메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 53-67

Morphogenesis and patterning of the phallus and Cloaca in the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis

Author keywords

Alligator; Cloaca; Development; External genitalia; Gene expression; Genital tubercle; Phallus; Reptile

Indexed keywords

ALLIGATOR; ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS; AMNIOTA; ANIMALIA; CROCODYLIDAE (ALL CROCODILES); MAMMALIA; REPTILIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 84924018775     PISSN: 16615425     EISSN: 16615433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000364817     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (18)

References (95)
  • 1
    • 0028870218 scopus 로고
    • Sexual dimorphism in the genital morphology of young American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis
    • Allsteadt J, Lang JW: Sexual dimorphism in the genital morphology of young American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis . Herpetologica 51: 314-325 (1995).
    • (1995) Herpetologica , vol.51 , pp. 314-325
    • Allsteadt, J.1    Lang, J.W.2
  • 2
    • 0028837352 scopus 로고
    • Physiology of penile erection
    • Andersson KE, Wagner G: Physiology of penile erection. Physiol Rev 75: 191-236 (1995).
    • (1995) Physiol Rev , vol.75 , pp. 191-236
    • Andersson, K.E.1    Wagner, G.2
  • 3
    • 38249040562 scopus 로고
    • Why copulatory organs provide so many useful taxonomic characters: The origin and maintenance of hemipenial differences in lacertid lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae)
    • Arnold EN: Why copulatory organs provide so many useful taxonomic characters: the origin and maintenance of hemipenial differences in lacertid lizards (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Biol J Linn Soc 29: 263-281 (1986).
    • (1986) Biol J Linn Soc , vol.29 , pp. 263-281
    • Arnold, E.N.1
  • 4
    • 0019296946 scopus 로고
    • Sex and the single cell.I. on the action of major loci affecting sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster
    • Baker BS, Ridge KA: Sex and the single cell. I. On the action of major loci affecting sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster . Genetics 94: 383-423 (1980).
    • (1980) Genetics , vol.94 , pp. 383-423
    • Baker, B.S.1    Ridge, K.A.2
  • 5
    • 0022989880 scopus 로고
    • Embryonic development of the chicken external cloaca and phallus
    • Bakst MR: Embryonic development of the chicken external cloaca and phallus. Scan Electron Microsc 2: 653-659 (1986).
    • (1986) Scan Electron Microsc , vol.2 , pp. 653-659
    • Bakst, M.R.1
  • 6
    • 33845971522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of the roles of BMP2, 4 and 7 in limb patterning and skeletogenesis
    • Bandyopadhyay A, Tsuji K, Cox K, Harfe BD, Rosen V, Tabin CJ: Genetic analysis of the roles of BMP2, 4 and 7 in limb patterning and skeletogenesis. PLoS Genet 2:e216 (2006).
    • (2006) PLoS Genet , vol.2 , pp. e216
    • Bandyopadhyay, A.1    Tsuji, K.2    Cox, K.3    Harfe, B.D.4    Rosen, V.5    Tabin, C.J.6
  • 7
    • 0000966333 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic distribution of the urinary bladder in lizards
    • Beuchat CA: Phylogenetic distribution of the urinary bladder in lizards. Copeia 1986: 512-517 (1986).
    • (1986) Copeia , vol.1986 , pp. 512-517
    • Beuchat, C.A.1
  • 8
    • 0028837742 scopus 로고
    • Hedgehog and Bmp genes are coexpressed at many diverse sites of cell-cell interaction in the mouse embryo
    • Bitgood MJ, McMahon AP: Hedgehog and Bmp genes are coexpressed at many diverse sites of cell-cell interaction in the mouse embryo. Dev Biol 172: 126-138 (1995).
    • (1995) Dev Biol , vol.172 , pp. 126-138
    • Bitgood, M.J.1    McMahon, A.P.2
  • 9
    • 66749101532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of iguanian and anguimorph lizard genitalia (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae; Varanoidea, Shinisauridae, Xenosauridae, Anguidae) and their phylogenetic significance: Comparisons with molecular data sets
    • Bohme W, Ziegler T: A review of iguanian and anguimorph lizard genitalia (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae; Varanoidea, Shinisauridae, Xenosauridae, Anguidae) and their phylogenetic significance: comparisons with molecular data sets. J Zool Syst Evol Res 47: 189-202 (2009).
    • (2009) J Zool Syst Evol Res , vol.47 , pp. 189-202
    • Bohme, W.1    Ziegler, T.2
  • 10
    • 0028950248 scopus 로고
    • Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology
    • Burke AC, Nelson CE, Morgan BA, Tabin C: Hox genes and the evolution of vertebrate axial morphology. Development 121: 333-346 (1995).
    • (1995) Development , vol.121 , pp. 333-346
    • Burke, A.C.1    Nelson, C.E.2    Morgan, B.A.3    Tabin, C.4
  • 11
    • 84924018583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphology of the urinary pathways of the male spectacled cayman (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus)
    • Cabrera FJ, Garcia GC: Morphology of the urinary pathways of the male spectacled cayman (Caiman crocodilus crocodilus) . Histologia 51: 9-15 (2010).
