Elastomeric composites based on carbon nanomaterials

Nanotechnology

Volumn 26, Issue 11, 2015, Pages

  Araby, Sherif ^a,c   Meng, Qingshi ^a   Zhang, Liqun ^b   Zaman, Izzuddin ^d   Majewski, Peter ^a   Ma, Jun ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^c Benha University   (Egypt)

^d UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

carbon nanotubes; elastomers; grapheme; nanocomposites

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON BLACK; CARBON NANOTUBES; ELASTOMERS; FLAME RETARDANTS; GRAPHENE; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PLASTICS; THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY; YARN;

CARBON NANO-MATERIALS; ELASTOMER COMPOSITES; ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITE; FABRICATION PROCESS; FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES; GRAPHEME; INTRINSIC PROPERTY; NANO SCALE;

FILLERS;

EID: 84923677182     PISSN: 09574484     EISSN: 13616528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/11/112001     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. R. T. V. Company 1948 The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook (University of Michigan: Vanderbilt Company)
2. Ping F, Lei W, Jintao Y, Feng C and Mingqiang Z 2012 Graphene/poly(vinylidene fluoride) composites with high dielectric constant and low percolation threshold Nanotechnology 23 365702
3. Ou R, Gupta S, Parker C A and Gerhardt R A 2006 Fabrication and electrical conductivity of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/carbon black (CB) composites: comparison between an ordered carbon black nanowire-like segregated structure and a randomly dispersed carbon black nanostructure J. Phys. Chem. B 110 22365-73
4. Wang Y, Wang Y, Tian M, Zhang L and Ma J 2008 Influence of prolonging vulcanization on the structure and properties of hard rubber J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 107 444-54
5. Aboytes P and Voet A 1970 Accessibility of the carbon black particle surface to elastomers Rubber Chem. Technol. 43 464-9
6. International Rubber Study Group, accessed on: 12/1/2013: (www.rubberstudy.com)
7. Hofmann W 1989 Rubber Technology Handbook (Munich, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag)
8. Industrial study with forecasts for 2013, 2018 & 2025, accessed on 13/1/2013: (www.freedoniagroup.com)
9. Kim H, Miura Y and Macosko C W 2010 Graphene/polyurethane nanocomposites for improved gas barrier and electrical conductivity Chem. Mater. 22 3441-50
10. Kuilla T, Bhadra S, Yao D, Kim N H, Bose S and Lee J H 2010 Recent advances in graphene based polymer composites Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 1350-75
11. Zaman I, Kuan H-C, Meng Q, Michelmore A, Kawashima N, Pitt T, Zhang L, Gouda S, Luong L and Ma J 2012 A facile approach to chemically modified graphene and its polymer nanocomposites Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 2735-43
12. Zaman I, Phan T T, Kuan H-C, Meng Q, Bao L T, La L, Luong O, Youssf and Ma J 2011 Epoxy/graphene platelets nanocomposites with two levels of interface strength Polymer 52 1603-11
13. Zaman I, Le Q-H, Kuan H-C, Kawashima N, Luong L, Gerson A and Ma J 2011 Interface-tuned epoxy/clay nanocomposites Polymer 52 497-504
14. Ma J, Meng Q, Michelmore A, Kawashima N, Izzuddin Z, Bengtsson C and Kuan H-C 2013 Covalently bonded interfaces for polymer/graphene composites J. Mater. Chem. A 1 4255-64
15. Zaman I, Kuan H, Dai J, Kawashima N, Michelmore A, Sovi A, Dong S, Luong L and Ma J 2012 From carbon nanotubes and silicate layers to graphene platelets for polymer nanocomposites Nanoscale 4 4578
16. Qingshi M, Jian J, Ruoyu W, Hsu-Chiang K, Jun M, Nobuyuki K, Andrew M, Shenmin Z and Chun H W 2014 Processable 3 nm thick graphene platelets of high electrical conductivity and their epoxy composites Nanotechnology 25 125707
17. Nasser S, Sherif A, Qingshi M, Hung-Yao H, Cheng Y, Sara A, Sang-Heon L, Yanan X, Jun M and Sirong Y 2014 Superior piezoelectric composite films: taking advantage of carbon nanomaterials Nanotechnology 25 045501
18. Lan Y, Sun P J, Yun-Soo L, Seung L C, Kwonwoo S, Jun M H, Cheol-Min Y, Sil L Y and Hun H J 2013 Carbon hybrid fillers composed of carbon nanotubes directly grown on graphene nanoplatelets for effective thermal conductivity in epoxy composites Nanotechnology 24 155604
