Geochemical and biogeochemical reaction modeling: Second edition

Geochemical and Biogeochemical Reaction Modeling: Second Edition

Volumn 9780521875547, Issue , 2007, Pages 1-543

  Bethke, Craig M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; STUDENTS; SURFACE CHEMISTRY;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL REACTIONS; BROAD APPLICATION; CALCULATION TECHNIQUES; CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY; GRADUATE STUDENTS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES; MODELING SOFTWARES; RESEARCH FACILITIES;

EDUCATION;

EID: 84923996189     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511619670     Document Type: Book

References (369)

1. Aagaard, P. and H.C. Helgeson, 1982, Thermodynamic and kinetic constraints on reaction rates among minerals and aqueous solutions, I. Theoretical considerations. American Journal of Science 282, 237-285.
2. Adamson, A.W., 1976, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces.Wiley, New York.
3. Alemi, M. H., D.A. Goldhamer and D.R. Nelson, 1991, Modeling selenium transport in steady-state, unsaturated soil columns. Journal of Environmental Quality, 20, 89-95.
4. Allison, J. D., D. S. Brown and K. J. Novo-Gradac, 1991, MINTEQA2/PRODEFA2, a geochemical assessment model for environmental systems, version 3.0 user’s manual. US Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/600/3-91/021.
5. Alvarez, P. J. J., P. J. Anid and T.M. Vogel, 1991, Kinetics of aerobic biodegradation of benzene and toluene in sandy aquifer material. Biodegradation 2, 43-51.
6. Anderson, G.M. and D.A. Crerar, 1993, Thermodynamics in Geochemistry, The Equilibrium Model. Oxford University Press.
7. Anderson, G.M. and G. Garven, 1987, Sulfate-sulfide-carbonate associations in Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits. Economic Geology 82, 482-488.
8. Aplin, A.C. and E. A. Warren, 1994, Oxygen isotopic indications of the mechanisms of silica transport and quartz cementation in deeply buried sandstones. Geology 22, 847-850.
9. Appelo, C. A. J. and D. Postma, 1993, Geochemistry, Groundwater, and Pollution. Balkema, Rotterdam.
10. Arnorsson, S., E. Gunnlaugsson and H. Svavarsson, 1983, The chemistry of geothermal waters in Iceland, II. Mineral equilibria and independent variables controlling water compositions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 547-566.
11. Baccar, M. B. and B. Fritz, 1993, Geochemical modelling of sandstone diagenesis and its consequences on the evolution of porosity. Applied Geochemistry 8, 285-295.
12. Baes, C. F., Jr. and R. E. Mesmer, 1976, The Hydrolysis of Cations. Wiley, New York.
13. Bahr, J.M. and J. Rubin, 1987, Direct comparison of kinetic and local equilibrium formulations for solute transport affected by surface reactions. Water Resources Research 23, 438-452.
14. Ball, J.W, E. A. Jenne and D.K. Nordstrom, 1979, WATEQ2-a computerized chemical model for trace and major element speciation and mineral equilibria of natural waters. In E. A. Jenne (ed.), Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 815-835.
15. Ball, J.W. and D.K. Nordstrom, 1991, User’s manual for WATEQ4F, with revised thermodynamic data base and test cases for calculating speciation of major, trace, and redox elements in natural waters. US Geological Survey Open File Report 91-183.
16. Banfield, J. F. and K.H. Nealson (eds.), 1997, Geomicrobiology: Interactions Between Microbes and Minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy 35, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, D.C.
17. Barton, P.B., Jr., P.M. Bethke and P. Toulmin, 3rd, 1963, Equilibrium in ore deposits. Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 1, 171-185.
18. Bear, J., 1972, Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
19. Bear, J., 1979, Hydraulics of Groundwater. McGraw-Hill, New York.
20. Bekins B. A., E.M. Godsy and E. Warren, 1999, Distribution of microbial physiologic types in an aquifer contaminated by crude oil. Microbial Ecology 37, 263-275.
21. Bekins, B.A., E. Warren and E.M. Godsy, 1998, A comparison of zero-order, firstorder, and Monod biotransformation models. Ground Water 36, 261-268.
22. Belitz, K. and J. D. Bredehoeft, 1988, Hydrodynamics of Denver basin, explanation of subnormal fluid pressures. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 72, 1334-1359.
23. Berner, R.A., 1980, Early Diagenesis, A Theoretical Approach. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
24. Bethke, C.M., 1992, The question of uniqueness in geochemical modeling. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 4315-4320.
25. Bethke, C.M., 1997, Modelling transport in reacting geochemical systems. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 324, 513-528.
26. Bethke, C.M., 2007, The Geochemist’s WorkbenchR Release 7.0 (four volumes). Hydrogeology Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
27. Bethke, C.M. and P.V. Brady, 2000, How the Kd approach undermines groundwater cleanup. GroundWater 38, 435-443.
28. Bethke, C.M., W. J. Harrison, C. Upson and S. P. Altaner, 1988, Supercomputer analysis of sedimentary basins. Science 239, 261-267.
29. Bethke, C.M., M.-K. Lee and R. F. Wendlandt, 1992, Mass transport and chemical reaction in sedimentary basins, natural and artificial diagenesis. In M. Quintard and M. S. Todorovic (eds.), Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 421-434.
30. Bethke, C.M. and S. Marshak, 1990, Brinemigrations across North America-The plate tectonics of groundwater. Annual Review Earth and Planetary Sciences 18, 287-315.
31. Bird, R.B., W. E. Stewart and E. N. Lightfoot, 1960, Transport Phenomena. Wiley, New York.
32. Bischoff, J. L., J.A. Fitzpatrick and R. J. Rosenbauer, 1993, The solubility and stabilization of ikaite (CaCO3.6H2O) from 0 °C to 25 °C, environmental and paleoclimatic implications for thinalite tufa. Journal of Geology 101, 21-33.
33. Bischoff, J. L., D. B. Herbst and R. J. Rosenbauer, 1991, Gaylussite formation at Mono Lake, California. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 1743-1747.
34. Bjorlykke, K. and P. K. Egeberg, 1993, Quartz cementation in sedimentary basins. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 77, 1538-1548.
35. Block, J. and O.B. Waters, Jr., 1968, The CaSO4-Na2SO4-NaCl-H2O system at 25 °C to 100 °C. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data 13, 336-344.
36. Blowes, D.W., C. J. Ptacek, J.L. Jambor and C. G. Weisener, 2005, The Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage. In B. S. Lollar (ed.), Environmental Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 149-204.
37. Blum, A. E. and L. L. Stillings, 1995, Feldspar dissolution kinetics. Reviews in Mineralogy 31, 291-351.
38. Blum, J. S., A.B. Bindi, J. Buzelli, J. F. Stolz and R. S. Oremland, 1998, Bacillus arsenicoselenatis, sp. nov., and Bacillus selenitireducens, sp. nov.: two haloalkaliphiles fromMono Lake, California that respire oxyanions. ArchivesMicrobiology 171, 19-30.
39. Boudart, M, 1976, Consistency between kinetics and thermodynamics. Journal Physical Chemistry 80, 2869-2870.
40. Boulding, J.R., 1990, Assessing the geochemical fate of deep-well-injected hazardous waste. US Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA/625/6-89/025a.
41. Bourcier, W. L., 1985, Improvements to the solid solution modeling capabilities of the EQ3/6 geochemical code. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCID-20587.
42. Bowers, T. S. and H. P. Taylor Jr., 1985, An integrated chemical and stable isotope model of the origin of midocean ridge hot spring systems. Journal of Geophysical Research 90, 12583-12606.
43. Bowers, T. S., K. L. Von Damm and J. H. Edmond, 1985, Chemical evolution of mid-ocean ridge hot springs. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 2239-2252.
44. Boynton, F. P., 1960, Chemical equilibrium in multicomponent polyphase systems. Journal of Chemical Physics 32, 1880-1881.
