Analysis of risk factors for schizophrenia with two different case definitions: A nationwide register-based external validation study

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 162, Issue 1-3, 2015, Pages 74-78

  Sørensen, Holger J ^a,d   Larsen, Janne T ^b,d   Mors, Ole ^c,d   Nordentoft, Merete ^a,d   Mortensen, Preben B ^b,d   Petersen, Liselotte ^b,d  

^a Mental Health Services CPH   (Denmark)

^b AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^d Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Case definition; External validation; Register based studies; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; CHILD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DANISH CITIZEN; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE REGISTRY; EXTERNAL VALIDITY; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; YOUNG ADULT; DENMARK; HOSPITAL PATIENT; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; REGISTER; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOCIOECONOMICS; VALIDATION STUDY;

ADULT; DENMARK; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INPATIENTS; MALE; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; REGISTRIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 84923223215     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: 15732509     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.018     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Abel K.M., Wicks S., Susser E.S., Dalman C., Pedersen M.G., Mortensen P.B., Webb R.T. Birth weight, schizophrenia, and adult mental disorder: is risk confined to the smallest babies?. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2010, 67:923-930.
2. Byrne M., Agerbo E., Bennedsen B., Eaton W.W., Mortensen P.B. Obstetric conditions and risk of first admission with schizophrenia: a Danish national register based study. Schizophr. Res. 2007, 97:51-59.
3. Cannon M., Jones P.B., Murray R.M. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. Am. J. Psychiatry 2002, 159:1080-1092.
4. Cantor-Graae E., Pedersen C.B. Risk of schizophrenia in second-generation immigrants: a Danish population-based cohort study. Psychol. Med. 2007, 37:485-494.
5. Clarke M.C., Tanskanen A., Huttunen M., Leon D.A., Murray R.M., Jones P.B., Cannon M. Increased risk of schizophrenia from additive interaction between infant motor developmental delay and obstetric complications: evidence from a population-based longitudinal study. Am. J. Psychiatry 2011, 168:1295-1302.
6. Dalman C., Broms J., Cullberg J., Allebeck P. Young cases of schizophrenia identified in a national inpatient register - are the diagnoses valid?. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2002, 37:527-531.
7. Ekholm B., Ekholm A., Adolfsson R., Vares M., Osby U., Sedvall G.C., Jonsson E.G. Evaluation of diagnostic procedures in Swedish patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses. Nord. J. Psychiatry 2005, 59:457-464.
8. Fazel S., Langstrom N., Hjern A., Grann M., Lichtenstein P. Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA 2009, 301:2016-2023.
9. Giordano G.N., Ohlsson H., Sundquist K., Sundquist J., Kendler K.S. The association between cannabis abuse and subsequent schizophrenia: a Swedish national co-relative control study. Psychol. Med. 2014, 1-8.
10. Kemppainen L., Veijola J., Jokelainen J., Hartikainen A.L., Jarvelin M.R., Jones P., Croudace T., Isohanni M. Birth order and risk for schizophrenia: a 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2001, 104:148-152.
11. Lichtenstein P., Bjork C., Hultman C.M., Scolnick E., Sklar P., Sullivan P.F. Recurrence risks for schizophrenia in a Swedish national cohort. Psychol. Med. 2006, 36:1417-1425.
