of the News: Some Trends in Online Journalism." New Media and Society 6:443-68.
173. May, C. 2002. The Information Society: A Sceptical View. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
174. McCarthy, E. 2004. "Beltway Bloggers; Personal Politics Turn Communal on a Web of Local Internet Sites." Washington Post, February 7, E01.
175. McChesney, R. W. 1990. "The Battle for the U.S. Airwaves, 1928-1935." Journal of Communication 40:29-57.
176. McCubbins, M. D., and T. Schwartz. 1984. "Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms." American Journal of Political Science 28:165-79.
177. McLaine, S. 2003. "Ethnic Online Communities: Between Profit and Purpose." In Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice, ed. M. McCaughey and M. D. Ayers, 233-54. London: Routledge.
178. Megna, M. 2002. "Web Logs Enable Anyone with an Opinion to Be Heard." New York Daily News, November 10, Lifeline sec., 6.
179. Memmott, M. 2004. "Blogs, Journalism: Different Factions of the Write Wing." USA Today, July 27, 6A.
180. Meyer, P. 1995. "Learning to Love Lower Profits." American Journalism Review, December, 40- 44.
181. Miller, W. E., and J. M. Shanks. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
182. Morahan-Martin, J. M. 2004. "How Internet Users Find, Evaluate, and Use Online Health Information: A Cross-cultural Review." Cyberpsychology and Behavior 7:497-510.
183. Morse, R. 2004. "Web Forum Shapes Political Thinking: Dem Consultant in Berkeley Builds Blog into Influential Tool." San Francisco Chronicle, January 15. http:==sfgate.com=cgi-bin=article.cgi?f1/4=c=a=2004=01=15=BAGR14A8Q71.DTL.
184. Mossberger, K., C. J. Tolbert, and M. Stansbury. 2003. Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
185. Nagourney, A. 2003. "For Democrats, an Early Chance to Sample the 2004 Line of Presidential Candidates." New York Times, February 22, A11.
186. National Advisory Council on Radio in Education (NACRE). 1937. Four Years of Network Broadcasting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Report of the National Committee on Radio in Education and the American Political Science Association.
187. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). 2000. Falling through the Net: Toward Digital Inclusion. Report, February. Washington, DC: National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
188. National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). 2002. A Nation Online: How Americans Are Expanding Their Use of the Internet. Report, February. Washington, DC: National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
189. Negroponte, N. 1995. Being Digital. New York: Knopf.
190. Nevius, C. W. 2004. "Blogs Alter Political Landscape." San Francisco Chronicle, November 2, B1.
191. New York Times Digital. 2004. "Site Statistics." http:==www.nytdigital.com=learn=statistics.html (accessed January 2005).
192. New York Times, Inc. 2005. Annual Report. http:==edgar.sec.gov.
193. Nielsen, J. 1999. Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity. New York: New Riders Press.
194. Nino, C. S. 1998. The Constitution of Deliberative Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
195. Noam, E. 2003. "The Internet: Still Wide Open and Competitive?" OII issue brief no. 1. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute.
196. Noam, E. 2004. "How to Measure Media Concentration." Financial Times, September 7, 15.
197. Norris, P. 2001. Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet in Democratic Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
198. O'Gorman, K. 2007. "Brian Williams Weighs in on New Medium." We Want Media, April 6. http:==journalism.nyu.edu=pubzone=wewantmedia=node=487.
199. Orwell, G. 1946. "Politics and the English Language." Horizon (London). April.
200. Osuna, E., R. Freund, and F. Girosi. 1997. "An Improved Training Algorithm for Support Vector Machines." In Neural Networks for Signal Processing: Proceedings of the TEEE Workshop, Amelia Island, FL, September 24-26, 276-85.
201. Owen, B. M. 1999. The Internet Challenge to Television. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
202. Page, B. I., and R. Y. Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
203. Pandurangan, G., P. Raghavan, and E. Upfal. 2002. "Using PageRank to Characterize Web Structure." Paper presented at the annual International Computing and Combinatorics conference, (COCOON), Singapore, August 15-17.