19. Chen G-H, Wu D-J, Weng W-G and Yan W-L 2001 Preparation of polymer/graphite conducting nanocomposite by intercalation polymerization J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 82 2506-13
20. Chen G-H, Wu D-J, Weng W-G, He B and Yan W.-l. 2001 Preparation of polystyrene-graphite conducting nanocomposites via intercalation polymerization Polym. Int. 50 980-5
21. Chen G, Wu C, Weng W, Wu D and Yan W 2003 Preparation of polystyrene/graphite nanosheet composite Polymer 44 1781-4
22. Liu P, Gong K, Xiao P and Xiao M 2000 Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl acetate)-intercalated graphite oxide nanocomposite J. Mater. Chem. 10 933-5
23. Gau C, Ko H S and Chen H T 2009 Piezoresistive characteristics of MWNT nanocomposites and fabrication as a polymer pressure sensor Nanotechnology 20 185503
24. Sengupta R, Bhattacharya M, Bandyopadhyay S and Bhowmick A K 2011 A review on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer composites Prog. Polym. Sci. 36 638-70
25. Sinha Ray S and Okamoto M 2003 Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing Prog. Polym. Sci. 28 1539-641
26. Sadasivuni K K, Ponnamma D, Thomas S and Grohens Y 2014 Evolution from graphite to graphene elastomer composites Prog. Polym. Sci. 39 749-80
27. Li Y, Zhu J, Wei S, Ryu J, Sun L and Guo Z 2011 Poly(propylene)/graphene nanoplatelet nanocomposites: melt rheological behavior and thermal, electrical, and electronic properties Macromol. Chem. Phys. 212 1951-9
28. Kalaitzidou K, Fukushima H and Drzal L T 2007 A new compounding method for exfoliated graphite-polypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced flexural properties and lower percolation threshold Compos. Sci. Technol. 67 2045-51
29. Ramasubramaniam R, Chen J and Liu H 2003 Homogeneous carbon nanotube/polymer composites for electrical applications Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 2928-30
30. Bhattacharyya S, Sinturel C, Bahloul O, Saboungi M-L, Thomas S and Salvetat J-P 2008 Improving reinforcement of natural rubber by networking of activated carbon nanotubes Carbon 46 1037-45
31. De Falco A, Goyanes S, Rubiolo G H, Mondragon I and Marzocca A 2007 Carbon nanotubes as reinforcement of styrene-butadiene rubber Appl. Surf. Sci. 254 262-5
32. Meng Q, Kuan H-C, Araby S, Kawashima N, Saber N, Wang C and Ma J 2014 Effect of interface modification on PMMA/graphene nanocomposites J. Mater. Sci. 49 5838-49
33. Yi C, Qixin Z, Xiaoyun L, Jun L, Shaoliang L and Zhewen H 2013 Preparation of thermostable PBO/graphene nanocomposites with high dielectric constant Nanotechnology 24 245702
34. Christèle B, Alain D, Olivier R, Cécile Z and Philippe P 2008 Electromechanical properties of nanotube-PVA composite actuator bimorphs Nanotechnology 19 325501
35. Huang X, Qi X, Boey F and Zhang H 2012 Graphene-based composites Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 666-86
36. McNally T, Pötschke P, Halley P, Murphy M, Martin D, Bell S E J, Brennan G P, Bein D, Lemoine P and Quinn J P 2005 Polyethylene multiwalled carbon nanotube composites Polymer 46 8222-32
37. Zhang Q, Rastogi S, Chen D, Lippits D and Lemstra P J 2006 Low percolation threshold in single-walled carbon nanotube/high density polyethylene composites prepared by melt processing technique Carbon 44 778-85
38. Lu L, Zhai Y, Zhang Y, Ong C and Guo S 2008 Reinforcement of hydrogenated carboxylated nitrile-butadiene rubber by multi-walled carbon nanotubes Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 2162-6
39. Wang L, Zhang L and Tian M 2012 Effect of expanded graphite (EG) dispersion on the mechanical and tribological properties of nitrile rubber/EG composites Wear 276-277 85-93
40. Rafiq R, Cai D, Jin J and Song M 2010 Increasing the toughness of nylon 12 by the incorporation of functionalized graphene Carbon 48 4309-14
41. Yan D, Zhang H-B, Jia Y, Hu J, Qi X-Y, Zhang Z and Yu Z-Z 2012 Improved electrical conductivity of polyamide 12/graphene nanocomposites with maleated polyethylene-octene rubber prepared by melt compounding ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 4740-5
42. Mahmoud W E 2011 Morphology and physical properties of poly(ethylene oxide) loaded graphene nanocomposites prepared by two different techniques Eur. Polym. J. 47 1534-40