45. Brady, J.B., 1975, Chemical components and diffusion. American Journal of Science 275, 1073-1088.
46. Brady, P.V. and C.M. Bethke, 2000, Beyond the Kd approach. Ground Water 38, 321-322.
47. Brady, P.V., M. V. Brady and D. J. Borns, 1998, Natural Attenuation, CERCLA, RBCA’s, and the Future of Environmental Remediation. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
48. Brady, P.V. and J.V. Walther, 1989, Controls on silicate dissolution rates in neutral and basic pH solutions at 25 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 2823-2830.
49. Brantley, S. L., 1992, Kinetics of dissolution and precipitation-experimental and field results. In Y.K. Kharaka and A. S. Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 3-6.
50. Brantley, S. L., D.A. Crerar, N. E. MØller and J. H. Weare, 1984, Geochemistry of a modern marine evaporite, Bocana de Virril’a, Peru. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54, 447-462.
51. Brewer, P.G., 1975, Minor elements in sea water. In J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow (eds.), Chemical Oceanography. Academic Press, New York.
52. Brezonik, P. L., 1994, Chemical Kinetics and Process Dynamics in Aquatic Systems. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
53. Brinkley, S.R., Jr., 1947, Calculation of the equilibrium composition of systems of many components. Journal of Chemical Physics 15, 107-110.
54. Brinkley, S. R., Jr., 1960, Discussion of ”A brief survey of past and curent methods of solution for equilibrium composition” by H. E. Brandmaier and J. J. Harnett. In G. S. Bahn and E. E. Zukoski (eds.), Kinetics, Equilibria and Performance of High Temperature Systems. Butterworths, Washington DC, p. 73.
55. Brower, R. D., A. P. Visocky, I. G. Krapac, B. R. Hensel, G. R. Peyton, J. S. Nealon and M. Guthrie, 1989, Evaluation of underground injection of industrialwaste in Illinois. Illinois Scientific Surveys Joint Report 2.
56. Brown, T. H. and B. J. Skinner, 1974, Theoretical prediction of equilibrium phase assemblages in multicomponent systems. American Journal of Science 274, 961-986.
57. Bunge, A. L. and C. J. Radke, 1982, Migration of alkaline pulses in reservoir sands. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 22, 998-1012.
58. Butler, G. P., 1969, Modern evaporite deposition and geochemistry of coexisting brines, the sabkha, Trucial Coast, ArabianGulf. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 39, 70-89.
59. Carnahan, B., H. A. Luther and J.O. Wilkes, 1969, Applied Numerical Methods. Wiley, New York.
60. Carpenter, A.B., 1980, The chemistry of dolomite formation I: the stability of dolomite. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 28, 111-121.
61. Carroll, S. A. and J.V. Walther, 1990, Kaolinite dissolution at 25 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C. American Journal of Science 290, 797-810.
62. Cederberg, G. A., R. L. Street and J.O. Leckie, 1985, A groundwater mass transport and equilibrium chemistry model for multicomponent systems. Water Resources Research 21, 1095-1104.
63. Chapelle, F. H., 2001, Ground-WaterMicrobiology and Geochemistry, 2nd ed.Wiley, New York.
64. Chapelle, F. H. and D.R. Lovley, 1992, Competitive exclusion of sulfate reduction by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria: a mechanism for producing discrete zones of high-iron ground water. GroundWater 30, 29-36.
65. Chapman, B.M., D.R. Jones and R. F. Jung, 1983, Processes controlling metal ion attenuation in acid mine drainage streams. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 1957-1973.
66. Cheng, H. P. and G.T. Yeh, 1998, Development of a three-dimensional model of subsurface flow, heat transfer, and reactive chemical transport: 3DHYDROGEOCHEM. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 34, 47-83.
67. Clayton, J. L. and P. J. Swetland, 1980, Petroleumgeneration and migration in Denver basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 64, 1613-1633.
68. Cole, D.R. and H. Ohmoto, 1986, Kinetics of isotopic exchange at elevated temperatures and pressures. In J.W. Valley, H. P. Taylor, Jr., and J.R. O’Neil (eds.), Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes. Reviews in Mineralogy 16, 41-90.
69. Coudrain-Ribstein, A and P. Jamet, 1989, Choix des composantes et spéciation d’une solution. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 309-II, 239-244.
70. Cox, B. G., 1994, Modern Liquid Phase Kinetics. Oxford University Press.
71. Crank, J., 1975, The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press.
72. Crerar, D.A., 1975, A method for computing multicomponent chemical equilibria based on equilibrium constants. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 39, 1375-1384.
73. Criaud, A., C. Fouillac and B. Marty, 1989, Low enthalpy geothermal fluids from the Paris basin, 2-oxidation-reduction state and consequences for the prediction of corrosion and sulfide scaling. Geothermics 18, 711-727.
74. Davies, C.W., 1962, Ion Association. Butterworths, Washington DC.
75. Davis, A., R. L. Olsen and D.R. Walker, 1991, Distribution of metals between water and entrained sediment in streams impacted by acid mine drainage, Clear Creek, Colorado, U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry 6, 333-348.
76. Davis, J. A. and D.B. Kent, 1990, Surface complexation modeling in aqueous geochemistry. In M. F. Hochella and A. F. White (eds.), Mineral-Water Interface Geochemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy 23, 177-260.
77. Degens, E.T. and D. A. Ross (eds.), 1969, Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea. Springer-Verlag, New York.
78. Delany, J.M. and S.R. Lundeen, 1989, The LLNL thermochemical database. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-21658.
79. Delany, J.M. and T. J. Wolery, 1984, Fixed-fugacity option for the EQ6 geochemical reaction path code. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-53598.
80. Deloule, E., 1982, The genesis of fluorspar hydrothermal deposits at Montroc and Le Burc, The Tarn, as deduced from fluid inclusion analysis. Economic Geology, 77, 1867-1874.
81. Denbigh, K., 1971, The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press.
82. Domenico, P.A. and F.W. Schwartz, 1998, Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, 2nd ed.Wiley, New York.
83. Dongarra, J. J., C.B. Moler, J.R. Bunch and G.W. Stewart, 1979, Linpack Users’ Guide. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia.
84. Dove, P.M. and D. A. Crerar, 1990, Kinetics of quartz dissolution in electrolyte so-lutions using a hydrothermalmixed flow reactor. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 955-969.
85. Drever, J. I., 1988, The Geochemistry of Natural Waters, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
86. Dria, M. A., R. S. Schedchter and L.W. Lake, 1988, An analysis of reservoir chemical treatments. SPE Production Engineering 3, 52-62.
87. Drummond, S. E. and H. Ohmoto, 1985, Chemical evolution and mineral deposition in boiling hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology 80, 126-147.
88. Dzombak, D. A. and F.M.M. Morel, 1987, Adsorption of inorganic pollutants in aquatic systems. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 113, 430-475.
89. Dzombak, D. A. and F.M.M. Morel, 1990, Surface Complexation Modeling. Wiley, New York.
90. Eugster, H. P., C. E. Harvie and J. H. Weare, 1980, Mineral equilibria in the six-component seawater system, Na-K-Mg-Ca-SO4-Cl-H2O, at 25 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, 1335-1347.
91. Eugster, H. P. and B. F. Jones, 1979, Behavior of major solutes during closed-basin brine evolution. American Journal of Science 279, 609-631.
92. Faure, G., 1986, Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd ed.Wiley, New York.
93. Felmy, A.R. and J.H. Weare, 1986, The prediction of borate mineral equilibria in natural waters, application to Searles Lake, California. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 2771-2783.
94. Ficklin, W.H., G. S. Plumlee, K. S. Smith and J.B. McHugh, 1992, Geochemical classification of mine drainages and natural drainages in mineralized areas. In Y.K. Kharaka and A. S. Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 381-384.
