The Eileen Skellern Lecture 2014: Physical restraint: In defence of the indefensible?

Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 92-101

  Duxbury, J A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aggression; Prevention; Restraint; Trauma; Violence

Indexed keywords

EXERCISE; HUMAN; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PROCEDURES; PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT; PSYCHIATRIC NURSING; STANDARDS; VIOLENCE;

HUMANS; PSYCHIATRIC DEPARTMENT, HOSPITAL; PSYCHIATRIC NURSING; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84923372188     PISSN: 13510126     EISSN: 13652850     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12204     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Aiken F., Duxbury J., Dale C., etal. (2011) Review of the Medical Theories and Research Relating to Restraint Related Deaths. MOJ, London.
2. Allen D. (2004) BILD Code of Practice for Trainers in the Use of Physical Interventions. BILD, Kidderminster.
3. Ashcraft L.S. & Anthony W. (2008) Eliminating seclusion and restraint in recovery orientated crisis services. Psychiatric Services 59, 1198-1202.
4. Azeem M., Aujla A., Rammerth M., etal. (2011) Effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma-informed care in reducing seclusions and restraints at a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 24, 11-15.
5. Barnett R., Stirling C. & Pandyan A.D. (2012) A review of the scientific literature related to the adverse impact of physical restraint: gaining a clearer understanding of the physiological factors involved in cases of restraint related deaths. Medicine, Science, and the Law 52, 137-142.
6. Bigwood S. & Crowe M. (2008) 'It's part of the job, but it spoils the job': a phenomenological study of physical restraint. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 17, 215-222. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2008.00526.x.
7. Bonner G., Lowe T., Rawcliffe D., etal. (2002) Trauma for all: a pilot study of the subjective experience of physical restraint for mental health inpatients and staff in the UK. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 9, 465-473.
8. Borckardt J., Madan A., Grubaugh A., etal. (2011) Systematic investigation of initiatives to reduce seclusion and restraint in a state psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services 62, 477-483.
9. Bowers L. (2014) Safewards: a new model of conflict and containment on psychiatric wards. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 21, 499-508.
10. Bowers L., Duncan S., Pappadopolous C., etal. (2011) Inpatient Violence and Aggression: A Literature Review. Kings College, IOP, London.
11. Bowers L., Van Der Merwe M., Paterson B., etal. (2012) Manual restraint and shows of force: The City 128 study. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 21, 30-40.
12. Carvel J. (2006) NHS criticised over mental health patient's death under restraint, The Guardian, Tuesday 24 October 2006.
13. Cowin L.S., Davies R., Estall G., etal. (2003) De-escalating aggression and violence in the mental health setting. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 12, 64-73.
14. Curran S.S. (2007) Staff resistance to restraint reduction: identifying and overcoming barriers. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 45, 45-50.
15. Cutcliffe J. & Santos J. (2012) Suicide and Self Harm; An Evidence Informed Approach. Quay Books, UK.
16. Department of Health (2012) Transforming Care: A National Response to Winterbourne View hospital. DH, London.
17. Department of Health (2014) Positive and Proactive Care: Reducing the Need for Restrictive Interventions. DH, London.
18. Deveaux R. & McDonnell A. (2009) As the last resort: reducing the use of restrictive physical interventions using organisational approaches. British Journal of Learning Disabilities 37, 172-177.
19. Donovan A., Siegel L., Zera G., etal. (2003) Seclusion and restraint reform: an initiative by a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services 54, 958-959.
20. Duxbury J. (2002) An evaluation of staff and patient views of and strategies employed to manage inpatient aggression and violence on one mental health unit: a pluralistic design. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 9, 325-337.
21. Duxbury J. & Whittington R. (2005) Causes and management of patient aggression and violence: staff and patient perspectives. Journal of Advanced Nursing 50, 469-478.
22. Duxbury J., Aiken F. & Dale D. (2011) Deaths in custody: the role of restraint. Journal of Learning Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 2, 178-189.
23. Eastgate J. (2014) Deadly Restraints: Psychiatry's 'Therapeutic' Assault, Citizens Commission on Human Rights International, Los Angeles, USA.
24. Elliott D., Bjelajac P., Fallot R., etal. (2007) Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology 33, 461-477.
25. Equip for Equality (2011) National Review of Restraint Related Deaths of Children and Adults with Disabilities. Chicago, IL, USA.