43. Kim H, Kobayashi S, AbdurRahim M A, Zhang M J, Khusainova A, Hillmyer M A, Abdala A A and Macosko C W 2011 Graphene/polyethylene nanocomposites: effect of polyethylene functionalization and blending methods Polymer 52 1837-46
44. Ping'an S, Lina L, Shenyuan F, Youming Y, Chunde J, Qiang W, Yan Z and Qian L 2013 Striking multiple synergies created by combining reduced graphene oxides and carbon nanotubes for polymer nanocomposites Nanotechnology 24 125704
45. James L, Ben K, Tom B, Peng X, Nathan B, Eugene T and Balaji P 2012 Graphene-nanoplatelet-based photomechanical actuators Nanotechnology 23 045501
46. Chatterjee S, Nüesch F A and Chu B T T 2011 Comparing carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets as reinforcements in polyamide 12 composites Nanotechnology 22 275714
47. Peng X, James L, Roger D B and Balaji P 2012 Load transfer and mechanical properties of chemically reduced graphene reinforcements in polymer composites Nanotechnology 23 505713
48. Young R J, Kinloch I A, Gong L and Novoselov K S 2012 The mechanics of graphene nanocomposites: a review Compos. Sci. Technol. 72 1459-76
49. Gojny F H, Wichmann M H G, Köpke U, Fiedler B and Schulte K 2004 Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy-composites: enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content Compos. Sci. Technol. 64 2363-71
50. Chang J-H, Mun M K and Kim J-C 2006 Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) nanocomposite fibers comprising different organoclays: thermomechanical properties and morphology J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 102 4535-45
51. Killgore J P and Overney R M 2008 Interfacial mobility and bonding strength in nanocomposite thin film membranes Langmuir 24 3446-51
52. Burnside S D and Giannelis E P 2000 Nanostructure and properties of polysiloxane-layered silicate nanocomposites J. Polym. Sci. B 38 1595-604
53. Liu W, Hoa S V and Pugh M 2005 Organoclay-modified high performance epoxy nanocomposites Compos. Sci. Technol. 65 307-16
54. Xiang-Ying J, Yan-Ping C and Xi-Qiao F 2010 Micromechanics prediction of the effective elastic moduli of graphene sheet-reinforced polymer nanocomposites Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 18 045005
55. Le Q-H, Kuan H-C, Dai J-B, Zaman I, Luong L and Ma J 2010 Structure-property relations of 55 nm particle-toughened epoxy Polymer 51 4867-79
56. Iijima S 1991 Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon Nature 354 56-8
57. Herd C R, McDonald G C and Hess W M 1992 Morphology of carbon-black aggregates: fractal versus euclidean geometry Rubber Chem. Technol. 65 107-29
58. Wade W H, Deviney M L, Brown W A, Hnoosh M H and Wallace D R 1972 Adsorption and calorimetric investigations on carbon black surfaces: III. Immersion heats in model elastomers and isosteric heats of adsorption of C-4 hydrocarbons Rubber Chem. Technol. 45 117-28
59. Pliskin I 1973 Observations of die swell behavior of filled elastomers measured automatically with a new 'die swell tester' Rubber Chem. Technol. 46 1218-33
60. Nakajima N 1980 Elongational flow in mixing elastomer with carbon black Rubber Chem. Technol. 53 1088-105
61. Toki S and White J L 1982 Rheological and solid wall boundary condition characterization of unvulcanized elastomers and their compounds J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 27 3171-84
62. Chang W V, Wijayarathna B and Salovey R 1984 Reinforcement of butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomer by carbon black Polymer Blends and Composites in Multiphase Systems vol 206 (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society) 233-59
63. Eltekov Y A 1994 Adsorption of macromolecules of elastomers on carbon black Carbon 32 931-4
64. Kurian T, De P P, Khastgir D, Tripathy D K, De S K and Peiffer D G 1995 Reinforcement of EPDM-based ionic thermoplastic elastomer by carbon black Polymer 36 3875-84
65. Wolff S and Wang M-J 1992 Filler-elastomer interactions: IV. The effect of the surface energies of fillers on elastomer reinforcement Rubber Chem. Technol. 65 329-42
66. Griffini G, Suriano R and Turri S 2012 Correlating mechanical and electrical properties of filler-loaded polyurethane fluoroelastomers: the influence of carbon black Polym. Eng. Sci. 52 2543-51
67. Chodák I, Podhradská S, Jarɥu͉ková J and Jurɥiová J 2010 Changes in electrical conductivity during mechanical deformation of carbon black filled elastomeric matrix Open Macromolecules J. 4 32-6