95. Fouke, B.W., G. T. Bonheyo, E. Sanzenbacher and J. Frias-Lopez, 2003, Partitioning of bacterial communities between travertine depositional facies at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, USA. Canadian Journal Earth Sciences 40, 1531-1548.
96. Fournier, R.O., 1977, Chemical geothermometers and mixing models for geothermal systems. Geothermics 5, 41-50.
97. Fournier, R. O and R.W. Potter II, 1979, Magnesium correction to the Na-K-Ca chemical geothermometer. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 1543-1550.
98. Fournier, R. O. and J. J. Rowe, 1966, Estimation of underground temperatures from the silica content of water from hot springs and wet-steam wells. American Journal of Science 264, 685-697.
99. Fournier, R.O. and A. H. Truesdell, 1973, An empirical Na-K-Ca geothermometer for natural waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 37, 1255-1275.
100. Freeze, R. A. and J.A. Cherry, 1979, Groundwater. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
101. Garrels, R.M. and F. T. Mackenzie, 1967, Origin of the chemical compositions of some springs and lakes. Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Waters, Advances in Chemistry Series 67, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 222-242.
102. Garrels, R.M. and M. E. Thompson, 1962, A chemical model for sea water at 25 °C and one atmosphere total pressure. American Journal of Science 260, 57-66.
103. Garven, G. and R. A. Freeze, 1984, Theoretical analysis of the role of groundwater flow in the genesis of stratabound ore deposits, 2, quantitative results. American Journal of Science 284, 1125-1174.
104. Gelhar, L.W., 1986, Stochastic subsurface hydrology from theory to applications. Water Resources Research 22, 135-S-145-S.
105. Giggenbach, W. F., 1988, Geothermal solute equilibria, derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 2749-2765.
106. Glynn, P. D., E. J. Reardon, L. N. Plummer and E. Busenberg, 1990, Reaction paths and equilibrium end-points in solid-solution aqueous-solution systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 267-282.
107. Greenberg, J. P. and N. Moller, 1989, The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters, a chemical equilibriummodel for the Na-K-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system to high concentration from 0 to 250 °C. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 53, 2503-2518.
108. Greenwood, H. J., 1975, Thermodynamically valid projections of extensive phase relationships. American Mineralogist 60, 1-8.
109. Guggenheim, E.A., 1967, Thermodynamics, an Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists. 5th ed. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
110. Haas, J. L., Jr. and J.R. Fisher, 1976, Simultaneous evaluation and correlation of thermodynamic data. American Journal of Science 276, 525-545.
111. Hardie, L.A., 1987, Dolomitization, a critical view of some current views. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57, 166-183.
112. Hardie, L.A., 1991, On the significance of evaporites. Annual Review Earth and Planetary Sciences 19, 131-168.
113. Hardie, L.A. and H. P. Eugster, 1970, The evolution of closed-basin brines. Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 3, 273-290.
114. Harrison, W. J., 1990, Modeling fluid/rock interactions in sedimentary basins. In T. A. Cross (ed.), Quantitative Dynamic Stratigraphy. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 195-231.
115. Harvie, C. E., J. P. Greenberg and J.H. Weare, 1987, A chemical equilibrium algorithm for highly non-ideal multiphase systems: free energy minimization. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 1045-1057.
116. Harvie, C. E., N. Moller and J. H. Weare, 1984, The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters, the Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-H2O system to high ionic strengths at 25 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 723-751.
117. Harvie, C. E. and J. H. Weare, 1980, The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters, the Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system from zero to high concentration at 25 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, 981-997.
118. Harvie, C. E., J. H. Weare, L. A. Hardie and H. P. Eugster, 1980, Evaporation of seawater, calculated mineral sequences. Science 208, 498-500.
119. Hay, R. L., 1963, Stratigraphy and zeolitic diagenesis of the John Day formation of Oregon. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, Berkeley, pp. 199-261.
120. Hay, R. L., 1966, Zeolites and zeolitic reactions in sedimentary rocks. Geological Society of America Special Paper 85.
121. Hayes, J. B., 1979, Sandstone diagenesis-the hole truth. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 26, 127-139.
122. He, S., J. E. Oddo and M.B. Tomson, 1994, The inhibition of gypsum and barite nucleation in NaCl brines at temperatures from 25 to 90 °C. Applied Geochemistry 9, 561-567.
123. Helgeson, H. C., 1968, Evaluation of irreversible reactions in geochemical processes involving minerals and aqueous solutions, I. Thermodynamic relations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 32, 853-877.
124. Helgeson, H.C., 1969, Thermodynamics of hydrothermal systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science 267, 729-804.
125. Helgeson, H.C., 1970, A chemical and thermodynamic model of ore deposition in hydrothermal systems. Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 3, 155-186.
126. Helgeson, H.C., T.H. Brown, A. Nigrini and T.A. Jones, 1970, Calculation of mass transfer in geochemical processes involving aqueous solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 34, 569-592.
127. Helgeson, H.C., J.M. Delany, H.W. Nesbitt and D.K. Bird, 1978, Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock-forming minerals. American Journal of Science 278-A, 1-229.
128. Helgeson, H.C., R.M. Garrels and F. T. Mackenzie, 1969, Evaluation of irreversible reactions in geochemical processes involving minerals and aqueous solutions, II. Applications. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33, 455-481.
129. Helgeson, H.C. and D.H. Kirkham, 1974, Theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of aqueous electrolytes at high pressures and temperatures, II. Debye-Hückel parameters for activity coefficients and relative partial molal properties. American Journal of Science 274, 1199-1261.
130. Helgeson, H.C., D.H. Kirkham and G.C. Flowers, 1981, Theoretical prediction of the thermodynamic behavior of aqueous electrolytes at high temperatures and pressures, IV. Calculation of activity coefficients, osmotic coefficients, and apparent molal and standard and relative partial molal properties to 600 °C and 5 kB. American Journal of Science 281, 1249-1516.
131. Hem, J. D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254.
132. Hemley, J. J., G. L. Cygan and W.M. d’Angelo, 1986, Effect of pressure on ore mineral solubilities under hydrothermal conditions. Geology 14, 377-379.
133. Henley, R.W., 1984, Chemical structure of geothermal systems. In J.M. Robertson (ed.), Fluid-Mineral Equilibria in Hydrothermal Systems. Reviews in Economic Geology 1, 9-28.
134. Hill, C. G., Jr., 1977, An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design.Wiley, New York.
135. Hoffmann, R., 1991, Hot brines in the Red Sea. American Scientist 79, 298-299.
136. Holland, H. D., 1978, The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans. Wiley, New York.
137. Hostettler, J. D., 1984, Electrode electrons, aqueous electrons, and redox potentials in natural waters. American Journal of Science 284, 734-759.
138. Hubbert, M. K., 1940, The theory of ground-watermotion. Journal of Geology 48, 785-944.
139. Huber, J. A., D.A. Butterfield and J. A. Baross, 2003, Bacterial diversity in a subseafloor habitat following a deep-sea volcanic eruption. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 43, 393-409.
140. Hubert, J. F., 1960, Petrology of the Fountain and Lyons formations, Front Range, Colorado. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly 55.
141. Hunt, J.M., 1990, Generation and migration of petroleum from abnormally pressured fluid compartments. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 74, 1-12.
142. Huser, B. A., K. Wuhrmann and A. J.B. Zehnder, 1982, Methanothrix soehngenii gen. nov. sp. nov., a new acetotrophic non-hydrogen-oxidizing methane bacterium. Archives of Microbiology 132, 1-9.
143. Hutcheon, I., 1984, A review of artificial diagenesis during thermally enhanced recovery. In D.A. MacDonald and R. C. Surdam (eds.), Clastic Diagenesis. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, pp. 413-429.
144. Ingvorsen, K., A. J.B. Zehnder and B. B. Jorgensen, 1984, Kinetics of sulfate and acetate uptake by Desulfobacter postgatei. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47, 403-408.
145. Interscience Publishers, 1954, The Collected Papers of P. J.W. Debye. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York.