26. Foster C., Bowers L. & Nijman H. (2007) Aggressive behaviour on acute psychiatric wards: prevalence, severity and management. Journal of Advanced Nursing 58, 140-149.
27. Francis R. (2013) Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry: Executive Summary. Stationery Office, London.
28. Gelkopf M., Roffe Z., Behrbalk P., etal. (2009) Attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and emotions of the nursing staff toward patient restraint. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 30, 758-763. doi: 10.3109/01612840903159777.
29. Goethals S., Dierckx de Casterle B. & Gastmans C. (2012) Nurses' decision-making in cases of physical restraint: a synthesis of qualitative evidence. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68, 1198-1210.
30. Gudjonsson G., Rabe-Hesketh S. & Szmuckler G. (2004) Management of psychiatric inpatient violence; Patient ethnicity and use of medication, restraint and seclusion. The British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 258-262.
31. Gutheil T.G. (1980) Restraint versus treatment: seclusion as discussed in the boston state case. The American Journal of Psychiatry 137, 718-719.
32. Health and Safety Executive (2014) Care provider prosecuted after death of patient during restraint, Available at: http://www.press.hse.gov.uk/2014/care-provider-prosecuted-after-death-of-patient-during-restraint/ downloaded11/10/2014.Terminal Rest, https://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T20877907192&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T20877907196&cisb=22_T20877907195&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=314954&docNo=1 (accessed 4 November 2014).
33. Higgins L. (2014) Terminal Restraint: Disabled adult killed when care takers pile on, Reporters100, www.100r.org Accessed on 2 January 2015.
34. Hollins L. & Stubbs B. (2011) Managing the risks associated with physical intervention: a discussion paper. The British Journal of Forensic Practice 13, 257-263.
35. Holzworth R.J. & Wills C.E. (1999) Nurses' judgments regarding seclusion and restraint of psychiatric patients: a social judgment analysis. Research in Nursing & Health 22, 189-201.
36. Huckshorn K.A. (2004) Reducing the use of seclusion and restraint in mental health systems: a public health prevention approach with interventions. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 42, 22-33.
37. Hummer V., Dollard N., Robst J., etal. (2010) Innovations in implementation of trauma-informed care practices in youth residential treatment: a curriculum for organizational change. Child Welfare 89, 79-95.
38. Kaltiala-Heino R., Tuohimäki C., Korkeila J., etal. (2003) Reasons for using seclusion and restraint in psychiatric inpatient care. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 26, 139-149.
39. Kynoch K., Wu C. & Chang A. (2011) The effectiveness of interventions in the prevention and management of aggressive behaviours in patients admitted to an acute hospital setting: A systematic review. World Views on Evidence-Based Nursing, Second Quarter, 76-86.
40. LeBel J. (2011) The Business Case for Preventing and Reducing Restraint and Seclusion Use. Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse, Rockville, MD. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4632.
41. LeBel J. & Goldstein R. (2005) The economic cost of using restraint and the value added by restraint reduction or elimination. Psychiatric Services 56, 1109-1114.
42. LeBel J., Duxbury J., Putkonen A., etal. (2014) Multi national experiences on the use of restraint and seclusion. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 52, 22-29. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20140915-01.
43. Lee S., Gray R., Gournay K., etal. (2003) Views of nursing staff on the use of physical restraint. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10, 425-430. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00625.x.
44. Lemonidou C., Priami M., Merkouris A., etal. (2002) Nurses' perceptions toward seclusion and use of restraints for psychiatric patients in Greece. The European Journal of Psychiatry 16, 81-90.
45. Levinson D.R. (2006) Hospital Reporting of Deaths Related to Restraint and Seclusion, USA.
46. Lindsey P.L. (2009) Psychiatric nurses' decision to restrain: the association between empowerment and individual factors. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 47, 41-49. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20090730-02.
47. Marangos-Frost S. & Wells D. (2000) Psychiatric nurses' thoughts and feelings about restraint use: a decision dilemma. Journal of Advanced Nursing 31, 362-369. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01290.x.
48. Martin D. (2010) Restraint related deaths in healthcare. Australian Hospital and Healthcare Bulletin Autumn, 78-80.
49. McCain M. & Kornegay K. (2005) Behavioral health restraint: the experience and beliefs of seasoned psychiatric nurses. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development 21, 236-242.
50. McVilly K.R. (2008) Physical Restraint in Disability Services: Current Practices; Contemporary Concerns and Future Directions. Department of Human Services, Victoria, Australia.