68. Meier J G and Klüppel M 2008 Carbon black networking in elastomers monitored by dynamic mechanical and dielectric spectroscopy Macromol. Mater. Eng. 93 12-38
69. Lv R, Xu W, Na B and Chen B 2008 Insight into the role of filler network in the viscoelasticity of a carbon black filled thermoplastic elastomer: a strain dependent electrical conductivity study J. Macromol. Sci. B 47 774-82
70. Sahoo B P, Naskar K and Tripathy D K 2011 Electrical properties of ethylene acrylic elastomer (AEM) loaded with conducting carbon black AIP Conf. Proc. 1349 190-1 vol
71. Mattmann C, Clemens F and Tröster G 2008 Sensor for measuring strain in textile Sensors 8 3719-32
72. Cochrane C, Koncar V, Lewandowski M and Dufour C 2007 Design and development of a flexible strain sensor for textile structures based on a conductive polymer composite Sensors 7 473-92
73. Cochrane C, Lewandowski M and Koncar V 2010 A flexible strain sensor based on a conductive polymer composite for in situ measurement of parachute canopy deformation Sensors 10 8291-303
74. Stankovich S, Dikin D A, Dommett G H B, Kohlhaas K M, Zimney E J, Stach E A, Piner R D, Nguyen S T and Ruoff R S 2006 Graphene-based composite materials Nature 442 282-6
75. Gamboa K M N, Ferreira A J B, Camargo S S and Soares B G 1997 Electrical conductivity of polystyrene/styrene-butadiene block copolymer blends containing carbon black Polym. Bull. 38 95-100
76. Grunlan J C, Gerberich W W and Francis L F 2001 Electrical and mechanical behavior of carbon black - filled poly(vinyl acetate) latex - based composites Polym. Eng. Sci. 41 1947-62
77. Yoon K-B, Lee G H, Choi W Y and Lee D-H 2007 Electrical properties of non-crosslinked polyethylene/syndiotactic polystyrene composites filled with carbon black Polym. J 39 1143-9
78. Wang X, Xu L, Xu X-B, Chen S and Wang Y-J 2011 Effect of mixing process and morphologies on the electrical conductivity of PA6/EVA/CB composites Polym.-Plast. Technol. Eng. 50 533-8
79. Lu C, Cao Q-Q, Huang X-H, Hu X-N, He Y-X, Liu C-Y and Zhang Y-Q 2013 Influence of morphology on positive temperature coefficient effect for conductive polymer composites with carbon black dispersed at interface Polym. Eng. Sci. 53 2640-9
80. Sengupta R, Chakraborty S, Bandyopadhyay S, Dasgupta S, Mukhopadhyay R, Auddy K and Deuri A S 2007 A short review on rubber/clay nanocomposites with emphasis on mechanical properties Polym. Eng. Sci. 47 1956-74
81. Grado-Caffaro M A and Grado-Caffaro M 2004 Theoretical evaluation of electron mobility in multi-walled carbon nanotubes Optik - Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 115 45-6
82. Hartmann R R, Kono J and Portnoi M E 2014 Terahertz science and technology of carbon nanomaterials Nanotechnology 25 322001
83. Xie X-L, Mai Y-W and Zhou X-P 2005 Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: a review Mater. Sci. Eng. R 49 89-112
84. Moniruzzaman M and Winey K I 2006 Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes Macromolecules 39 5194-205
85. Catherine J, Matthieu P and Vincent J 2012 Carbon nanotube synthesis: from large-scale production to atom-by-atom growth Nanotechnology 23 142001
86. Ajayan P M and Tour J M 2007 Materials science: nanotube composites Nature 447 1066-8
87. Coleman J N, Khan U, Blau W J and Gun'ko Y K 2006 Small but strong: a review of the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube-polymer composites Carbon 44 1624-52
88. Hu G, Zhao C, Zhang S, Yang M and Wang Z 2006 Low percolation thresholds of electrical conductivity and rheology in poly(ethylene terephthalate) through the networks of multi-walled carbon nanotubes Polymer 47 480-8
89. Hu N, Masuda Z, Yamamoto G, Fukunaga H, Hashida T and Qiu J 2008 Effect of fabrication process on electrical properties of polymer/multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposites Composites A 39 893-903
90. Ajayan P M, Stephan O, Colliex C and Trauth D 1994 Aligned carbon nanotube arrays formed by cutting a polymer resin - nanotube composite Science 265 1212-4
91. Tewfik S, Marco S and Matteo C 2012 Characterization of multi-walled carbon nanotube-polymer nanocomposites by scanning spreading resistance microscopy Nanotechnology 23 405704
92. Coleman J N, Khan U and Gun'ko Y K 2006 Mechanical reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes Adv. Mater. 18 689-706