    • (2010) Histologia , vol.51 , pp. 9-15
    • Cabrera, F.J.1    Garcia, G.C.2
  • 13
    • 0000175973 scopus 로고
    • Hemipeneal skeleton and varanid lizard systematics
    • Card W, Kluge AG: Hemipeneal skeleton and varanid lizard systematics. J Herpetol 29: 275-280 (1995).
    • (1995) J Herpetol , vol.29 , pp. 275-280
    • Card, W.1    Kluge, A.G.2
  • 14
    • 84864249563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenomic analyses support the position of turtles as the sister group of birds and crocodiles (Archosauria)
    • Chiari Y, Cahais V, Galtier N, Delsuc F: Phylogenomic analyses support the position of turtles as the sister group of birds and crocodiles (Archosauria). BMC Biol 10: 65 (2012).
    • (2012) BMC Biol , vol.10 , pp. 65
    • Chiari, Y.1    Cahais, V.2    Galtier, N.3    Delsuc, F.4
  • 15
    • 84980098185 scopus 로고
    • The habits and embryology of the American alligator
    • Clarke SF: The habits and embryology of the American alligator. J Morphol 5: 181-215 (1891).
    • (1891) J Morphol , vol.5 , pp. 181-215
    • Clarke, S.F.1
  • 16
    • 79954996838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the external genitalia: Conserved and divergent mechanisms of appendage patterning
    • Cohn MJ: Development of the external genitalia: conserved and divergent mechanisms of appendage patterning. Dev Dyn 240: 1108-1115 (2011).
    • (2011) Dev Dyn , vol.240 , pp. 1108-1115
    • Cohn, M.J.1
  • 18
    • 0033961133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An important role for the IIIb isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in mesenchymal-epithelial signalling during mouse organogenesis
    • De Moerlooze L, Spencer-Dene B, Revest JM, Hajihosseini M, Rosewell I, Dickson C: An important role for the IIIb isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in mesenchymal-epithelial signalling during mouse organogenesis. Development 127: 483-492 (2000).
    • (2000) Development , vol.127 , pp. 483-492
    • De Moerlooze, L.1    Spencer-Dene, B.2    Revest, J.M.3    Hajihosseini, M.4    Rosewell, I.5    Dickson, C.6
  • 19
    • 0002385969 scopus 로고
    • A guide to the snake hemipenis: A survey of basic structure and systematic characteristics
    • Dowling HG, Savage JM: A guide to the snake hemipenis: a survey of basic structure and systematic characteristics. Zoologica 45: 17-28 (1960).
    • (1960) Zoologica , vol.45 , pp. 17-28
    • Dowling, H.G.1    Savage, J.M.2
  • 20
    • 84869483751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of the WNT and FGF signaling pathways in non-isolated anorectal malformations: Sequencing analysis of WNT3A, WNT5A, WNT11, DACT1, FGF10, FGFR2 and the T gene
    • Draaken M, Prins W, Zeidler C, Hilger A, Mughal SS, et al: Involvement of the WNT and FGF signaling pathways in non-isolated anorectal malformations: sequencing analysis of WNT3A, WNT5A, WNT11, DACT1, FGF10, FGFR2 and the T gene. Int J Mol Med 30: 1459-1464 (2012).
    • (2012) Int J Mol Med , vol.30 , pp. 1459-1464
    • Draaken, M.1    Prins, W.2    Zeidler, C.3    Hilger, A.4    Mughal, S.S.5
  • 21
    • 3042587215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bidirectional signaling mediated by ephrin-B2 and EphB2 controls urorectal development
    • Dravis C, Yokoyama N, Chumley MJ, Cowan CA, Silvany RE, et al: Bidirectional signaling mediated by ephrin-B2 and EphB2 controls urorectal development. Dev Biol 271: 272-290 (2004).
    • (2004) Dev Biol , vol.271 , pp. 272-290
    • Dravis, C.1    Yokoyama, N.2    Chumley, M.J.3    Cowan, C.A.4    Silvany, R.E.5
  • 22
    • 0021795640 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive biology and embryology of the crocodilians
    • Gans C, Billett F, Maderson PFA (eds) John Wiley & Sons, New York
    • Ferguson MWJ: Reproductive biology and embryology of the crocodilians, in Gans C, Billett F, Maderson PFA (eds): Biology of the Reptilia, vol 14, pp 329-491 (John Wiley & Sons, New York 1985).
    • (1985) Biology of the Reptilia , vol.14 , pp. 329-491
    • Ferguson, M.W.J.1
  • 23
    • 84868678250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phylogenomic approach to vertebrate phylogeny supports a turtle-archosaur affinity and a possible paraphyletic lissamphibia
    • Fong JJ, Brown JM, Fujita MK, Boussau B: A phylogenomic approach to vertebrate phylogeny supports a turtle-archosaur affinity and a possible paraphyletic lissamphibia. PLoS One 7:e48990 (2012).