204. Pareto, V. 1897. Cours d'Economie Politique. Vol. 2. Lausanne: F. Rouge.
205. Pass, G., A. Chowdhury, and C. Torgeson. 2006. "A Picture of Search." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Scalable Information Systems. New York: ACM Press.
206. Pennock, D. M., G. W. Flake, S. Lawrence, E. J. Glover, and C. L. Giles. 2002. "Winners Don't Take All: Characterizing the Competition for Links on the Web." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:5207-11.
207. Perrone, J. 2004. "Online: Blog Watch: Unconventional." Guardian, July 29, 20.
208. Pew Center for People and the Press. 2006. "Online Papers Modestly Boost Newspaper Readership." Washington, DC, July 30. http:==pewresearch.org=pubs=238=online-papers-modestly-boost-newspaper-readership.
209. Picard, R. G. 2002. The Economics and Financing of Media Companies. New York: Fordham University Press.
210. Platt J. 1998. Sequential Minimal Optimization: A Fast Algorithm for Training Support Vector Machines. Technical report no. 98-14. Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, April. http:==www.research.microsoft.com=jplatt=smo.html.
211. Postmes, T., and S. Brunsting. 2002. "Collective Action in the Age of the Internet." Social Science Computer Review 20:290-301.
212. Powell, M. K. 2002. Remarks of the FCC Chairman at the Broadband Technology Summit, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington, DC, April 30. http:==www.fcc.gov=Speeches=Powell=2002=spmkp205.html.
213. Prior, M. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
214. Project for Excellence in Journalism. 2007. State of the News Media 2007. Washington, DC. http:==www.stateofthenewsmedia.com=2007=.
215. Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
216. Quindlen, A. 2006. "The Glass Half Empty." New York Times, November 22, A27.
217. Ranie, L. 2005. "The State of Blogging." Data memo, January. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project. http:==www.pewinternewww.pewinternet.org=pdfs=PIP_blogging_data.pdf.
218. Rapoport, R. B., and W. J. Stone, 1999. "National Survey of Callers to the Perot 1-800 Numbers, 1992." Computer file. ICPSR version. Study no. 2809. http:==webapp.icpsr.umich.edu=cocoon=ICPSR-STUDY=06143.xml.
219. Rawls, J. 1995 Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
220. Reddaway, W. B. 1963. "The Economics of Newspapers." Economic Journal 73:201-18.
221. Reed, T. H. 1937. "Commercial Broadcasting and Civic Education." Public Opinion Quarterly 1:57-67.
222. Reynolds, G. 2006. An Army of Davids: How Markets and Technology Empower Ordinary People to Beat Big Media, Big Government, and Other Goliaths. Washington, DC: Nelson Current.
223. Reynolds, G., and H. Reynolds. 2006. "The Glenn and Helen Show: Interviewing Chris Anderson about the Long Tail." Blog post with link to podcast, July 11. http:==instapundit.com=archives=031380.php.
224. Rheingold, H. 2003. Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution. New York: Basic Books.
225. Rogers, R. 2004. Information Politics on the Web. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
226. Roscoe, T. 1999. "The Construction of the World Wide Web Audience." Media, Culture, and Society 21:673-84.
227. Rosen, J. 2004. "Your Blog orMine?" New York Times Magazine,December 19, 24.
228. Rosenstone, S. J., and M. Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
229. Rosse, J. N. 1967. "Daily Newspapers, Monopolistic Competition, and Economies of Scale." American Economic Review 57:522-33.
230. Rosse, J. N. 1970. "Estimating Cost Function Parameters without Using Cost Data: Illustrated Methodology." Econometrica 38:256-75.
231. Rosse, J. N. 1980. "The Decline of Direct Newspaper Competition." Journal of Competition 30:65-71.
232. Rothenberg, R. 2007. "An Open Letter to comScore and Nielsen==NetRatings." Interactive Adversting Bureau, New York: April 20. http:==www.iab.net=news=pr_2007_04_20.asp.
233. Saad, L. 2005. Blogs Not Yet in the Media Big Leagues. Report, March 11. Princeton, NJ: Gallup.
234. Samuelson, R. J. 2004. "Bull Market for Media Bias." Washington Post, June 23, A21.
235. Sanders, L. M. 1997. "Against Deliberation." Political Theory 25:347-76.
236. Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semisovereign People: A Realist's View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinchart and Winston.