93. Frankland S J V, Caglar A, Brenner D W and Griebel M 2002 Molecular simulation of the influence of chemical cross-links on the shear strength of carbon nanotube-polymer interfaces J. Phys. Chem. B 106 3046-8
94. Liao K and Li S 2001 Interfacial characteristics of a carbon nanotube-polystyrene composite system Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 4225-7
95. Cooper C A, Cohen S R, Barber A H and Wagner H D 2002 Detachment of nanotubes from a polymer matrix Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 3873-5
96. Wagner H D, Lourie O, Feldman Y and Tenne R 1998 Stress-induced fragmentation of multiwall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 188-90
97. Barber A H, Cohen S R and Wagner H D 2003 Measurement of carbon nanotube-polymer interfacial strength Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 4140-2
98. Barber A H, Cohen S R, Kenig S and Wagner H D 2004 Interfacial fracture energy measurements for multi-walled carbon nanotubes pulled from a polymer matrix Compos. Sci. Technol. 64 2283-9
99. Coleman J N, Cadek M, Blake R, Nicolosi V, Ryan K P, Belton C, Fonseca A, Nagy J B, Gun'ko Y K and Blau W J 2004 High performance nanotube-reinforced plastics: understanding the mechanism of strength increase Adv. Funct. Mater. 14 791-8
100. Ma P-C, Siddiqui N A, Marom G and Kim J-K 2010 Dispersion and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for polymer-based nanocomposites: a review Composites A 41 1345-67
101. Qian D, Dickey E C, Andrews R and Rantell T 2000 Load transfer and deformation mechanisms in carbon nanotube-polystyrene composites Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 2868-70
102. Sandler J, Shaffer M S P, Prasse T, Bauhofer W, Schulte K and Windle A H 1999 Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy matrix and the resulting electrical properties Polymer 40 5967-71
103. Li F, Lu Y, Liu L, Zhang L, Dai J and Ma J 2013 Relations between carbon nanotubes' length and their composites' mechanical and functional performance Polymer 54 2158-65
104. Aihua L, Itaru H, Masaki I and Haoshen Z 2006 Poly(acrylic acid)-wrapped multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite solubilization in water: definitive spectroscopic properties Nanotechnology 17 2845
105. Vast L, Philippin G, Destrée A, Moreau N, Fonseca A, Nagy J B, Delhalle J and Mekhalif Z 2004 Chemical functionalization by a fluorinated trichlorosilane of multi-walled carbon nanotubes Nanotechnology 15 781
106. Inigo A R, Henley S J and Silva S R P 2011 Dispersive hole transport in polymer: carbon nanotube composites Nanotechnology 22 265711
107. Spitalsky Z, Tasis D, Papagelis K and Galiotis C 2010 Carbon nanotube-polymer composites: chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 357-401
108. Sandler J K W, Kirk J E, Kinloch I A, Shaffer M S P and Windle A H 2003 Ultra-low electrical percolation threshold in carbon-nanotube-epoxy composites Polymer 44 5893-9
109. Fakhru'l-Razi A, Atieh M A, Girun N, Chuah T G, El-Sadig M and Biak D R A 2006 Effect of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of natural rubber Compos. Struct. 75 496-500
110. Sui G, Zhong W H, Yang X P and Yu Y H 2008 Curing kinetics and mechanical behavior of natural rubber reinforced with pretreated carbon nanotubes Mater. Sci. Eng.: A 485 524-31
111. Bokobza L 2009 Mechanical, electrical and spectroscopic investigations of carbon nanotube-reinforced elastomers Vib. Spectrosc. 51 52-9
112. Bokobza L 2007 Multiwall carbon nanotube elastomeric composites: a review Polymer 48 4907-20
113. Frogley M D, Ravich D and Wagner H D 2003 Mechanical properties of carbon nanoparticle-reinforced elastomers Compos. Sci. Technol. 63 1647-54
114. Xiong J, Zheng Z, Qin X, Li M, Li H and Wang X 2006 The thermal and mechanical properties of a polyurethane/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite Carbon 44 2701-7
115. Das A, Stöckelhuber K W, Jurk R, Saphiannikova M, Fritzsche J, Lorenz H, Klüppel M and Heinrich G 2008 Modified and unmodified multiwalled carbon nanotubes in high performance solution-styrene-butadiene and butadiene rubber blends Polymer 49 5276-83