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7 , pp. e48990
    • Fong, J.J.1    Brown, J.M.2    Fujita, M.K.3    Boussau, B.4
  • 24
    • 85027471927 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the reproductive system of the alligator. VI. Further observations on heterosexual structures in the female alligator
    • Forbes T: Studies on the reproductive system of the alligator. VI. Further observations on heterosexual structures in the female alligator. Anat Rec 77: 343-365 (1940).
    • (1940) Anat Rec , vol.77 , pp. 343-365
    • Forbes, T.1
  • 25
    • 0004331985 scopus 로고
    • Remarks on the cloaca and on the copulatory organs of the Amniota
    • Gadow H: Remarks on the cloaca and on the copulatory organs of the Amniota. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 178: 5-37 (1887).
    • (1887) Phil Trans R Soc Lond B , vol.178 , pp. 5-37
    • Gadow, H.1
  • 26
    • 33847307604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic plasticity in Drosophila pigmentation caused by temperature sensitivity of a chromatin regulator network
    • Gibert JM, Peronnet F, Schlotterer C: Phenotypic plasticity in Drosophila pigmentation caused by temperature sensitivity of a chromatin regulator network. PLoS Genet 3:e30 (2007).
    • (2007) PLoS Genet , vol.3 , pp. e30
    • Gibert, J.M.1    Peronnet, F.2    Schlotterer, C.3
  • 27
    • 34249943590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transgenic analysis of Hoxd gene regulation during digit development
    • Gonzalez F, Duboule D, Spitz F: Transgenic analysis of Hoxd gene regulation during digit development. Dev Biol 306: 847-859 (2007).
    • (2007) Dev Biol , vol.306 , pp. 847-859
    • Gonzalez, F.1    Duboule, D.2    Spitz, F.3
  • 28
    • 0029923149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in penis size and plasma testosterone concentrations in juvenile alligators living in a contaminated environment
    • Guillette LJ, Pickford DB, Crain DA, Rooney AA, Percival HF: Reduction in penis size and plasma testosterone concentrations in juvenile alligators living in a contaminated environment. Gen Comp Endocrinol 101: 32-42 (1996).
    • (1996) Gen Comp Endocrinol , vol.101 , pp. 32-42
    • Guillette, L.J.1    Pickford, D.B.2    Crain, D.A.3    Rooney, A.A.4    Percival, H.F.5
  • 30
    • 2942627346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in sex steroids and phallus size in juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) collected from 3 sites within the Kissimmee-Everglades drainage in Florida (USA)
    • Gunderson MP, Bermudez DS, Bryan TA, Degala S, Edwards TM, et al: Variation in sex steroids and phallus size in juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) collected from 3 sites within the Kissimmee-Everglades drainage in Florida (USA). Chemosphere 56: 335-345 (2004).
    • (2004) Chemosphere , vol.56 , pp. 335-345
    • Gunderson, M.P.1    Bermudez, D.S.2    Bryan, T.A.3    Degala, S.4    Edwards, T.M.5
  • 31
    • 84888296178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dkk1 in the peri-cloaca mesenchyme regulates formation of anorectal and genitourinary tracts
    • Guo C, Sun Y, Guo C, Macdonald BT, Borer JG, Li X: Dkk1 in the peri-cloaca mesenchyme regulates formation of anorectal and genitourinary tracts. Dev Biol 385: 41-51 (2014).
    • (2014) Dev Biol , vol.385 , pp. 41-51
    • Guo, C.1    Sun, Y.2    Guo, C.3    Macdonald, B.T.4    Borer, J.G.5    Li, X.6
  • 32
    • 18544409648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of external genitalia formation: The role of fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) genes during genital tubercle formation
    • Haraguchi R, Suzuki K, Murakami R, Sakai M, Kamikawa M, et al: Molecular analysis of external genitalia formation: the role of fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) genes during genital tubercle formation. Development 127: 2471-2479 (2000).
    • (2000) Development , vol.127 , pp. 2471-2479
    • Haraguchi, R.1    Suzuki, K.2    Murakami, R.3    Sakai, M.4    Kamikawa, M.5
  • 33
    • 0035160112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unique functions of Sonic hedgehog signaling during external genitalia development
    • Haraguchi R, Mo R, Hui CC, Motoyama J, Makino S, et al: Unique functions of Sonic hedgehog signaling during external genitalia development. Development 128: 4241-4250 (2001).
    • (2001) Development , vol.128 , pp. 4241-4250
    • Haraguchi, R.1    Mo, R.2    Hui, C.C.3    Motoyama, J.4    Makino, S.5
  • 34
    • 0021024454 scopus 로고
    • Penile mechanisms and the role of the striated penile muscles in penile reflexes
    • Hart BL, Melese-D'Hospital PY: Penile mechanisms and the role of the striated penile muscles in penile reflexes. Physiol Behav 31: 807-813 (1983).