12. McGrath J.J., Petersen L., Agerbo E., Mors O., Mortensen P.B., Pedersen C.B. A comprehensive assessment of parental age and psychiatric disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 2014, 71:301-309.
13. Mors O., Perto G.P., Mortensen P.B. The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. Scand. J. Public Health 2011, 39:54-57.
14. Mortensen P.B., Pedersen C.B., Westergaard T., Wohlfahrt J., Ewald H., Mors O., Andersen P.K., Melbye M. Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of schizophrenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340:603-608.
15. Munk-Jorgensen P., Mortensen P.B. The Danish Psychiatric Central Register. Dan. Med. Bull. 1997, 44:82-84.
16. Nielsen P.R., Mortensen P.B., Dalman C., Henriksen T.B., Pedersen M.G., Pedersen C.B., Agerbo E. Fetal growth and schizophrenia: a nested case-control and case-sibling study. Schizophr. Bull. 2013, 39:1337-1342.
17. Nilsson E., Stalberg G., Lichtenstein P., Cnattingius S., Olausson P.O., Hultman C.M. Fetal growth restriction and schizophrenia: a Swedish twin study. Twin Res. Hum. Genet. 2005, 8:402-408.
18. Nosarti C., Reichenberg A., Murray R.M., Cnattingius S., Lambe M.P., Yin L., MacCabe J., Rifkin L., Hultman C.M. Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2012, 69:E1-E8.
19. Pedersen C.B., Mortensen P.B. Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2001, 58:1039-1046.
20. Pedersen C.B., Mortensen P.B. Sibship characteristics during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 160:652-660.
21. Pedersen C.B., Gotzsche H., Moller J.O., Mortensen P.B. The Danish Civil Registration System. A cohort of eight million persons. Dan. Med. Bull. 2006, 53:441-449.
22. Purcell S.M., Moran J.L., Fromer M., Ruderfer D., Solovieff N., Roussos P., O'Dushlaine C., Chambert K., Bergen S.E., Kahler A., Duncan L., Stahl E., Genovese G., Fernandez E., Collins M.O., Komiyama N.H., Choudhary J.S., Magnusson P.K., Banks E., Shakir K., Garimella K., Fennell T., DePristo M., Grant S.G., Haggarty S.J., Gabriel S., Scolnick E.M., Lander E.S., Hultman C.M., Sullivan P.F., McCarroll S.A., Sklar P. A polygenic burden of rare disruptive mutations in schizophrenia. Nature 2014, 506:185-190.
23. Rees E., Walters J.T., Chambert K.D., O'Dushlaine C., Szatkiewicz J., Richards A.L., Georgieva L., Mahoney-Davies G., Legge S.E., Moran J.L., Genovese G., Levinson D., Morris D.W., Cormican P., Kendler K.S., O'Neill F.A., Riley B., Gill M., Corvin A., Sklar P., Hultman C., Pato C., Pato M., Sullivan P.F., Gejman P.V., McCarroll S.A., O'Donovan M.C., Owen M.J., Kirov G. CNV analysis in a large schizophrenia sample implicates deletions at 16p12.1 and SLC1A1 and duplications at 1p36.33 and CGNL1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2014, 23:1669-1676.
24. Ripke S., O'Dushlaine C., Chambert K., Moran J.L., Kahler A.K., Akterin S., Bergen S.E., Collins A.L., Crowley J.J., Fromer M., Kim Y., Lee S.H., Magnusson P.K., Sanchez N., Stahl E.A., Williams S., Wray N.R., Xia K., Bettella F., Borglum A.D., Bulik-Sullivan B.K., Cormican P., Craddock N., de L.C., Durmishi N., Gill M., Golimbet V., Hamshere M.L., Holmans P., Hougaard D.M., Kendler K.S., Lin K., Morris D.W., Mors O., Mortensen P.B., Neale B.M., O'Neill, F.A., Owen M.J., Milovancevic M.P., Posthuma D., Powell J., Richards A.L., Riley B.P., Ruderfer D., Rujescu D., Sigurdsson E., Silagadze T., Smit A.B., Stefansson H., Steinberg S., Suvisaari J., Tosato S., Verhage M., Walters J.T., Levinson D.F., Gejman P.V., Kendler K.S., Laurent C., Mowry B.J., O'Donovan M.C., Owen M.J., Pulver A.E., Riley B.P., Schwab S.G., Wildenauer D.B., Dudbridge F., Holmans P., Shi J., Albus M., Alexander M., Campion D., Cohen D., Dikeos