146. Jackson, K. J. and T. J. Wolery, 1985, Extension of the EQ3/6 computer codes to geochemical modeling of brines. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 44, 507-514.
147. Janecky, D. R. and W.E. Seyfried Jr., 1984, Formation of massive sulfide deposits on oceanic ridge crests, incremental reaction models for mixing between hydrothermal solutions and seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 2723-2738.
148. Janecky, D.R. and W.C. Shanks III, 1988, Computational modeling of chemical and sulfur isotopic reaction processes in seafloor hydrothermal systems, chimneys, massive sulfides, and subjacent alteration zones. Canadian Mineralogist 26, 805-825.
149. Jankowski, J. and G. Jacobson, 1989, Hydrochemical evolution of regional groundwaters to playa brines in central Australia. Journal of Hydrology 108, 123-173.
150. Jarraya, F. and M. El Mansar, 1987, Modelisation Simplifié du Gisement de Saumare á Sebkhat el Melah á Zarzis. Projet de fin détudes, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
151. Javandel, I., C. Doughty and C. F. Tsang, 1984, Groundwater Transport:Handbook of Mathematical Models. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
152. Jennings, H.Y., Jr., C. E. Johnson Jr. and C. D. McAuliffe, 1974, A caustic waterflooding process for heavy oils. Journal of Petroleum Technology 26, 1344-1352.
153. Jin, Q., 2007, Control of hydrogen partial pressures on the rates of syntrophic microbial metabolisms: a kinetic model for butyrate fermentation. Geobiology 5, 35-48.
154. Jin, Q. and C.M. Bethke, 2002, Kinetics of electron transfer through the respiratory chain. Biophysical Journal 83, 1797-1808.
155. Jin, Q. and C.M. Bethke, 2003, A new rate law describing microbial respiration. Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology 69, 2340-2348.
156. Jin, Q. and C.M. Bethke, 2005, Predicting the rate of microbial respiration in geochemical environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, 1133-1143.
157. Jin, Q. and C.M. Bethke, 2007, The thermodynamics and kinetics of microbial metabolism. American Journal of Science 307, 643-677.
158. Johnson, C. A., 1986, The regulation of trace element concentrations in river and estuarine waters with acid mine drainage, the adsorption of Cu and Zn on amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 2433-2438.
159. Johnson, J.W., E.H. Oelkers and H.C. Helgeson, 1991, SUPCRT92: a software package for calculating the standard molal thermodynamic properties of minerals, gases, aqueous species, and reactions from 1 to 5000 bars and 0° to 1000 °C. Earth Sciences Department, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
160. Jurkevitch, E., 2007, Predatory behaviors in bacteria-Diversity and transitions. Microbe 2, 67-73.
161. Karpov, I.K. and L. A. Kaz’min, 1972, Calculation of geochemical equilibria in heterogeneous multicomponent systems. Geochemistry International 9, 252-262.
162. Karpov, I.K., L. A. Kaz’min and S. A. Kashik, 1973, Optimal programming for computer calculation of irreversible evolution in geochemical systems. Geochemistry International 10, 464-470.
163. Kashefi, K. and D.R. Lovley, 2003, Extending the upper temperature limit for life. Science 301, 934.
164. Kastner, M., 1984, Control of dolomite formation. Nature 311, 410-411.
165. Keenan, J.H., F. G. Keyes, P. G. Hill and J.G. Moore, 1969, Steam Tables, Thermodynamic Properties of Water Including Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Phases. Wiley, New York.
166. Kelley, D. S., J.A. Baross and J.R. Delaney, 2002, Volcanoes, fluids, and life at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 30, 385-491.
167. Kennedy, V.C., G.W. Zellweger and B. F. Jones, 1974, Filter pore-size effects on the analysis of Al, Fe, Mn, and Ti in water. Water Resources Research 10, 785-790.
168. Kharaka, Y. K. and I. Barnes, 1973, SOLMNEQ: solution-mineral equilibrium computations. US Geological Survey Computer ContributionsReport PB-215-899.
169. Kharaka, Y.K., W.D. Gunter, P.K. Aggarwal, E.H. Perkins and J.D. DeBraal, 1988, SOLMINEQ.88, a computer program for geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions. US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report 88-4227.
170. Kim C., Q. Zhou, B. Deng, E.C. Thornton and H. Xu, 2001, Chromium(VI) reduction by hydrogen sulfide in aqueous media: stoichiometry and kinetics. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 2219-2225.
171. Kim, S.-B., I. Hwang, D.-J. Kim, S. Lee and W.A. Jury, 2003, Effect of sorption on benzene biodegradation in sandy soil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22, 2306-2311.
172. King, T.V.V. (ed.), 1995, Environmental considerations of active and abandoned mine lands, lessons from Summitville, Colorado. US Geological Survey Bulletin 2220.
173. Kirk, M. F., T.R. Holm, J. Park, Q. Jin, R. A. Sanford, B.W. Fouke and C.M. Bethke, 2004, Bacterial sulfate reduction limits natural arsenic contamination of groundwater. Geology 32, 953-956.
174. Knapp, R.B., 1989, Spatial and temporal scales of local equilibrium in dynamic fluid-rock systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1955-1964.
175. Knauss, K. G. and T. J. Wolery, 1986, Dependence of albite dissolution kinetics on pH and time at 25 °C and 70 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 2481-2497.
176. Knauss, K. G. and T. J. Wolery, 1988, The dissolution kinetics of quartz as a function of pH and time at 70 °C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 43-53.
177. Konhauser, K., 2007, Introduction to Geomicrobiology. Blackwell.
178. Kulik, D.A., 2002, Gibbs energy minimization approach to model sorption equilibria at the mineral-water interface: Thermodynamic relations for multi-sitesurface complexation. American Journal of Science 302, 227-279.
179. Lafon, G.M., G.A. Otten and A.M. Bishop, 1992, Experimental determination of the calcite-dolomite equilibrium below 200 °C; revised stabilities for dolomite and magnesite support near-equilibrium dolomitization models. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 24, A210-A211.
180. Land, L. S. and G. L. Macpherson, 1992, Geothermometry from brine analyses, lessons from the Gulf Coast, U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry 7, 333-340.
181. Lasaga, A. C., 1981a, Rate laws of chemical reactions. In A.C. Lasaga and R. J. Kirkpatrick (eds.), Kinetics of Geochemical Processes. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC, pp. 1-68.
182. Lasaga, A.C., 1981b, Transition state theory. In A.C. Lasaga and R. J. Kirkpatrick (eds.), Kinetics of Geochemical Processes. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC, pp. 135-169.
183. Lasaga, A.C., 1984, Chemical kinetics of water-rock interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research 89, 4009-4025.
184. Lasaga, A.C., 1998, Kinetic Theory in the Earth Sciences. Princeton, Princeton, New Jersey.
185. Lasaga, A. C. and D.M. Rye, 1993, Fluid flow and chemical reaction kinetics in metamorphic systems. American Journal of Science 293, 361-404.
186. Lasaga, A.C., J.M. Soler, J. Ganor, T.E. Burch and K. L. Nagy, 1994, Chemical weathering rate laws and global geochemical cycles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 2361-2386.
187. Leach, D. L., G. S. Plumlee, A.H. Hofstra, G. P. Landis, E. L. Rowan and J.G. Viets, 1991, Origin of late dolomite cement by CO2-saturated deep basin brines: evidence from the Ozark region, central United States. Geology 19, 348-351.
188. Leamnson, R. N., J. Thomas Jr. and H. P. Ehrlinger III, 1969, A study of the surface areas of particulatemicrocrystalline silica and silica sand. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 444.
189. Lee, M.-K. and C.M. Bethke, 1994, Groundwater flow, late cementation, and petroleum accumulation in the Permian Lyons sandstone, Denver basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 78, 217-237.