    • (1983) Physiol Behav , vol.31 , pp. 807-813
    • Hart, B.L.1    Melese-D'hospital, P.Y.2
  • 35
    • 84864380129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amniote phylogeny and the position of turtles
    • Hedges SB: Amniote phylogeny and the position of turtles. BMC Biol 10: 64 (2012).
    • (2012) BMC Biol , vol.10 , pp. 64
    • Hedges, S.B.1
  • 36
    • 84879311724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental basis of phallus reduction during bird evolution
    • Herrera AM, Shuster SG, Perriton CL, Cohn MJ: Developmental basis of phallus reduction during bird evolution. Curr Biol 23: 1065-1074 (2013).
    • (2013) Curr Biol , vol.23 , pp. 1065-1074
    • Herrera, A.M.1    Shuster, S.G.2    Perriton, C.L.3    Cohn, M.J.4
  • 37
    • 23844502549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distal ligament in human glans: A comparative study of penile architecture
    • Hsu GL, Lin CW, Hsieh CH, Hsieh JT, Chen SC, et al: Distal ligament in human glans: a comparative study of penile architecture. J Androl 26: 624-628 (2005).
    • (2005) J Androl , vol.26 , pp. 624-628
    • Hsu, G.L.1    Lin, C.W.2    Hsieh, C.H.3    Hsieh, J.T.4    Chen, S.C.5
  • 38
    • 84985354704 scopus 로고
    • Incubation temperatures, sex ratios and sex determination in a population of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)
    • Hutton JM: Incubation temperatures, sex ratios and sex determination in a population of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) . J Zool 211: 143-155 (1987).
    • (1987) J Zool , vol.211 , pp. 143-155
    • Hutton, J.M.1
  • 39
    • 35349007958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Fgf families in humans, mice, and zebrafish: Their evolutional processes and roles in development, metabolism, and disease
    • Itoh N: The Fgf families in humans, mice, and zebrafish: their evolutional processes and roles in development, metabolism, and disease. Biol Pharm Bull 30: 1819-1825 (2007).
    • (2007) Biol Pharm Bull , vol.30 , pp. 1819-1825
    • Itoh, N.1
  • 40
    • 0036545101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The functional morphology of penile erection: Tissue designs for increasing and maintaining stiffness
    • Kelly DA: The functional morphology of penile erection: tissue designs for increasing and maintaining stiffness. Integr Comp Biol 42: 216-221 (2002).
    • (2002) Integr Comp Biol , vol.42 , pp. 216-221
    • Kelly, D.A.1
  • 41
    • 3242888178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent
    • Kelly DA: Turtle and mammal penis designs are anatomically convergent. Proc Biol Sci 271 Suppl 5:S293-S295 (2004).
    • (2004) Proc Biol Sci , vol.271 , pp. S293-S295
    • Kelly, D.A.1
  • 42
    • 84873745268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penile anatomy and hypotheses of erectile function in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) : Muscular eversion and elastic retraction
    • Kelly DA: Penile anatomy and hypotheses of erectile function in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) : muscular eversion and elastic retraction. Anat Rec 296: 488-494 (2013).
    • (2013) Anat Rec , vol.296 , pp. 488-494
    • Kelly, D.A.1
  • 43
    • 0001482778 scopus 로고
    • Phallus
    • King AS, McLelland J (eds) Academic Press, London
    • King AS: Phallus, in King AS, McLelland J (eds): Form and Function in Birds, pp 107-147 (Academic Press, London 1979).
    • (1979) Form and Function in Birds , pp. 107-147
    • King, A.S.1
  • 44
    • 77953932624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryology of anorectal malformations
    • Kluth D: Embryology of anorectal malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg 19: 201-208 (2010).
    • (2010) Semin Pediatr Surg , vol.19 , pp. 201-208
    • Kluth, D.1
  • 46
    • 0033861982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphology of the cloaca in the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus , and its plastic response to salinity
    • Kuchel LJ, Franklin CE: Morphology of the cloaca in the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus , and its plastic response to salinity. J Morphol 245: 168-176 (2000).
    • (2000) J Morphol , vol.245 , pp. 168-176
    • Kuchel, L.J.1    Franklin, C.E.2
  • 47
    • 84993918848 scopus 로고
    • Temperature-dependent sex determination in crocodilians
    • Lang JW, Andrews HV: Temperature-dependent sex determination in crocodilians. J Exp Zool 270: 28-44 (1994).
    • (1994) J Exp Zool , vol.270 , pp. 28-44
    • Lang, J.W.1    Andrews, H.V.2
  • 48
    • 52449090183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue-specific requirements of beta-catenin in external genitalia development
    • Lin C, Yin Y, Long F, Ma L: Tissue-specific requirements of beta-catenin in external genitalia development. Development 135: 2815-2825 (2008).