51. MIND (2013) Mental Health Crisis Care: Physical Restraint in Crisis. Mind, Stratford.
52. Moran A., Cocoman A., Scott P.A., etal. (2009) Restraint and seclusion: a distressing treatment option? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 16, 599-605. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01419.x.
53. Moylan L.B. & Cullinan M. (2011) Frequency of assault and severity of injury of psychiatric nurses in relation to the nurses' decision to restrain. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 18, 526-534. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01699.x.
54. Muskett C. (2014) Trauma-informed care in inpatient mental health settings: a review of the literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 23, 51-59. doi: 10.1111/inm.12012.
55. National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) (2000) A summary of reports of restraints & seclusion abuse received since the October 1998 investigation by the Hartford Courant.
56. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2005) Violence the Short-Term Management of Disturbed / Violent Behaviour in In-Patient Psychiatric Settings and Emergency Departments. NICE, London.
57. Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Special Health Authority (2003) Independent Inquiry into the Death of David Bennett. Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Special Health Authority, Norfolk.
58. Paterson B. (2006) Developing a perspective on restraint and the least intrusive intervention. The British Journal of Nursing 15, 1235-1241.
59. Paterson B. & Duxbury J. (2007) Restraint and the question of validity. Nursing Ethics 14, 535-545.
60. Paterson B., Bradley P., Stark C., etal. (2003) Deaths associated with restraint use in health and social care in the UK. The results of a preliminary survey. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10, 3-15.
61. Perkins E., Prosser H., Riley D., etal. (2012) Physical restraint in a therapeutic setting; a necessary evil? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 35, 43-49.
62. Putkonen A., Kuivalainen S. & Louheranta O. (2013) Cluster randomized control trial of reducing seclusion and restraint in secured care of men with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, June 17, 1-6. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200393.
63. Ryan C. & Bowers L. (2006) An analysis of nurses' post-incident manual restraint reports. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 13, 527-532.
64. Sailas E.E.S. & Fenton M. (2009) Seclusion and restraint for people with serious mental illness (review). The Cochrane library. 1. Wiley Publishers.
65. Sequeira H. & Halstead S. (2004) The psychological effects on nursing staff of administrating physical restraint in a secure psychiatric hospital. The British Journal of Forensic Practice 6, 1-15.
66. Smith M.E. & Hart G. (1994) Nurse's responses to patient anger: from disconnecting to connecting. Journal of Advanced Nursing 20, 634-651.
67. Soininen P., Valimaki M., Noda T., etal. (2013) Secluded and restrained patients' perceptions of their treatment. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 22, 47-55.
68. Southcott J. & Howard A. (2007) Effectiveness and safety of restraint and breakaway techniques in a psychiatric intensive care unit. Nursing Standard 21, 35-41.
69. Strout T. (2010) Perspectives on the experience of being physically restrained: an integrative review of the qualitative literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 19, 369-456.
70. Stubbs B. & Dickens G. (2008) Prevention and management of aggression in mental health: an interdisciplinary discussion. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 15, 351-356.
71. Terpstra T.L., Terpstra T.L., Pettee E.J., etal. (2001) Nursing staff's attitude toward seclusions and restraint. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 39, 20-28.
72. Tunde-Ayinmode M. & Little J. (2004) Use of seclusion in a psychiatric acute inpatient unit. Australasian Psychiatry 12, 347-351.
73. Wale J.B., Belkin G.S. & Moon R. (2011) Reducing the use of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric emergency and adult inpatient services: Improving patient-centered care. The Permanente Journal 15, 57-62.
74. Whittington R. & Wykes T. (1994) Going in strong: confrontive coping by staff. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 5, 609-614.
75. Whittington R., Bowers L., Nolan P., etal. (2009) Approval ratings of inpatient coercive interventions in a national sample of mental health service users and staff in England. Psychiatric Services 60, 792-798.
76. Wieman D.A., Camacho-Gonsalves T., Huckshorn K.A., etal. (2013) Multisite study of an evidence based practice to reduce seclusion and restraint in psychiatric inpatient facilities. Psychiatric Services. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300210.
77. Wynaden D., Chapman R., McGowan S., etal. (2002) Through the eye of the beholder: to seclude or not to seclude. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 11, 260-268.