Introducing multisensor satellite radiance-based evaluation for regional earth system modeling

Journal of Geophysical Research

Volumn 119, Issue 13, 2014, Pages 8450-8475

  Matsui, T ^a,b   Santanello, J ^a   Shi, J J ^a,c   Tao, W K ^a   Wu, D ^a,d   Peters Lidard, C ^a   Kemp, E ^a,d   Chin, M ^a   Starr, D ^a   Sekiguchi, M ^e   Aires, F ^f  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^c MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d SCIENCE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS INC   (United States)

^e TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^f Estellus ^*  (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; CLOUD; LIDAR; PRECIPITATION ASSESSMENT; RADAR; RADIATIVE TRANSFER; SATELLITE DATA; WEATHER FORECASTING;

WEST AFRICA;

EID: 84923002118     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21562202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JD021424     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Aires, F., C. Prigent, and F. Bernardo (2011), A tool to estimate land-surface emissivities at microwave frequencies (TELSEM) for use in numerical weather prediction, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 690–699, doi:10.1002/qj.803.
2. Aonashi, K., and H. Eito (2011), Displaced Ensemble variational assimilation method to incorporate microwave imager brightness temperatures into a cloud-resolving model, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II, 89(3), 175–194.
3. Arkin, P. A., R. Joyce, and J. E. Janowiak (1994), The estimation of global monthly mean rainfall using infrared satellite data: The GOES precipitation index (GPI), Remote Sens. Rev., 11(1-4), 107–124, doi:10.1080/02757259409532261.
4. Battaglia, A., J. M. Haynes, T. L’Ecuyer, and C. Simmer (2008), Identifying multiple-scattering-affected profiles in CloudSat observations over the oceans, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A17, doi:10.1029/2008JD009960.
5. Baum, B. A., P. Yang, A. J. Heymsfield, S. Platnick, M. D. King, Y. X. Hu, and S. T. Bedka (2005), Bulk scattering properties for the remote sensing of ice clouds. Part II: Narrowband models, J. Appl. Meteorol., 44(12), 1896–1911, doi:10.1175/JAM2309.1.
6. Berg, W., T. L’Ecuyer, and S. van den Heever (2008), Evidence for the impact of aerosols on the onset and microphysical properties of rainfall from a combination of satellite observations and cloud-resolving model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D14S23, doi:10.1029/2007JD009649.
7. Bicheron, P., and M. Leroy (2000), Bidirectional reflectance distribution function signatures of major biomes observed from space, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D21), 26,669–26,681, doi:10.1029/2000JD900380.
8. Bikos, D., et al. (2012), Synthetic satellite imagery for real-time high-resolution model evaluation, Weather Forecasting, 27, 784–795, doi:10.1175/WAF-D-11-00130.1.
9. Bohren, C. F., and L. J. Battan (1980), Radar backscattering by inhomogeneous precipitation particles, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1821–1827, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1821:RBBIPP>2.0.CO;2.
10. Bohren, C. F., and D. R. Huffman (1998), Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, 544 pp., Wiley-Vch Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, doi:10.1002/9783527618156.
11. Bosilovich, M. G., J. D. Radakovich, A. da Silva, R. Todling, and F. Verter (2007), Skin temperature analysis and bias correction in a coupled landatmosphere data assimilation system, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 85, 205–228, doi:10.2151/jmsj.85A.205.
12. Burlaud, C., G. Deblonde, and J.-F. Mahfouf (2007), Simulation of satellite passive-microwave observations in rainy atmospheres at the Meteorological Service of Canada, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 45(7), 2276–2286, doi:10.1109/MICRAD.2006.1677103.
13. Cahalan, R. F., L. Oreopoulos, A. Marshak, K. F. Evans, A. B. Davis, R. Pincus, K. H. Yetzer, B. Mayer, R. Davies, and T. P. Ackerman (2005), The I3RC: Bringing together the most advanced radiative transfer tools for cloudy atmospheres, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86(9), 1275–1293, doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-9-1275.
14. Chaboureau, J.-P., and J.-P. Pinty (2006), Validation of a cirrus parameterization with Meteosat Second Generation observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03815, doi:10.1029/2005GL024725.
15. Chaboureau, J.-P., J.-P. Cammas, P. Mascart, J.-P. Pinty, C. Claud, R. Roca, and J.-J. Morcrette (2000), Evaluation of a cloud system life-cycle simulated by Meso-NH during FASTEX using METEOSAT radiances and TOVS-3I cloud retrievals, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1735–1750, doi:10.1002/qj.49712656609.
16. Chaboureau, J.-P., J.-P. Cammas, P. J. Mascart, J.-P. Pinty, and J.-P. Lafore (2002), Mesoscale model cloud scheme assessment using satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D16), 4301, doi:10.1029/2001JD000714.