    • (2008) Development , vol.135 , pp. 2815-2825
    • Lin, C.1    Yin, Y.2    Long, F.3    Ma, L.4
  • 49
    • 84888102925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • X-linked microtubule-associated protein, Mid1, regulates axon development
    • Lu T, Chen R, Cox TC, Moldrich RX, Kurniawan N, et al: X-linked microtubule-associated protein, Mid1, regulates axon development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110: 19131-19136 (2013).
    • (2013) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.110 , pp. 19131-19136
    • Lu, T.1    Chen, R.2    Cox, T.C.3    Moldrich, R.X.4    Kurniawan, N.5
  • 50
    • 0002708968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fibroblast growth factor-10. A second candidate stromal to epithelial cell andromedin in prostate
    • Lu W, Luo Y, Kan M, McKeehan WL: Fibroblast growth factor-10. A second candidate stromal to epithelial cell andromedin in prostate. J Biol Chem 274: 12827-12834 (1999).
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 12827-12834
    • Lu, W.1    Luo, Y.2    Kan, M.3    McKeehan, W.L.4
  • 51
    • 78649680297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hox expression in the American alligator and evolution of archosaurian axial patterning
    • Mansfield JH, Abzhanov A: Hox expression in the American alligator and evolution of archosaurian axial patterning. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 314: 629-644 (2010).
    • (2010) J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol , vol.314 , pp. 629-644
    • Mansfield, J.H.1    Abzhanov, A.2
  • 52
    • 70450181790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dosage-dependent hedgehog signals integrated with Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulate external genitalia formation as an appendicular program
    • Miyagawa S, Moon A, Haraguchi R, Inoue C, Harada M, et al: Dosage-dependent hedgehog signals integrated with Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulate external genitalia formation as an appendicular program. Development 136: 3969-3978 (2009).
    • (2009) Development , vol.136 , pp. 3969-3978
    • Miyagawa, S.1    Moon, A.2    Haraguchi, R.3    Inoue, C.4    Harada, M.5
  • 53
    • 0034880142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anorectal malformations caused by defects in sonic hedgehog signaling
    • Mo R, Kim JH, Zhang J, Chiang C, Hui CC, Kim PC: Anorectal malformations caused by defects in sonic hedgehog signaling. Am J Pathol 159: 765-774 (2001).
    • (2001) Am J Pathol , vol.159 , pp. 765-774
    • Mo, R.1    Kim, J.H.2    Zhang, J.3    Chiang, C.4    Hui, C.C.5    Kim, P.C.6
  • 54
    • 84909559431 scopus 로고
    • Die Peritonealkanale der Schildkroten und Krokodile
    • Moens NLI: Die Peritonealkanale der Schildkroten und Krokodile. Morph Jahrb 44: 1-80 (1912).
    • (1912) Morph Jahrb , vol.44 , pp. 1-80
    • Moens, N.L.I.1
  • 55
    • 84855806343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphology and histochemistry of juvenile male American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) phallus
    • Moore BC, Mathavan K, Guillette LJ Jr: Morphology and histochemistry of juvenile male American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) phallus. Anat Rec 295: 328-337 (2012).
    • (2012) Anat Rec , vol.295 , pp. 328-337
    • Moore, B.C.1    Mathavan, K.2    Guillette, L.J.J.R.3
  • 56
    • 0041669549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of Bmp7 and Fgf8 signaling in Hoxa13-mutant mice causes hypospadia
    • Morgan EA: Loss of Bmp7 and Fgf8 signaling in Hoxa13-mutant mice causes hypospadia. Development 130: 3095-3109 (2003).
    • (2003) Development , vol.130 , pp. 3095-3109
    • Morgan, E.A.1
  • 57
    • 0029692152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ hybridization analysis of chick embryos in whole mount and tissue sections
    • Nieto MA, Patel K, Wilkinson DG: In situ hybridization analysis of chick embryos in whole mount and tissue sections. Methods Cell Biol 51: 219-235 (1996).
    • (1996) Methods Cell Biol , vol.51 , pp. 219-235
    • Nieto, M.A.1    Patel, K.2    Wilkinson, D.G.3
  • 58
  • 59
    • 2542542224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Location of the ureteral openings in the cloacas of tinamous, some ratite birds, and crocodilians: A primitive character
    • Oliveira CA, Silva RM, Santos MM, Mahecha GA: Location of the ureteral openings in the cloacas of tinamous, some ratite birds, and crocodilians: a primitive character. J Morphol 260: 234-246 (2004).
    • (2004) J Morphol , vol.260 , pp. 234-246
    • Oliveira, C.A.1    Silva, R.M.2    Santos, M.M.3    Mahecha, G.A.4
  • 60
    • 0036086124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sonic hedgehog signaling from the urethral epithelium controls external genital development
    • Perriton CL, Powles N, Chiang C, Maconochie MK, Cohn MJ: Sonic hedgehog signaling from the urethral epithelium controls external genital development. Dev Biol 247: 26-46 (2002).