116. Likozar B and Major Z 2010 Morphology, mechanical, cross-linking, thermal, and tribological properties of nitrile and hydrogenated nitrile rubber/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites prepared by melt compounding: the effect of acrylonitrile content and hydrogenation Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 565-73
117. Dresselhaus M S and Dresselhaus G 1981 Intercalation compounds of graphite Adv. Phys. 30 139-326
118. Chen G-H, Wu D-J, Weng W-G and Yan W-L 2001 Dispersion of graphite nanosheets in a polymer matrix and the conducting property of the nanocomposites Polym. Eng. Sci. 41 2148-54
119. Kwon O-Y, Choi S-W, Park K-W and Kwon Y-B 2003 The preparation of exfoliated graphite by using microwave J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 9 743-7
120. Wei T, Fan Z, Luo G, Zheng C and Xie D 2009 A rapid and efficient method to prepare exfoliated graphite by microwave irradiation Carbon 47 337-9
121. Stankovich S, Dikin D A, Piner R D, Kohlhaas K A, Kleinhammes A, Jia Y, Wu Y, Nguyen S T and Ruoff R S 2007 Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide Carbon 45 1558-65
122. Borriello C, De Maria A, Jovic N, Montone A, Schwarz M and Antisari M V 2009 Mechanochemical exfoliation of graphite and its polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites with enhanced barrier properties Mater. Manuf. Process. 24 1053-7
123. Marcon A, Melkote S, Kalaitzidou K and DeBra D 2010 An experimental evaluation of graphite nanoplatelet based lubricant in micro-milling CIRP Ann 59 141-4
124. Chen G, Weng W, Wu D, Wu C, Lu J, Wang P and Chen X 2004 Preparation and characterization of graphite nanosheets from ultrasonic powdering technique Carbon 42 753-9
125. Chen G, Weng W, Wu D and Wu C 2003 PMMA/graphite nanosheets composite and its conducting properties Eur. Polym. J. 39 2329-35
126. Yasmin A and Daniel I M 2004 Mechanical and thermal properties of graphite platelet/epoxy composites Polymer 45 8211-9
127. Arjun N, Gajendra P S, Bret N F and Sorensen C M 2013 One-step synthesis of graphene via catalyst-free gas-phase hydrocarbon detonation Nanotechnology 24 245602
128. www.graphit.de/en/ngs-graphite/technology-and-description-of-graphite.html
129. Chen L, Lu L, Wu D and Chen G 2007 Silicone rubber/graphite nanosheet electrically conducting nanocomposite with a low percolation threshold Polym. Compos. 28 493-8
130. Junhua Z, Ning W, Zhezhong F, Jin-Wu J and Timon R 2013 The mechanical properties of three types of carbon allotropes Nanotechnology 24 095702
131. Huang Y, Liang J and Chen Y 2012 An overview of the applications of graphene-based materials in supercapacitors Small 8 1805-34
132. Wei W and Qu X 2012 Extraordinary physical properties of functionalized graphene Small 8 2138-51
133. Kim H, Abdala A A and Macosko C W 2010 Graphene/polymer nanocomposites Macromolecules 43 6515-30
134. Loh K P, Bao Q, Ang P K and Yang J 2010 The chemistry of graphene J. Mater. Chem. 20 2277-89
135. Novoselov K S, Falko V I, Colombo L, Gellert P R, Schwab M G and Kim K 2012 A roadmap for graphene Nature 490 192-200
136. Addou R, Dahal A, Sutter P and Batzill M 2012 Monolayer graphene growth on Ni(111) by low temperature chemical vapor deposition Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 021601-3
137. Kim K S, Zhao Y, Jang H, Lee S Y, Kim J M, Kim K S, Ahn J-H, Kim P, Choi J-Y and Hong B H 2009 Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes Nature 457 706-10
138. Fan Y, Yangqiao L, Wei W, Wei C, Lian G and Jing S 2012 A facile method to observe graphene growth on copper foil Nanotechnology 23 475705
139. Sutter P W, Flege J-I and Sutter E A 2008 Epitaxial graphene on ruthenium Nat. Mater. 7 406-11
140. Emtsev K V et al 2009 Towards wafer-size graphene layers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide Nat. Mater. 8 203-7
141. Boukhvalov D W 2011 Modeling of epitaxial graphene functionalization Nanotechnology 22 055708
142. Stoberl U, Wurstbauer U, Wegscheider W, Weiss D and Eroms J 2008 Morphology and flexibility of graphene and few-layer graphene on various substrates Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 051906-3
143. Shao Q, Liu G, Teweldebrhan D and Balandin A A 2008 High-temperature quenching of electrical resistance in graphene interconnects Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 202108-3
144. Ganguli S, Roy A K and Anderson D P 2008 Improved thermal conductivity for chemically functionalized exfoliated graphite/epoxy composites Carbon 46 806-17