190. Lee, M.-K. and C.M. Bethke, 1996, A model of isotope fractionation in reacting geochemical systems. American Journal of Science 296, 965-988.
191. Levandowski, D.W., M. E. Kaley, S.R. Silverman and R. G. Smalley, 1973, Cementation in Lyons sandstone and its role in oil accumulation, Denver basin, Colorado. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 57, 2217-2244.
192. Levenspeil, O., 1972, Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.
193. Lichtner, P. C., 1985, Continuum model for simultaneous chemical reactions and mass transport in hydrothermal systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 779-800.
194. Lichtner, P.C., 1988, The quasi-stationary state approximation to coupled mass transport and fluid-rock interaction in a porous medium. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 143-165.
195. Lichtner, P.C., 1996, Continuum formulation of multicomponent-multiphase reactive transport. Reviews in Mineralogy 34, 1-81.
196. Lichtner, P. C., E. H. Oelkers and H.C. Helgeson, 1986, Interdiffusion with multiple precipitation/dissolution reactions: transient model and the steady-state limit. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50, 1951-1966.
197. Lico, M. S., Y. K. Kharaka, W.W. Carothers and V. A. Wright, 1982, Methods for collection and analysis of geopressured geothermal and oil field waters. US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2194.
198. Liger, E., L. Charlet and P. Van Cappellen, 1999, Surface catalysis of uranium(VI) reduction by iron(II). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 2939-2955.
199. Lind, C. J. and J.D. Hem, 1993, Manganese minerals and associated fine particulates in the streambed of Pinal Creek, Arizona, U.S.A., a mining-related acid drainage problem. Applied Geochemistry 8, 67-80.
200. Lindberg, R.D. and D. D. Runnells, 1984, Groundwater redox reactions: an analysis of equilibrium state applied to Eh measurements and geochemical modeling. Science 225, 925-927.
201. Liu, C.W. and T.N. Narasimhan, 1989a, Redox-controlled multiple-species reactive chemical transport, 1. Model development. Water Resources Research 25, 869-882.
202. Liu, C.W. and T.N. Narasimhan, 1989b, Redox-controlled multiple-species reactive chemical transport, 2. Verification and application. Water Resources Research 25, 883-910.
203. Madigan, M. and J. Martinko, 2006, Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed. Prentice Hall, New York.
204. Malmstrom, M. E., G. Destouni and P. Martinet, 2004, Modeling expected solute concentration in randomly heterogeneous flow systems with multicomponent reactions. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 2673-2679.
205. Marshall, W. L. and R. Slusher, 1966, Thermodynamics of calcium sulfate dihydrate in aqueous sodium chloride solutions, 0-110 °. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 70, 4015-4027.
206. Martin, C.A., 1965, Denver basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 49, 1908-1925.
207. Mattes, B.W. and E.W. Mountjoy, 1980, Burial dolomitization of the Upper Devonian Miette Buildup, Jasper National Park, Alberta. In D. H. Zenger, J.B. Dunham and R. L. Effington (eds.), Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. SEPM Special Publication 28, 259-297.
208. May, H., 1992, The hydrolysis of aluminum, conflicting models and the interpretation of aluminum geochemistry. In Y.K. Kharaka and A. S. Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 13-21.
209. Mayo, A. L., P. J. Nielsen, M. Loucks and W.H. Brimhall, 1992, The use of solute and isotopic chemistry to identify flow patterns and factors which limit acid mine drainage in the Wasatch Range, Utah. Ground Water 30, 243-249.
210. McCollom, T.M. and E. L. Shock, 1997, Geochemical constraints on chemolithoautotrophic metabolism by microorganisms in seafloor hydrothermal systems. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4375-4391.
211. McConaghy, J.A., G. H. Chase, A. J. Boettcher and T. J. Major, 1964, Hydrogeologic data of the Denver basin, Colorado. Colorado Groundwater Basic Data Report 15.
212. McCoy, A.W., III, 1953, Tectonic history of Denver basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 37, 1873-1893.
213. McDuff, R. E. and F.M.M. Morel, 1980, The geochemical control of seawater (Sillen revisited). Environmental Science and Technology 14, 1182-1186.
214. Mehnert, E., C. R. Gendron and R.D. Brower, 1990, Investigation of the hydraulic effects of deep-well injection of industrial wastes. Illinois State Geological Survey Environmental Geology 135, 100 p.
215. Merino, E., D. Nahon and Y. Wang, 1993, Kinetics and mass transfer of pseudomorphic replacement, application to replacement of parent minerals and kaolinite by Al, Fe, and Mn oxides during weathering. American Journal of Science 293, 135-155.
216. Meyers, W. J. and K.C. Lohmann, 1985, Isotope geochemistry of regional extensive calcite cement zones and marine components in Mississippian limestones, New Mexico. In N. Schneidermann and P.M. Harris (eds.), Carbonate Cements. SEPM Special Publication 36, 223-239.
217. Michard, G., C. Fouillac, D. Grimaud and J. Denis, 1981, Une méthode globale déstimation des températures des réservoirs alimentant les sources thermales, exemple du Massif Centrale Français. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 45, 1199-1207.
218. Michard, G. and E. Roekens, 1983, Modelling of the chemical composition of alkaline hot waters. Geothermics 12, 161-169.
219. Moller, N., 1988, The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters, a chemical equilibrium model for the Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O system, to high temperature and concentration. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 52, 821-837.
220. Morel, F.M.M., 1983, Principles of Aquatic Chemistry. Wiley, New York.
221. Morel, F. and J. Morgan, 1972, A numerical method for computing equilibria in aqueous chemical systems. Environmental Science and Technology 6, 58-67.
222. Morgan, J. J., 1967, Chemical equilibria and kinetic properties of manganese in natural waters. In S. D. Faust and J.V. Hunter (eds.), Principles and Applications of Water Chemistry.Wiley, New York.
223. Morse, J.W. and W.H. Casey, 1988, Ostwald processes and mineral paragenesis in sediments. American Journal of Science 288, 537-560.
224. Moses, C. O., D.K. Nordstrom, J. S. Herman and A. L. Mills, 1987, Aqueous pyrite oxidation by dissolved oxygen and by ferric iron. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 1561-1571.
225. Mottl, M. J. and T. F. McConachy, 1990, Chemical processes in buoyant hydrothermal plumes on the East Pacific Rise near 21 ° N. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 1911-1927.
226. Müller, B., 2004, CHEMEQL V3.0, A program to calculate chemical speciation equilibria, titrations, dissolution, precipitation, adsorption, kinetics, pX-pY diagrams, solubility diagrams. Limnological Research Center EAWAG/ETH, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
227. Nagy, K. L., 1995, Dissolution and precipitation kinetics of sheet silicates. Reviews in Mineralogy 31, 173-233.
228. Nagy, K. L., A. E. Blum and A.C. Lasaga, 1991, Dissolution and precipitation kinetics of kaolinite at 80 °C and pH 3: The dependence on solution saturation state. American Journal of Science 291, 649-686.
229. Nagy, K.L. and A. C. Lasaga, 1992, Dissolution and precipitation kinetics of gibbsite at 80 °C and pH3, the dependence on solution saturation state. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 3093-3111.
230. Neuman, S. P., 1990, Universal scaling of hydraulic conductivities and dispersivities in geologic media. Water Resources Research 26, 1749-1758
231. Newman, J. and K. E. Thomas-Alyea, 2004, Electrochemical Systems, 3rd ed. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.
232. Nordeng, S. H. and D. F. Sibley, 1994, Dolomite stoichiometry and Ostwald’s step rule. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 191-196.
233. Nordstrom, D. K., 1982, Aqueous pyrite oxidation and the consequent formation of secondary iron minerals. In Acid Sulfate Weathering. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 10, 37-56.
234. Nordstrom, D. K., E.A. Jenne and J.W. Ball, 1979, Redox equilibria of iron in acid mine waters. In E.A. Jenne (ed.), Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 51-79.