    • (2002) Dev Biol , vol.247 , pp. 26-46
    • Perriton, C.L.1    Powles, N.2    Chiang, C.3    Maconochie, M.K.4    Cohn, M.J.5
  • 61
    • 0026570852 scopus 로고
    • Two FGF receptor genes are differentially expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during limb formation and organogenesis in the mouse
    • Peters KG, Werner S, Chen G, Williams LT: Two FGF receptor genes are differentially expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during limb formation and organogenesis in the mouse. Development 114: 233-243 (1992).
    • (1992) Development , vol.114 , pp. 233-243
    • Peters, K.G.1    Werner, S.2    Chen, G.3    Williams, L.T.4
  • 62
    • 21044458903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the mammalian urethra is controlled by Fgfr2-IIIb
    • Petiot A, Perriton CL, Dickson C, Cohn MJ: Development of the mammalian urethra is controlled by Fgfr2-IIIb. Development 132: 2441-2450 (2005).
    • (2005) Development , vol.132 , pp. 2441-2450
    • Petiot, A.1    Perriton, C.L.2    Dickson, C.3    Cohn, M.J.4
  • 64
    • 0033763944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the urorectal septum fuse with the cloacal membrane
    • Qi BQ, Beasley SW, Williams AK, Frizelle F: Does the urorectal septum fuse with the cloacal membrane J Urol 164: 2070-2072 (2000).
    • (2000) J Urol , vol.164 , pp. 2070-2072
    • Qi, B.Q.1    Beasley, S.W.2    Williams, A.K.3    Frizelle, F.4
  • 65
    • 0013847713 scopus 로고
    • Effect of testosterone propionate on the urogenital organs of immature crocodile Crocodylus palustris Lesson
    • Ramaswami LS, Jacob D: Effect of testosterone propionate on the urogenital organs of immature crocodile Crocodylus palustris Lesson. Experientia 21: 206-207 (1963).
    • (1963) Experientia , vol.21 , pp. 206-207
    • Ramaswami, L.S.1    Jacob, D.2
  • 66
    • 0001386726 scopus 로고
    • Embryonic development of the genital system
    • Gans C, Billett F (eds) John Wiley & Sons, New York
    • Raynaud A, Pieau C: Embryonic development of the genital system, in Gans C, Billett F (eds): Biology of the Reptilia, vol 15, pp 149-300 (John Wiley & Sons, New York 1985).
    • (1985) Biology of the Reptilia , vol.15 , pp. 149-300
    • Raynaud, A.1    Pieau, C.2
  • 68
    • 13844304111 scopus 로고
    • Development of the digestive canal of the American alligator
    • Reese AM: Development of the digestive canal of the American alligator. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 56: 1-43 (1910).
    • (1910) Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections , vol.56 , pp. 1-43
    • Reese, A.M.1
  • 70
    • 77951662831 scopus 로고
    • The structure and development of the intromittent organ of the Crocodilia
    • Reese AM: The structure and development of the intromittent organ of the Crocodilia. J Morphol 38: 301-313 (1924).
    • (1924) J Morphol , vol.38 , pp. 301-313
    • Reese, A.M.1
  • 71
    • 0028875032 scopus 로고
    • Sonic hedgehog is an endodermal signal inducing Bmp-4 and Hox genes during induction and regionalization of the chick hindgut
    • Roberts DJ, Johnson RL, Burke AC, Nelson CE, Morgan BA, Tabin C: Sonic hedgehog is an endodermal signal inducing Bmp-4 and Hox genes during induction and regionalization of the chick hindgut. Development 121: 3163-3174 (1995).
    • (1995) Development , vol.121 , pp. 3163-3174
    • Roberts, D.J.1    Johnson, R.L.2    Burke, A.C.3    Nelson, C.E.4    Morgan, B.A.5    Tabin, C.6
  • 72
    • 84897935445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the molecular pathologies in cloaca malformation: Similarities between mouse and human
    • Runck LA, Method A, Bischoff A, Levitt M, Pena A, et al: Defining the molecular pathologies in cloaca malformation: similarities between mouse and human. Dis Model Mech 7: 483-493 (2014).
    • (2014) Dis Model Mech , vol.7 , pp. 483-493
    • Runck, L.A.1    Method, A.2    Bischoff, A.3    Levitt, M.4    Pena, A.5
  • 73
    • 0742323064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sonic hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein 4 expressions in the hindgut region of murine embryos with anorectal malformations
    • Sasaki BY, Iwai N, Tsuda T, Kimura O, Sasaki Y: Sonic hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein 4 expressions in the hindgut region of murine embryos with anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg 39: 170-173 (2004).
    • (2004) J Pediatr Surg , vol.39 , pp. 170-173
    • Sasaki, B.Y.1    Iwai, N.2    Tsuda, T.3    Kimura, O.4    Sasaki, Y.5
  • 74
    • 0027478143 scopus 로고
    • The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles in mammalian penile rigidity
    • Schmidt MH, Schmidt HS: The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles in mammalian penile rigidity. Sleep 16: 171-183 (1993).