145. Huang X, Yin Z, Wu S, Qi X, He Q, Zhang Q, Yan Q, Boey F and Zhang H 2011 Graphene-based materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications Small 7 1876-902
146. Soldano C, Mahmood A and Dujardin E 2010 Production, properties and potential of graphene Carbon 48 2127-50
147. Sun Z, James D K and Tour J M 2011 Graphene chemistry: synthesis and manipulation J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2 2425-32
148. Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk J W, Potts J R and Ruoff R S 2010 Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications Adv. Mater. 22 3906-24
149. Yujie Z, Wenbing H, Bo L, Cheng P, Chunhai F and Qing H 2011 Synthesis of polymer-protected graphene by solvent-assisted thermal reduction process Nanotechnology 22 345601
150. Dreyer D R, Park S, Bielawski C W and Ruoff R S 2010 The chemistry of graphene oxide Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 228-40
151. Jang B Z and Zhamu A 2008 Processing of nanographene platelets (NGPs) and NGP nanocomposites: a review J. Mater. Sci. 43 5092-101
152. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar J W and Hone J 2008 Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene Science 321 385-8
153. Scarpa F, Adhikari S, Gil A J and Remillat C 2010 The bending of single layer graphene sheets: the lattice versus continuum approach Nanotechnology 21 125702
154. Shornikova O N, Kogan E V, Sorokina N E and Avdeev V V 2009 The specific surface area and porous structure of graphite materials Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 83 1022-5
155. Kelly B T 1981 Physics of Graphite (London: Applied Science Publishers)
156. Balandin A A 2011 Thermal properties of graphene and nanostructured carbon materials Nat. Mater. 10 569-81
157. Li J, Sham M L, Kim J-K and Marom G 2007 Morphology and properties of UV/ozone treated graphite nanoplatelet/epoxy nanocomposites Compos. Sci. Technol. 67 296-305
158. Mittal V 2010 Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications (New York: Wiley)
159. Advanced chemical supplier 'graphene price', accessed on 23/7/2014. Available: (www.acsmaterial.com/product.asp?cid=25&id=20)
160. Lee C, Wei X, Li Q, Carpick R, Kysar J W and Hone J 2009 Elastic and frictional properties of graphene Phys. Status Solidi b 246 2562-7
161. Lixin Z, Yugang W and Guoxin C 2013 Estimating the elastic properties of few-layer graphene from the free-standing indentation response J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 25 475301
162. Sherif A, Izzuddin Z, Qingshi M, Nobuyuki K, Andrew M, Hsu-Chiang K, Peter M, Jun M and Liqun Z 2013 Melt compounding with graphene to develop functional, high-performance elastomers Nanotechnology 24 165601
163. Quan Y, Lu M, Tian M, Yan S, Yu Z and Zhang L 2013 Functional and mechanical properties of acrylate elastomer/expanded graphite nanocomposites J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130 680-6
164. Balachandran N A, Philip K and Rani J 2013 Effect of expanded graphite on thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer/hexa fluoropropylene-vinylidinefluoride dipolymer rubber blends Eur. Polym. J. 49 247-60
165. Kujawski M, Pearse J D and Smela E 2010 Elastomers filled with exfoliated graphite as compliant electrodes Carbon 48 2409-17
166. Michel S, Chu B T T, Grimm S, Nuesch F A, Borgschulte A and Opris D M 2012 Self-healing electrodes for dielectric elastomer actuators J. Mater. Chem. 22 20736-41
167. Mu Q and Feng S 2007 Thermal conductivity of graphite/silicone rubber prepared by solution intercalation Thermochimica Acta 462 70-5
168. Yang J, Tian M, Jia Q-X, Shi J-H, Zhang L-Q, Lim S-H, Yu Z-Z and Mai Y-W 2007 Improved mechanical and functional properties of elastomer/graphite nanocomposites prepared by latex compounding Acta Mater. 55 6372-82
169. Mansour S 2008 Effect of extensional cyclic strain on the mechanical and physico-mechanical properties of PVC-NBR/graphite composites eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 2 836-45
170. Quan H, Zhang B-q, Zhao Q, Yuen R K K and Li R K Y 2009 Facile preparation and thermal degradation studies of graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) filled thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites Composites A 40 1506-13