235. Nordstrom, D. K., R.H. McNutt, I Puigdoménech, J.A. T. Smellie and M. Wolf, 1992, Ground water chemistry and geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions at the Osamu Utsumi mine and the Morro do Ferro analogue study sites, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 45, 249-287.
236. Nordstrom, D. K. and J. L. Munoz, 1994, Geochemical Thermodynamics, 2nd ed. Blackwell, Boston.
237. Okereke, A. and S. E. Stevens Jr., 1991, Kinetics of iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology 57, 1052-1056.
238. O’Neil, J.R., 1987, Preservation of H, C, and O isotopic ratios in the low temperature environment. In T. K. Kyser (ed.), Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Low Temperature Processes. Mineralogical Society of Canada Short Course 13, 85-128.
239. Oreskes, N., K. Shrader-Frechette and K. Belitz, 1994, Verification, validation, and confirmation of numerical models in the Earth sciences. Science 263, 641-646.
240. Ortoleva, P. J., E. Merino, C. Moore and J. Chadam, 1987, Geochemical selforganization, I., Reaction-transport feedbacks and modeling approach. American Journal of Science 287, 979-1007.
241. Păces, T., 1975, A systematic deviation from Na-K-Ca geothermometer below 75 °C and above 10-4 atm PCO2. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 39, 541-544.
242. Păces, T., 1983, Rate constants of dissolution derived from the measurements of mass balance in hydrological catchments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 1855-1863.
243. Pallud, C. and P. Van Cappellen, 2006, Kinetics of microbial sulfate reduction in estuarine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 1148-1162.
244. Panikov, N. S., 1995, Microbial Growth Kinetics. Chapman and Hall, London.
245. Park, J., R. A. Sanford and C.M. Bethke, 2006, Geochemical and microbiological zonation of the Middendorf aquifer, South Carolina. Chemical Geology 230, 88-104.
246. Parker, D. R., W. A. Norvell and R. L. Chaney, 1995, GEOCHEM-PC, a chemical speciation program for IBM and compatible personal computers. In R. H. Loeppert, A. P. Schwab and S. Goldberg (eds.), Chemical Equilibrium and Reaction Models. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 42, 253-269.
247. Parkhurst, D. L., 1995, User’s guide to PHREEQC, a computermodel for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport and inverse geochemical calculations. US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4227.
248. Parkhurst, D. L. and C. A. J. Apello, 1999, User’s guide to PHREEQC (version 2), a computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport and inverse geochemical calculations. US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4259.
249. Parkhurst, D. L., D.C. Thorstenson and L. N. Plummer, 1980, PHREEQE-a computer program for geochemical calculations. US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-96.
250. Peaceman, D.W., 1977, Fundamentals of Numerical Reservoir Simulation. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
251. Perkins, E. H., 1992, Integration of intensive variable diagrams and fluid phase equilibrium with SOLMINEQ.88 pc/shell. In Y.K. Kharaka and A. S. Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction, Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 1079-1081.
252. Perkins, E. H. and T.H. Brown, 1982, Program PATH, calculation of isothermal and isobaric mass transfer. University of British Columbia, unpublished manuscript.
253. Perthuisot, J. P., 1980, Sebkha el Melah near Zarzis: a recent paralic salt basin (Tunisia). In G. Busson (ed.), Evaporite Deposits, Illustration and Interpretation of Some Environmental Sequences, Editions Technip, Paris, pp. 11-17, 92-95.
254. Phillips, O.M., 1991, Flow and Reaction in Permeable Rocks. Cambridge University Press.
255. Phillips, S. L., A. Igbene, J.A. Fair and H. Ozbek, 1981, A technical databook for geothermal energy utilization. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-12810.
256. Pitzer, K. S., 1975, Thermodynamics of electrolytes, V, effects of higher order electrostatic terms. Journal of Solution Chemistry 4, 249-265.
257. Pitzer, K. S., 1979, Theory: ion interaction approach. In R.M. Pytkowitz (ed.), Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions, vol. 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 157-208.
258. Pitzer, K. S., 1987, A thermodynamic model for aqueous solutions of liquid-like density. In I. S. E. Carmichael and H. P. Eugster (eds.), Thermodynamic Modeling of Geological Materials: Minerals, Fluids and Melts. Reviews in Mineralogy 17, 97-142.
259. Pitzer, K. S. and L. Brewer, 1961, Revised edition of Thermodynamics, by G. N. Lewis and M. Randall, 2nd ed. MacGraw-Hill, New York.
260. Plumlee, G., 1994a, USGS assesses the impact of Summitville. USGS Office of Mineral Resources Newsletter 5(2), 1-2.
261. Plumlee, G., 1994b, Environmental geology models of mineral deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 16, 5-6.
262. Plumlee, G. S., M.B. Goldhaber and E. L. Rowan, 1995, The potential role ofmagmatic gases in the genesis of Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar deposits, implications from chemical reaction path modeling. Economic Geology 90, 999-1011.
263. Plumlee, G. S., K. S. Smith, W.H. Ficklin and P.H. Briggs, 1992, Geological and geochemical controls on the composition of mine drainages and natural drainages in mineralized areas. In Y.K. Kharaka and A. S.Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 419-422.
264. Plummer, L. N., 1992, Geochemical modeling of water-rock interaction: past, present, future. In Y.K. Kharaka and A. S. Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 23-33.
265. Plummer, L. N., D. L. Parkhurst, G.W. Fleming and S. A. Dunkle, 1988, PHRQPITZ, a computer program incorporating Pitzer’s equations for calculation of geochemical reactions in brines. US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4153.
266. Prigogine, I. and R. Defay, 1954, Chemical Thermodynamics, D. H. Everett (trans.). Longmans, London.
267. Rabus R., T. A. Hansen and F. Widdel, 2006, Dissimilatory sulfate-and sulfur-reducing prokaryotes. In The Prokaryotes: An Evolving Electronic Resource for the Microbiological Community, http://www.springerlink.-com/content/n1084686101028pj/fulltext.pdf, Springer, New York.
268. Reardon, E. J., 1981, Kd’s-Can they be used to describe reversible ion sorption reactions in contaminant migration? Ground Water 19, 279-286.
269. Reed, M. and N. Spycher, 1984, Calculation of pH and mineral equilibria in hydrothermal waters with application to geothermometry and studies of boiling and dilution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 1479-1492.
270. Reed, M.H., 1977, Calculations of hydrothermalmetasomatism and ore deposition in submarine volcanic rocks with special reference to the West Shasta district, California. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
271. Reed, M.H., 1982, Calculation of multicomponent chemical equilibria and reaction processes in systems involvingminerals, gases and an aqueous phase. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46, 513-528.
272. Richtmyer, R. D., 1957, Difference Methods for Initial-Value Problems. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
273. Rimstidt, J. D. and H. L. Barnes, 1980, The kinetics of silica-water reactions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, 1683-1700.
274. Robie, R. A., B. S. Hemingway and J.R. Fisher, 1979, Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15K and 1 bar (105 Pascals) pressure and at higher temperatures. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1452 (corrected edition).
275. Robinson, R. A. and R.H. Stokes, 1968, Electrolyte Solutions. Butterworths, London.
276. Roden, E. E. and R.G. Wetzel, 2003, Competition between Fe(III)-reducing and methanogenic bacteria for acetate in iron-rich freshwater sediments. Microbial Ecology 45, 252-258.
277. Rosing, M. T., 1993, The buffering capacity of open heterogeneous systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 2223-2226.
278. Rowan, E., 1991, Un modéle géochimique, thérmique-hydrogéologique et tec-tonique pour la genése des gisements filoniens de fluorite de l’Albigeois, sudouest du Massif Central, France. Mémoire de DEA, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris IV), Paris.
279. Rubin, J., 1983, Transport of reacting solutes in porousmedia, relationship between mathematical nature of problem formulation and chemical nature of reactions. Water Resources Research 19, 1231-1252.