17. Chaboureau, J. P., P. Tulet, and C. Mari (2007), Diurnal cycle of dust and cirrus over West Africa as seen from Meteosat Second Generation satellite and a regional forecast model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02822, doi:10.1029/2006GL027771.
18. Chaboureau, J.-P., E. Richard, J.-P. Pinty, C. Flamant, P. Di Girolamo, C. Kiemle, A. Behrendt, H. Chepfer, M. Chiriaco, and V. Wulfmeyer (2011), Long-range transport of Saharan dust and its radiative impact on precipitation forecast: A case study during the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS), Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 236–251, doi:10.1002/qj.719.
19. Chaboureau, J.-P., O. Nuissier, and C. Claud (2012), Verification of ensemble forecasts of Mediterranean high-impact weather events against satellite observations, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2449–2462, doi:10.5194/nhess-12-2449-2012.
20. Chang, F.-L., and Z. Li (2003), Retrieving vertical profiles of water-cloud droplet effective radius: Algorithm modification and preliminary application, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4763, doi:10.1029/2003JD003906.
21. Chang, F.-L., and Z. Li (2005), A new method for detection of cirrus overlapping water clouds and determination of their optical properties, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3993–4009, doi:10.1175/JAS3578.1.
22. Cheng, T., Y. Peng, J. Feichter, and I. Tegen (2008), An improvement on the dust emission scheme in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8(4), 1105–1117, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1105-2008.
23. Chevallier, F., and G. Kelly (2002), Model clouds as seen from space: Comparison with geostationary imagery in the 11-μm window channel, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 712–722, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0712:MCASFS>2.0.CO;2.
24. Chin, M., R. B. Rood, S.-J. Lin, J.-F. Müller, and A. M. Thompson (2000), Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: Model description and global properties, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D20), 24,671–24,687, doi:10.1029/2000JD900384.
25. Cintineo, R., J. A. Otkin, M. Xue, and F. Kong (2014), Evaluating the performance of planetary boundary layer and cloud microphysical parameterization schemes in convection-permitting ensemble forecasts using synthetic GOES-13 satellite observations, Mon. Weather Rev., 142, 163–182, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00143.1.
26. Clark, A. J., et al. (2012), An overview of the 2010 hazardous weather testbed experimental forecast program spring experiment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 55–74, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00040.1.
27. Cotton, W. R., R. A. Pielke Sr., R. L. Walko, G. E. Liston, C. J. Tremback, H. Jiang, R. L. McAnelly, J. Y. Harrington, M. E. Nicholls, and G. G. Carrio (2003), RAMS 2001: Current status and future directions, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 82(1-4), 5–29, doi:10.1007/s00703-001-0584-9.
28. Dadson, S. J., I. Ashpole, P. Harris, H. N. Davies, D. B. Clark, E. Blyth, and C. M. Taylor (2010), Wetland inundation dynamics in a model of land surface climate: Evaluation in the Niger inland delta region, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D23114, doi:10.1029/2010JD014474.
29. Draine, B. T., and P. J. Flatau (1994), Discrete-dipole approximation for scattering calculations, JOSA A, 11(4), 1491–1499, doi:10.1364/JOSAA.11.001491.
30. Dubovik, O., and M. D. King (2000), A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 105(D16), 20,673–20,696, doi:10.1029/2000JD900282.
31. Eliasson, S., S. A. Buehler, M. Milz, P. Eriksson, and V. O. John (2011), Assessing observed and modelled spatial distributions of ice water path using satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 375–391, doi:10.5194/acp-11-375-2011.
32. Fraser, A. B., and C. F. Bohren (1992), Is virga rain that evaporates before reaching the ground?, Mon. Weather Rev., 120(8), 1565–1571, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1992)1202.0.CO;2.
33. Gao, W., C.-H. Sui, T.-C. C. Wang, and W.-Y. Chang (2011), An evaluation and improvement of microphysical parameterization from a twomoment cloud microphysics scheme and the Southwest Monsoon Experiment (SoWMEX)/Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (TiMREX) observations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D19101, doi:10.1029/2011JD015718.
34. Ginoux, P., M. Chin, I. Tegen, J. M. Prospero, B. Holben, O. Dubovik, and S.-J. Lin (2001), Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D17), 20,255–20,273, doi:10.1029/2000JD000053.
35. Grasso, L., and D. Lindsey (2011), An example of the use of synthetic 3.9 μm GOES-12 imagery for two-moment microphysical evaluation, Int. J. Remote Sens., 32(8), 2337–2350, doi:10.1080/01431161003698294.
36. Grasso, L., M. Sengupta, and M. Demaria (2010), Comparison between observed and synthetic 6.5 and 10.7 μm GOES-12 imagery of thunderstorms that occurred on 8 May 2003, Int. J. Remote Sens., 31(3), 647–663, doi:10.1080/01431160902894483.