D., Duan J., Eichhammer P., Godard S., Hansen M., Lerer F.B., Liang K.Y., Maier W., Mallet J., Nertney D.A., Nestadt G., Norton N., O'Neill F.A., Papadimitriou G.N., Ribble R., Sanders A.R., Silverman J.M., Walsh D., Williams N.M., Wormley B., Arranz M.J., Bakker S., Bender S., Bramon E., Collier D., Crespo-Facorro B., Hall J., Iyegbe C., Jablensky A., Kahn R.S., Kalaydjieva L., Lawrie S., Lewis C.M., Lin K., Linszen D.H., Mata I., McIntosh A., Murray R.M., Ophoff R.A., Powell J., Rujescu D., Van O.J., Walshe M., Weisbrod M., Wiersma D., Donnelly P., Barroso I., Blackwell J.M., Bramon E., Brown M.A., Casas J.P., Corvin A.P., Deloukas P., Duncanson A., Jankowski J., Markus H.S., Mathew C.G., Palmer C.N., Plomin R., Rautanen A., Sawcer S.J., Trembath R.C., Viswanathan A.C., Wood N.W., Spencer C.C., Band G., Bellenguez C., Freeman C., Hellenthal G., Giannoulatou E., Pirinen M., Pearson R.D., Strange A., Su Z., Vukcevic D., Donnelly P., Langford C., Hunt S.E., Edkins S., Gwilliam R., Blackburn H., Bumpstead S.J., Dronov S., Gillman M., Gray E., Hammond N., Jayakumar A., McCann O.T., Liddle J., Potter S.C., Ravindrarajah R., Ricketts M., Tashakkori-Ghanbaria A., Waller M.J., Weston P., Widaa S., Whittaker P., Barroso I., Deloukas P., Mathew C.G., Blackwell J.M., Brown M.A., Corvin A.P., McCarthy M.I., Spencer C.C., Bramon E., Corvin A.P., O'Donovan M.C., Stefansson K., Scolnick E., Purcell S., McCarroll S.A., Sklar P., Hultman C.M., Sullivan P.F. Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia. Nat. Genet. 2013, 45:1150-1159.
25. Robins E., Guze S.B. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1970, 126:983-987.
26. Ruderfer D.M., Fanous A.H., Ripke S., Mcquillin A., Amdur R.L., Gejman P.V., O'Donovan M.C., Andreassen O.A., Djurovic S., Hultman C.M., Kelsoe J.R., Jamain S., Landen M., Leboyer M., Nimgaonkar V., Nurnberger J., Smoller J.W., Craddock N., Corvin A., Sullivan P.F., Holmans P., Sklar P., Kendler K.S. Polygenic dissection of diagnosis and clinical dimensions of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2014, 19(9):1017-1024.
27. Sorensen H.J., Mortensen E.L., Reinisch J.M., Mednick S.A. Association between prenatal exposure to analgesics and risk of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 2004, 185:366-371.
28. Sorensen H.J., Mortensen E.L., Reinisch J.M., Mednick S.A. Association between prenatal exposure to bacterial infection and risk of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2009, 35:631-637.
29. Sorensen H.J., Nielsen P.R., Pedersen C.B., Benros M.E., Nordentoft M., Mortensen P.B. Population impact of familial and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia: a nationwide study. Schizophr. Res. 2014, 153(1-3):214-219.
30. Szatkiewicz J.P., O'Dushlaine C., Chen G., Chambert K., Moran J.L., Neale B.M., Fromer M., Ruderfer D., Akterin S., Bergen S.E., Kahler A., Magnusson P.K., Kim Y., Crowley J.J., Rees E., Kirov G., O'Donovan M.C., Owen M.J., Walters J., Scolnick E., Sklar P., Purcell S., Hultman C.M., McCarroll S.A., Sullivan P.F. Copy number variation in schizophrenia in Sweden. Mol. Psychiatry 2014, 19(7):762-773.
31. Uggerby P., Ostergaard S.D., Roge R., Correll C.U., Nielsen J. The validity of the schizophrenia diagnosis in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register is good. Dan. Med. J. 2013, 60:A4578.
32. WHO International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death. Eight Revision (1965) Geneva 1967.
33. Wahlbeck K., Forsen T., Osmond C., Barker D.J., Eriksson J.G. Association of schizophrenia with low maternal body mass index, small size at birth, and thinness during childhood. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2001, 58:48-52.