280. Runnells, D.D., 1969, Diagenesis, chemical sediments, and the mixing of natural waters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 39, 1188-1201.
281. Runnells, D.D. and R. D. Lindberg, 1990, Selenium in aqueous solutions, the impossibility of obtaining a meaningful Eh using a platinum electrode, with implications for modeling of natural waters. Geology 18, 212-215.
282. Schecher, W.D. and D.C. McAvoy, 1994, MINEQL+, A Chemical Equilibrium Program for Personal Computers, User’s Manual, version 3.0. Environmental Research Software, Inc., Hallowell, ME.
283. Schrenk, M. O., D. S. Kelley, J.R. Delaney and J. A. Baross, 2003, Incidence and diversity of microorganisms within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney. Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology 69, 3580-3592.
284. Shanks, W.C., III, and J. L. Bischoff, 1977, Ore transport and deposition in the Red Sea geothermal system, a geochemical model. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 41, 1507-1519.
285. Sherlock, E. J., R.W. Lawrence and R. Poulin, 1995, On the neutralization of acid rock drainage by carbonate and silicate minerals. Environmental Geology 25, 43-54.
286. Shock, E. L., 1988, Organic acid metastability in sedimentary basins. Geology 16, 886-890 (correction, 17, 572-573).
287. Sibley, D. F. and H. Blatt, 1976, Intergranular pressure solution and cementation of the Tuscarora orthoquartzite. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 46, 881-896.
288. Sillén, L.G., 1967, The ocean as a chemical system. Science 156, 1189-1197.
289. Skirrow, G., 1965, The dissolved gases-carbon dioxide. In J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow (eds.), Chemical Oceanography, Academic Press, London, pp. 227-322.
290. Smith, G.D., 1986, Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations: Finite Difference Methods, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press.
291. Smith, K. S., W. H. Ficklin, G. S. Plumlee and A. L. Meier, 1992, Metal and arsenic partitioning between water and suspended sediment at mine-drainage sites in diverse geologic settings. In Y.K. Kharaka and A. S. Maest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 443-447.
292. Smith, W.R. and R.W. Missen, 1982, Chemical Reaction Equilibrium Analysis: Theory and Algorithms. Wiley, New York.
293. Snoeyink, V. L. and D. Jenkins, 1980, Water Chemistry. Wiley, New York.
294. Sorbie, K. S., M. Yuan and M.M. Jordan, 1994, Application of a scale inhibitor squeeze model to improve field squeeze treatment design (SPE paper 28885). European Petroleum Conference Proceedings Volume (vol. 2 of 2), Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX, pp. 179-191.
295. Sorensen, S. P. L., 1909, Enzymstudier, II., OmMaalingen og Betydningen af Brintionkoncentration ved enzymatiske Processer. Meddelelser fra Carlsberg Laboratoriet 8, 1-153.
296. Sposito, G., 1989, The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press.
297. Spycher, N. F. and M.H. Reed, 1988, Fugacity coefficients of H2, CO2, CH4, H2O and of H2O-CO2-CH4 mixtures, a virial equation treatment for moderate pressures and temperatures applicable to calculations of hydrothermal boiling. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 739-749.
298. Steefel, C. I., 2001, GIMRT, Version 1.2: Software for modeling multicomponent, multidimensional reactive transport, User’s Guide. Report UCRL-MA-143182, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California.
299. Steefel, C. I., D. J. DePaolo and P. C. Lichtner, 2005, Reactive transport modeling: An essential tool and a new research approach for the Earth sciences. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240, 539-558.
300. Steefel, C. I. and A.C. Lasaga, 1992, Putting transport into water-rock interaction models. Geology 20, 680-684.
301. Steefel, C. I. and A.C. Lasaga, 1994, A coupled model for transport of multiple chemical species and kinetic precipitation/dissolution reactions with application to reactive flow in single phase hydrothermal systems. American Journal of Science 294, 529-592.
302. Steefel, C. I. and K.T. B. MacQuarrie, 1996, Approaches to modeling of reactive transport in porous media. In P. C. Lichtner, C. I. Steefel and E.H. Oelkers (eds.), Reactive Transport in Porous Media, Reviews in Mineralogy 34, 85-129.
303. Steefel, C. I. and P. Van Cappellen, 1990, A new kinetic approach to modeling water-rock interaction, the role of nucleation, precursors, and Ostwald ripening. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 2657-2677.
304. Steefel, C. I. and S. B. Yabusaki, 1996, OS3D/GIMRT, Software for multicomponent-multidimensional reactive transport: User’s Manual and Programmer’s Guide. Report PNL-11166, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.
305. Stumm, W., 1992, Chemistry of the Solid-Water Interface.Wiley, New York.
306. Stumm, W. and J. J. Morgan, 1996, Aquatic Chemistry, Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters, 3rd ed. Wiley, New York.
307. Stumm, W. and R. Wollast, 1990, Coordination chemistry of weathering, kinetics of the surface-controlled dissolution of oxide minerals. Reviews of Geophysics 28, 53-69.
308. Sung, W. and J. J. Morgan, 1981, Oxidative removal of Mn(II) from solution catalysed by the γ-FeOOH (lepidocrocite) surface. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 2377-2383.
309. Surdam, R. C. and J.R. Boles, 1979, Diagenesis of volcanic sandstones. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 26, 227-242.
310. Sverjensky, D.A., 1984, Oil field brines as ore-forming solutions. Economic Geology 79, 23-37.
311. Sverjensky, D.A., 1987, The role of migrating oil field brines in the formation of sediment-hosted Cu-rich deposits. Economic Geology 82, 1130-1141.
312. Sverjensky, D. A., 1993, Physical surface-complexation models for sorption at the mineral-water interface. Nature 364, 776-780.
313. Sydansk, R. D., 1982, Elevated-temperature caustic/sandstone interaction, implications for improving oil recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 22, 453-462.
314. Taylor, B. E., M. C. Wheeler and D.K. Nordstrom, 1984, Isotope composition of sulphate in acid mine drainage as measure of bacterial oxidation. Nature 308, 538-541.
315. Thauer, R. K., K. Jungerman and K. Decker, 1977, Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Bacteriological Reviews 41, 100-180.
316. Thompson, J.B., Jr., 1959, Local equilibrium in metasomatic processes. In P. H. Abelson (ed.), Researches in Geochemistry, Wiley, New York, pp. 427-457.
317. Thompson, J.B., Jr., 1970, Geochemical reaction and open systems. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 34, 529-551.
318. Thompson, J. B., Jr., 1982, Composition space: an algebraic and geometric approach. Reviews in Mineralogy 10, 1-31.
319. Thompson, M. E., 1992, The history of the development of the chemical model for seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 2985-2987.
320. Thorstenson, D.C., 1984, The concept of electron activity and its relation to redox potentials in aqueous geochemical systems. US Geological Survey Open File Report 84-072, 45 p.
321. Thorstenson, D.C., D.W. Fisher and M. G. Croft, 1979, The geochemistry of the Fox Hills-Basal Hell Creek aquifer in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. Water Resources Research 15, 1479-1498.
322. Tipping E., 1994, WHAM-a chemical equilibrium model and computer code for waters, sediments and soils incorporating a discrete site/electrostaticmodel of ion-binding by humic substances. Computers and Geosciences 20, 973-1023.
323. Todd, A.C. and M. Yuan, 1990, Barium and strontium sulphate solid-solution formation in relation to North Sea scaling problems. SPE Production Engineering 5, 279-285.
324. Todd, A.C. and M. Yuan, 1992, Barium and strontium sulphate solid-solution scale formation at elevated temperatures. SPE Production Engineering 7, 85-92.
325. Truesdell, A. H. and B. F. Jones, 1974, WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters. US Geological Survey Journal of Research 2, 233-248.
326. Valocchi, A. J., 1985, Validity of the local equilibrium assumption for modeling sorbing solute transport through homogeneous soils. Water Resources Research 21, 808-820.