171. Yang J, Tian M, Jia Q-X, Zhang L-Q and Li X-L 2006 Influence of graphite particle size and shape on the properties of NBR J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 102 4007-15
172. Yang J, Zhang L-Q, Shi J-H, Quan Y-N, Wang L-L and Tian M 2010 Mechanical and functional properties of composites based on graphite and carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 116 2706-13
173. Zou H, Zhang L, Tian M, Wu S and Zhao S 2010 Study on the structure and properties of conductive silicone rubber filled with nickel-coated graphite J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 115 2710-7
174. Ismail M N and Khalaf A I 2011 Styrene-butadiene rubber/graphite powder composites: rheometrical, physicomechanical, and morphological properties J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 120 298-304
175. Soltani R and Katbab A A 2010 The role of interfacial compatibilizer in controlling the electrical conductivity and piezoresistive behavior of the nanocomposites based on RTV silicone rubber/graphite nanosheets Sensors Actuators A 163 213-9
176. Rath T and Li Y 2011 Nanocomposites based on polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-r-butylene)-b-polystyrene and exfoliated graphite nanoplates: effect of nanoplatelet loading on morphology and mechanical properties Composites A 42 1995-2002
177. Li C, Feng C, Peng Z, Gong W and Kong L 2013 Ammonium-assisted green fabrication of graphene/natural rubber latex composite Polym. Compos. 34 88-95
178. Yan N, Xia H, Wu J, Zhan Y, Fei G and Chen C 2013 Compatibilization of natural rubber/high density polyethylene thermoplastic vulcanizate with graphene oxide through ultrasonically assisted latex mixing J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 127 933-41
179. Wang J, Jia H, Tang Y, Ji D, Sun Y, Gong X and Ding L 2013 Enhancements of the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber with the addition of graphene oxide J. Mater. Sci. 48 1571-7
180. Lian H, Li S, Liu K, Xu L, Wang K and Guo W 2011 Study on modified graphene/butyl rubber nanocomposites: I. Preparation and characterization Polym. Eng. Sci. 51 2254-60
181. Schniepp H C, Li J-L, McAllister M J, Sai H, Herrera-Alonso M, Adamson D H, Prud'homme R K, Car R, Saville D A and Aksay I A 2006 Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide J. Phys. Chem. B 110 8535-9
182. Chua C K and Pumera M 2014 Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 291-312
183. Pei S and Cheng H-M 2012 The reduction of graphene oxide Carbon 50 3210-28
184. Kuila T, Bose S, Mishra A K, Khanra P, Kim N H and Lee J H 2012 Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 1061-105
185. Zhan Y, Wu J, Xia H, Yan N, Fei G and Yuan G 2011 Dispersion and exfoliation of graphene in rubber by an ultrasonically-assisted latex mixing and in situ reduction process Macromol. Mater. Eng. 296 590-602
186. Ozbas B, O'Neill C D, Register R A, Aksay I A, Prud'homme R K and Adamson D H 2012 Multifunctional elastomer nanocomposites with functionalized graphene single sheets J. Polym. Sci. B 50 910-6
187. Hernández M, Bernal M d M, Verdejo R, Ezquerra T A and López-Manchado M A 2012 Overall performance of natural rubber/graphene nanocomposites Compos. Sci. Technol. 73 40-6
188. Araby S, Meng Q, Zhang L, Kang H, Majewski P, Tang Y and Ma J 2014 Electrically and thermally conductive elastomer/graphene nanocomposites by solution mixing Polymer 55 201-10
189. Araby S, Zhang L, Kuan H-C, Dai J-B, Majewski P and Ma J 2013 A novel approach to electrically and thermally conductive elastomers using graphene Polymer 54 3663-70
190. Nan C W, Shi Z and Lin Y 2003 A simple model for thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube-based composites Chem. Phys. Lett. 375 666-9
191. Choi S U S, Zhang Z G, Yu W, Lockwood F E and Grulke E A 2001 Anomalous thermal conductivity enhancement in nanotube suspensions Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 2252-4
192. Biercuk M J, Llaguno M C, Radosavljevic M, Hyun J K, Johnson A T and Fischer J E 2002 Carbon nanotube composites for thermal management Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 2767-9
193. Liu C H, Huang H, Wu Y and Fan S S 2004 Thermal conductivity improvement of silicone elastomer with carbon nanotube loading Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 4248-50