    • (1993) Sleep , vol.16 , pp. 171-183
    • Schmidt, M.H.1    Schmidt, H.S.2
  • 75
    • 0942287260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ror2 knockout mouse as a model for the developmental pathology of autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome
    • Schwabe GC, Trepczik B, Suring K, Brieske N, Tucker AS, et al: Ror2 knockout mouse as a model for the developmental pathology of autosomal recessive Robinow syndrome. Dev Dyn 229: 400-410 (2004).
    • (2004) Dev Dyn , vol.229 , pp. 400-410
    • Schwabe, G.C.1    Trepczik, B.2    Suring, K.3    Brieske, N.4    Tucker, A.S.5
  • 76
    • 22344444818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genitourinary functions of Hoxa13 and Hoxd13
    • Scott V, Morgan EA, Stadler HS: Genitourinary functions of Hoxa13 and Hoxd13. J Biochem 137: 671-676 (2005).
    • (2005) J Biochem , vol.137 , pp. 671-676
    • Scott, V.1    Morgan, E.A.2    Stadler, H.S.3
  • 77
    • 43449099139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell lineage analysis demonstrates an endodermal origin of the distal urethra and perineum
    • Seifert AW, Harfe BD, Cohn MJ: Cell lineage analysis demonstrates an endodermal origin of the distal urethra and perineum. Dev Biol 318: 143-152 (2008).
    • (2008) Dev Biol , vol.318 , pp. 143-152
    • Seifert, A.W.1    Harfe, B.D.2    Cohn, M.J.3
  • 78
    • 70450181794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiphasic and tissue-specific roles of sonic hedgehog in cloacal septation and external genitalia development
    • Seifert AW, Bouldin CM, Choi KS, Harfe BD, Cohn MJ: Multiphasic and tissue-specific roles of sonic hedgehog in cloacal septation and external genitalia development. Development 136: 3949-3957 (2009a).
    • (2009) Development , vol.136 , pp. 3949-3957
    • Seifert, A.W.1    Bouldin, C.M.2    Choi, K.S.3    Harfe, B.D.4    Cohn, M.J.5
  • 79
    • 69049104244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and phylogenetic analysis shows that Fgf8 is a marker of genital induction in mammals but is not required for external genital development
    • Seifert AW, Yamaguchi T, Cohn MJ: Functional and phylogenetic analysis shows that Fgf8 is a marker of genital induction in mammals but is not required for external genital development. Development 136: 2643-2651 (2009b).
    • (2009) Development , vol.136 , pp. 2643-2651
    • Seifert, A.W.1    Yamaguchi, T.2    Cohn, M.J.3
  • 80
    • 80755165294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sonic hedgehog controls growth of external genitalia by regulating cell cycle kinetics
    • Seifert AW, Zheng Z, Ormerod BK, Cohn MJ: Sonic hedgehog controls growth of external genitalia by regulating cell cycle kinetics. Nat Commun 1: 23 (2010).
    • (2010) Nat Commun , vol.1 , pp. 23
    • Seifert, A.W.1    Zheng, Z.2    Ormerod, B.K.3    Cohn, M.J.4
  • 81
    • 0027316989 scopus 로고
    • Gonadal sex differentiation in Alligator mississippiensis , a species with temperature-dependent sex determination
    • Smith CA, Joss JM: Gonadal sex differentiation in Alligator mississippiensis , a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Cell Tissue Res 273: 149-162 (1993).
    • (1993) Cell Tissue Res , vol.273 , pp. 149-162
    • Smith, C.A.1    Joss, J.M.2
  • 82
    • 0030273125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zebrafish Hoxa and Evx-2 genes: Cloning, developmental expression and implications for the functional evolution of posterior Hox genes
    • Sordino P, Duboule D, Kondo T: Zebrafish Hoxa and Evx-2 genes: cloning, developmental expression and implications for the functional evolution of posterior Hox genes. Mech Dev 59: 165-175 (1996).
    • (1996) Mech Dev , vol.59 , pp. 165-175
    • Sordino, P.1    Duboule, D.2    Kondo, T.3
  • 83
    • 0034071348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concentric structure of the developing gut is regulated by sonic hedgehog derived from endodermal epithelium
    • Sukegawa A, Narita T, Kameda T, Saitoh K, Nohno T, et al: The concentric structure of the developing gut is regulated by sonic hedgehog derived from endodermal epithelium. Development 127: 1971-1980 (2000).
    • (2000) Development , vol.127 , pp. 1971-1980
    • Sukegawa, A.1    Narita, T.2    Kameda, T.3    Saitoh, K.4    Nohno, T.5
  • 84
    • 10744226161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of outgrowth and apoptosis for the terminal appendage: External genitalia development by concerted actions of BMP signaling [corrected]
    • Suzuki K, Bachiller D, Chen YP, Kamikawa M, Ogi H, et al: Regulation of outgrowth and apoptosis for the terminal appendage: external genitalia development by concerted actions of BMP signaling [corrected]. Development 130: 6209-6220 (2003).