237. Schudson, M. 1999. The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
238. Scott, E. 2004. " 'Big Media' Meets the 'Blogger': Coverage of Trent Lott's Remarks at Strom Thurmond's Birthday Party." Kennedy School of Government Case Program. Case 1731, March. http:==www.ksg.harvard.edu=presspol=Research_Publications=Case_Studies=1731_0.pdf.
239. Seipp, C. 2002. "Online Uprising." American Journalism Review, June, 42.
240. Semel, T. 2006. "Navigating Yahoo!" Interview with Ken Auletta, May 11. http:==www.newyorker.com=videos=060511onvi_video_semel.
241. Seper, C. 2004a. "Can Blogs Claim Victory in Blocking Anti-Kerry Film?" Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 21, A18.
242. Seper, C. 2004b. "For Good or Ill, Blogs Make Waves." Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 7, A1.
243. Shafer, J. 2006. "Judith Miller's New Excuse." Slate, March 16. http:==www.slate.com=id=2138161=.
244. Shah, D. V., N. Kwak, and R. L. Holbert. 2001. " 'Connecting' and 'Disconnecting' with Civic Life: Patterns of Internet Use and the Production of Social Capital." Political Communication 18:141-62.
245. Shah, D. V., J. M. McLeod, and S. H. Yoon. 2001. "Communication, Context, and Community: An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences." Communication Research 28:464-506.
246. Shapiro, A. L. 1999 The Control Revolution. New York: Public Affairs.
247. Shirky, C. 2004. "Inequality in the Weblog World." Seminar presentation at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard Law School, January 24.
248. Silverstein, C., M. Henzinger, H. Marais, and M. Moricz. 1998. "Analysis of a Very Large AltaVista Query Log." SRC Technical Note 1998-014, October 26.
249. Smith, J. 2001. "Globalizing Resistance: The Battle of Seattle and the Future of Social Movements." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 6:1-19.
250. Smolkin, R. 2004. "Photos of the Fallen." American Journalism Review ( June- July): 38.
251. Snider, J. H. 1996. "New Media, Potential Information, and Democratic Accountability: A Case Study of Governmental Access Community Media." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 1996, August 28-September 1.
252. Snider, J. H. 2001. "E-Democracy as Deterrence: Public Policy Implications of a Deterrence Model of Democratic Accountability." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 30-September 2.
253. Snider, P. B. 1967. "Mr. Gates Revisited: A 1966 Version of the 1949 Case Study." Journalism Quarterly 44:419-27.
254. Song, C., S. Havlin, and H. A. Makse. 2005. "Self-Similarity of Complex Networks." Nature 433:392-95.
255. Soto, M. 2001. "New Toys R Us Venture a Novel Strategy for Amazon.com." Seattle Times, May 23, D1.
256. Spink, A., S. Ozmutlu, H. C. Ozmutlu, and B. J. Jansen. 2002. "U.S. versus European Web Searching Trends." ACM SIGIR Forum 36:32-38.
257. Starr, P. 2004. The Creation of the American Media: The Political Origins of Modern Communications. New York: Basic Books.
258. Stone, L. 2004. "A Nod to Blogs: More Views for the Grass Roots to Graze On." Los Angeles Times, July 30, E35.
259. Stromer-Galley, J. 2000. "On-line Interaction and Why Candidates Avoid It." Journal of Communication 50:111-32.
260. Sundar, S. S., S. Kalyanaraman, and J. Brown. 2003. "Explicating Web Site Interactivity." Communication Research 30:30-59.
261. Sunstein, C. 2001. Republic.com. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
262. Sunstein, C. 2006. Infoopia. New York: Oxford University Press.
263. Tancer, B. 2006. "Google Breaks 60 Percent: U.S. July Search Volume Numbers." Hitwise Competitive Intelligence, blog post, August 3. http:==weblogs.hitwise.com=bill-tancer=2006=08=us_july_search_volume_numbers.html.