327. Valocchi, A. J, R. L. Street and P.V. Roberts, 1981, Transport of ion-exchanging solutes in groundwater, chromatographic theory and field simulation. Water Resources Research 17, 1517-1527.
328. van der Lee, J., 1993, CHESS, another speciation and complexation computer code. Technical Report no. LHM/RD/93/39, Ecole des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau.
329. van der Lee, J. and L. De Windt, 2000, CHESS Tutorial and Cookbook. Report LHM/RD/99/05, CIG-École des Mines de Paris, Fontainebleau, France.
330. Van Dover, C. L., 2000, The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents. Princeton University Press.
331. Van Zeggeren, F. and S.H. Storey, 1970, The Computation of Chemical Equilibria. Cambridge University Press.
332. Viani, B. E. and C. J. Bruton, 1992, Modeling ion exchange in clinoptilolite using the EQ3/6 geochemical modeling code. In Y.K Kharaka and A. SMaest (eds.), Water-Rock Interaction. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 73-77.
333. Von Damm, K. L., J.M. Edmond, B. Grant and C. I. Measures, 1985, Chemistry of submarine hydrothermal solutions at 21 °N, East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 2197-2220.
334. Warga, J., 1963, A convergent procedure for solving the thermo-chemical equilibrium problem. Journal Society Industrial and Applied Mathematicians 11, 594-606.
335. Wat, R.M. S, K. S. Sorbie, A.C. Todd, P. Chen and P. Jiang, 1992, Kinetics of BaSO4 crystal growth and effect in formation damage (SPE paper 23814). Proceedings Society of Petroleum Engineers International Symposium on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Louisiana, February 26-27, 1992, pp. 429-437.
336. Weare, J. H., 1987, Models of mineral solubility in concentrated brines with application to field observations. In I. S. E. Carmichael and H. P. Eugster (eds.), Thermodynamic Modeling of Geological Materials: Minerals, Fluids and Melts. Reviews in Mineralogy 17, 143-176.
337. Wedepohl, K.H., C.W. Correns, D.M. Shaw, K. K. Turekian and J. Zemann (eds.), 1978, Handbook of Geochemistry, volumes II/1 and II/2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
338. Wehrli, B. and W. Stumm, 1988, Oxygenation of Vanadyl(IV). Effect of coordinated surface hydroxyl groups and OH. Langmuir 4, 753-758.
339. Wehrli, B. and W. Stumm, 1989, Vanadyl in natural waters: Adsorption and hydrolysis promote oxygenation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 69-77.
340. Westall, J., 1980, Chemical equilibrium including adsorption on charged surfaces. In M. C. Kavanaugh and J.O. Leckie (eds.), Advances in Chemistry Series 189, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 33-44.
341. Westall, J., 2002, Geochemical equilibrium and the interpretation of Eh. In Wilkin, R.T., R.D. Ludwig andR.G. Ford (eds.), Workshop on Monitoring Oxidation-Reduction Processes for Ground-water Restoration, Workshop Summary, Report EPA/600/R-02/002, US Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma, 21-23.
342. Westall, J.C. and H. Hohl, 1980, A comparison of electrostatic models for the oxide/solution interface. Advances in Colloid Interface Science 12, 265-294.
343. Westall, J.C., J. L. Zachary and F. F.M. Morel, 1976, MINEQL, a computer program for the calculation of chemical equilibrium composition of aqueous systems. Technical Note 18, R.M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
344. White, A. F., 1995, Chemical weathering rates of silicateminerals in soils. Reviews in Mineralogy 31, 407-461.
345. White, D., 2007, The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press.
346. White, D. E., 1970, Geochemistry applied to the discovery, evaluation, and exploitation of geothermal energy resources. Geothermics 2, 58-80.
347. White, W.B., 1967, Numerical determination of chemical equilibrium and the partitioning of free energy. Journal of Chemical Physics 46, 4171-4175.
348. White, W.B., S.M. Johnson and G.B. Dantzig, 1958, Chemical equilibrium in complex mixtures. Journal of Chemical Physics 28, 751-755.
349. Williamson, M. A. and J.D. Rimstidt, 1994, The kinetics and electrochemical ratedetermining step of aqueous pyrite oxidation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 5443-5454.
350. Wolery, T. J., 1978, Some chemical aspects of hydrothermal processes at mid-ocean ridges, a theoretical study, I., Basalt-sea water reaction and chemical cycling between the oceanic crust and the oceans, II. Calculation of chemical equilibrium between aqueous solutions and minerals. Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
351. Wolery, T. J., 1979, Calculation of chemical equilibrium between aqueous solution and minerals: the EQ3/6 software package. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-52658.
352. Wolery, T. J., 1983, EQ3NR, a computer program for geochemical aqueous speciation-solubility calculations: user’s guide and documentation. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-53414.
353. Wolery, T. J., 1992a, EQ3/EQ6, a software package for geochemical modeling of aqueous systems, package overview and installation guide (version 7.0). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-MA-110662 (1).
354. Wolery, T. J., 1992b, EQ3NR, a computer program for geochemical aqueous speciation-solubility calculations: theoretical manual, user’s guide, and related documentation (version 7.0). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-MA-110662 (3).
355. Wolery, T. J. and L. J. Walters, Jr., 1975, Calculation of equilibrium distributions of chemical species in aqueous solutions by means of monotone sequences. Mathematical Geology 7, 99-115.
356. Xu, T., E. L. Sonnenthal, N. Spycher and K. Pruess, 2004, TOUGHREACT user’s guide: A simulation program for non-isothermalmultiphase reactive geochemical transport in variably saturated geologicmedia. Report LBNL-55460, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California.
357. Yabusaki, S. B., C. I. Steefel and B.D. Wood, 1998, Multidimensional, multicomponent subsurface reactive transport in non-uniform velocity fields: code verification using an advective reactive streamtube approach. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 30, 299-331.
358. Yang, S. T. and M. R. Okos, 1987, Kinetic study and mathematical modeling of methanogenesis of acetate using pure cultures of methanogens. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 30, 661-667.
359. Yeh, G. T. and V. S. Tripathi, 1989, A critical evaluation of recent developments in hydrogeochemical transport models of reactive multi-chemical components. Water Resources Research 25, 93-108.
360. Yuan, D. and A.C. Todd, 1991, Prediction of sulphate scaling tendency in oilfield operations. SPE Petroleum Engineering 6, 63-72.
361. Yuan, M., A.C. Todd and K. S. Sorbie, 1994, Sulphate scale precipitation arising from seawater injection, a prediction study. Marine and PetroleumGeology 11, 24-30.
362. Zabala(de), E. F., J.M. Vislocky, E. Rubin and C. J. Radke, 1982, A chemical theory for linear alkaline flooding. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 22, 245-258.
363. Zehnder, A. J.B., B.A. Huser, T.D. Brock and K. Wuhrmann, 1980, Characterization of an acetate decarboxylating, non-hydrogen-utilizingmethane bacterium. Archives of Microbiology 124, 1-11.
364. Zeleznik, F. J. and S. Gordon, 1960, An analytical investigation of three general methods of calculating chemical equilibrium compositions. NASA Technical Note D-473, Washington DC.
365. Zeleznik, F. J. and S. Gordon, 1968, Calculation of complex chemical equilibria. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 60, 27-57.
366. Zhang, W. and E. J. Bouwer, 1997, Biodegradation of benzene, toluene and naphthalene in soil-water slurry microcosms. Biodegradation 8, 167-175.
367. Zheng, C. and G.D. Bennett, 2002, Applied Contaminant TransportModeling, 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.
368. Zhu, C. and G. Anderson, 2002, Environmental Applications of GeochemicalModeling. Cambridge University Press.
369. Zierenberg, R. A., M.W.W. Adams and A. J. Arp, 2000, Life in extreme environments: Hydrothermal vents. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences 97, 12 961-12 962.