    • (2003) Development , vol.130 , pp. 6209-6220
    • Suzuki, K.1    Bachiller, D.2    Chen, Y.P.3    Kamikawa, M.4    Ogi, H.5
  • 85
    • 37249038477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal urethra formation in mouse models of split-hand/split-foot malformation type 1 and type 4
    • Suzuki K, Haraguchi R, Ogata T, Barbieri O, Alegria O, et al: Abnormal urethra formation in mouse models of split-hand/split-foot malformation type 1 and type 4. Eur J Hum Ge net 16: 36-44 (2008).
    • (2008) Eur J Hum Ge Net , vol.16 , pp. 36-44
    • Suzuki, K.1    Haraguchi, R.2    Ogata, T.3    Barbieri, O.4    Alegria, O.5
  • 86
    • 84866460613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced BMP signaling results in hindlimb fusion with lethal pelvic/urogenital organ aplasia: A new mouse model of sirenomelia
    • Suzuki K, Adachi Y, Numata T, Nakada S, Yanagita M, et al: Reduced BMP signaling results in hindlimb fusion with lethal pelvic/urogenital organ aplasia: a new mouse model of sirenomelia. PLoS One 7:e43453 (2012).
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7 , pp. e43453
    • Suzuki, K.1    Adachi, Y.2    Numata, T.3    Nakada, S.4    Yanagita, M.5
  • 87
    • 84878729685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtlespecific body plan
    • Wang Z, Pascual-Anaya J, Zadissa A, Li W, Niimura Y, et al: The draft genomes of soft-shell turtle and green sea turtle yield insights into the development and evolution of the turtlespecific body plan. Nat Genet 45: 701-706 (2013).
    • (2013) Nat Genet , vol.45 , pp. 701-706
    • Wang, Z.1    Pascual-Anaya, J.2    Zadissa, A.3    Li, W.4    Niimura, Y.5
  • 88
    • 0031466723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene dosage-dependent effects of the Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 mutations on morphogenesis of the terminal parts of the digestive and urogenital tracts
    • Warot X, Fromental-Ramain C, Fraulob V, Chambon P, Dolle P: Gene dosage-dependent effects of the Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 mutations on morphogenesis of the terminal parts of the digestive and urogenital tracts. Development 124: 4781-4791 (1997).
    • (1997) Development , vol.124 , pp. 4781-4791
    • Warot, X.1    Fromental-Ramain, C.2    Fraulob, V.3    Chambon, P.4    Dolle, P.5
  • 90
    • 0032739889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature-dependent sex determination in the American alligator: AMH precedes SOX9 expression
    • Western PS, Harry JL, Graves JA, Sinclair AH: Temperature-dependent sex determination in the American alligator: AMH precedes SOX9 expression. Dev Dyn 216: 411-419 (1999).
    • (1999) Dev Dyn , vol.216 , pp. 411-419
    • Western, P.S.1    Harry, J.L.2    Graves, J.A.3    Sinclair, A.H.4
  • 91
    • 0033988655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature-dependent sex determination in the American alligator: Expression of SF1, WT1 and DAX1 during gonadogenesis
    • Western PS, Harry JL, Marshall Graves JA, Sinclair AH: Temperature-dependent sex determination in the American alligator: expression of SF1, WT1 and DAX1 during gonadogenesis. Gene 241: 223-232 (2000).
    • (2000) Gene , vol.241 , pp. 223-232
    • Western, P.S.1    Harry, J.L.2    Marshall Graves, J.A.3    Sinclair, A.H.4
  • 92
    • 84855825318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bmp7 functions via a polarity mechanism to promote cloacal septation
    • Xu K, Wu X, Shapiro E, Huang H, Zhang L, et al: Bmp7 functions via a polarity mechanism to promote cloacal septation. PLoS One 7:e29372 (2012).
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7 , pp. e29372
    • Xu, K.1    Wu, X.2    Shapiro, E.3    Huang, H.4    Zhang, L.5
  • 93
    • 34548529713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypospadias and anorectal malformations mediated by Eph/ephrin signaling
    • Yucel S, Dravis C, Garcia N, Henkemeyer M, Baker LA: Hypospadias and anorectal malformations mediated by Eph/ephrin signaling. J Pediatr Urol 3: 354-363 (2007).
    • (2007) J Pediatr Urol , vol.3 , pp. 354-363
    • Yucel, S.1    Dravis, C.2    Garcia, N.3    Henkemeyer, M.4    Baker, L.A.5
  • 95
    • 0010168938 scopus 로고
    • The penial morphology and the relationships of cryptodiran turtles
    • Zug GR: The penial morphology and the relationships of cryptodiran turtles. Occas Pap Mus Zool 647: 1-24 (1966).
    • (1966) Occas Pap Mus Zool , vol.647 , pp. 1-24
    • Zug, G.R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.