264. Taube, M. 2004. "Bravo to the Bloggers Who Felled a Network." Toronto Star, September 22, 19.
265. Thierer, A., and C. W. Crews. 2003. "Google as Public Utility? No Results in This Search for Monopoly." IT and T News, December 1. http:==www.heartland.org=Article.cfm?artId1/413765.
266. Tolbert, C. J., and R. S. McNeal. 2003. "Unraveling the Effects of the Internet on Political Participation?" Political Research Quarterly 56:175-85.
267. Tomlin, J. A. 2003. "A New Paradigm for Ranking Pages on the World Wide Web." In Proceedings of the Twelfth International World Wide Web Conference, 350-55. New York: ACM Press.
268. Trippi, J. 2005. The Revolution Will Not Be Televised: Democracy, the Internet, and the Overthrow of Everything. New York: Regan Books.
269. U.S. Census Bureau. 2001. "Households and Families." Census 2000 brief, Washington, DC, September. http:==www.census.gov=prod=2001pubs=c2kbr01-8.pdf.
270. Verba S., K. L. Schlozman, and H. E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
271. von Sternberg, B. 2004. "From Geek to Chic: Blogs Gain Influence." Minneapolis Star-Tribune, September 22, 1A.
272. Wallsten, P. 2004a. " 'Buckhead,' Who Said CBS Memos Were Forged, Is a GOP-Linked Attorney." Seattle Times, September 18. http:==seattletimes.nwsource.com=html=nationworld=2002039080_buckhead18.html.
273. Wallsten, P. 2004b. "No Disputing It: Blogs Are Major Players." New York Times, September 12, A22.
274. Ward, S., P. Nixon, and R. Gibson. 2003. "Political Parties and the Internet: An Overview." In Net Gain? Political Parties and the Internet, ed. R. Gibson, P. Nixon, and S. Ward, 11-39. London: Routledge.
275. Warschauer, M. 2004. Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
276. Wayne, L., and J. Zeleny. 2008. "Enlisting New Donors, Obama Reaped $32 Million in January." New York Times, February. http:==www.nytimes.com= 2008=02=01=us=politics=01donate.html.
277. "Web of Politics." 2004. San Francisco Chronicle, October 25, B6.
278. Weiss, J. 2003. "Blogs Shake the Political Discourse: Website Bloggers Changing the Face of Political Campaigns." Boston Globe, July 23, A1.
279. White, D. M. 1950. "The 'Gatekeeper': A Case Study in the Selection of News." Journalism Quarterly 27:383-90.
280. Whittington, L. 2005. "Byrd Raises $1.2 for Next Year's Election." Roll Call, April 14.
281. Wilhelm, A. G. 2000. Democracy in the Digital Age: Challenges to Political Life in Cyberspace. London: Routledge.
282. Williams, A. 2004. "Blogged in Boston: Politics Gets an Unruly Spin." New York Times, August 1, sec. 9, 1.
283. Williams, B. A., and M. X. Delli Carpini. 2000. "Unchained Reaction: The Collapse of Media Gatekeeping and the Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal." Journalism 1:61-85.
284. Williams, C., B. Weinberg, and J. Gordon. 2004. "When Online and Offline Politics 'Meetup.' " Paper presented at the annual American Political Science Association conference, Chicago, September 2-5. http:==meetupsurvey.com=study=components=reports=APSApaperfinal.doc.
285. Wood, D. B. 2004. "At the DNC, It's a Blog-Eat-Blog World." Christian Science Monitor, July 27, 10.
286. Yahoo!, Inc. 2005. Annual Report. http:==edgar.sec.gov.
287. Yeager, H. 2004. "Blogs, Bias, and 24-Hour News." Financial Times, September 24, 17
288. Yim, J. 2003. "Audience Concentration in the Media: Cross-Media Comparisons and the Introduction of the Uncertainty Measure. Communication Monographs 70:114-28.
289. Zaller, J. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
290. Zaller, J. 2003. "A New Standard of News Quality: Burglar Alarms for the Monitorial Citizen." Political Communication 20:109-30.
291. Zeleny, J., and K. Seelye. 2008. "More Money Is Pouring In for Clinton and Obama." New York Times, March 7. http:==www.nytimes.com=2008=03=07=us=politics=07campaign.html.