37. Grell, G. A., S. E. Peckham, R. Schmitz, S. A. McKeen, G. Frost, W. C. Skamarock, and B. Eder (2005), Fully coupled “online” chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39(37), 6957–6975, doi:10.1029/2000JD000053.
38. Han, M., S. A. Braun, T. Matsui, and C. R. Williams (2013), Evaluation of cloud microphysics schemes in simulations of a winter storm using radar and radiometer measurements, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 1401–1419, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50115.
39. Hashino, T., M. Satoh, Y. Hagihara, T. Kubota, T. Matsui, T. Nasuno, and H. Okamoto (2013), Evaluating cloud microphysics from NICAM against CloudSat and CALIPSO, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 1–20, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50564.
40. Hess, M., P. Koepke, and I. Schult (1998), Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79(5), 831–844, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2.
41. Heymsfield, A. J., and C. M. R. Platt (1984), A parameterization of the particle size spectrum of ice clouds in terms of the ambient temperature and the ice water content, Atmos. Sci., 41, 846–855, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041%3C0846:APOTPS%3E2.0.CO;2.
42. Higurashi, A., and T. Nakajima (1999), Development of a two-channel aerosol retrieval algorithm on a global scale using NOAA AVHRR, J. Atmos. Sci., 56(7), 924–941, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0924:DOATCA>2.0.CO;2.
43. Hogan, R. J., and A. Battaglia (2008), Fast lidar and radar multiple-scattering models. Part II: Wide-angle scattering using the time-dependent two-stream approximation, J. Atmos. Sci., 65(12), 3636–3651, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2643.1.
44. Hong, S.-Y., and J.-O. J. Lim (2006), The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6), J. Korean Meteorol. Soc., 42(2), 129–151, doi:10.1002/qj.49712656914.
45. Hu, Y. (2007), Depolarization ratio–effective lidar ratio relation: Theoretical basis for space lidar cloud phase discrimination, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11812, doi:10.1029/2007GL029584.
46. Hu, Y., Z. Liu, D. Winker, M. Vaughan, V. Noel, L. Bissonnette, G. Roy, and M. McGill (2006), Simple relation between lidar multiple scattering and depolarization for water clouds, Opt. Lett., 31(12), 1809–1811, doi:10.1364/OL.31.001809.
47. Hufford, G. (1991), A model for the complex permittivity of ice at frequencies below 1 THz, Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves, 12, 677–682, doi:10.1007/BF01008898.
48. Hulley, G. C., and S. J. Hook (2011), Generating consistent land surface temperature and emissivity products between ASTER and MODIS data for Earth science research, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 49(4), 1304–1315, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2010.2063034.
49. Iguchi, T., T. Matsui, J. J. Shi, W. Tao, A. P. Khain, A. Hou, R. Cifelli, A. Heymsfield, and A. Tokay (2012), Numerical analysis using WRF-SBM for the cloud microphysical structures in the C3VP field campaign: Impacts of supercooled droplets and resultant riming on snow microphysics, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D23206, doi:10.1029/2012JD018101.
50. Inoue, T. (1987), A cloud type classification with NOAA 7 split-window measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 92(D4), 3991–4000, doi:10.1029/JD092iD04p03991.
51. Janowiak, J. E., R. J. Joyce, and Y. Yarosh (2001), A real-time global half-hourly pixel-resolution infrared dataset and its applications, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82(2), 205–217, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0205:ARTGHH>2.3.CO;2.
52. Kawanishi, T., T. Sezai, Y. Ito, K. Imaoka, T. Takeshima, Y. Ishido, A. Shibata, M. Miura, H. Inahata, and R. W. Spencer (2003), The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), NASDA’s contribution to the EOS for global energy and water cycle studies, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41(2), 184–194, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808331.
53. Keil, C., A. Tafferner, H. Mannstein, and U. Schättler (2003), Evaluating high-resolution model forecasts of European winter storms by use of satellite and radar observations, Weather Forecasting, 18, 732–747, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0732:EHMFOE>2.0.CO;2.
54. Khain, A., D. Rosenfeld, and A. Pokrovsky (2005), Aerosol impact on the dynamics and microphysics of deep convective clouds, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131(611), 2639–2663, doi:10.1256/qj.04.62.
55. King, M. D., Y. J. Kaufman, W. P. Menzel, and D. Tanre (1992), Remote sensing of cloud, aerosol, and water vapor properties from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS), IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 30(1), 2–27, doi:10.1109/36.124212.
56. Kummerow, C. (1993), On the accuracy of the Eddington approximation for radiative transfer in the microwave frequencies, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2757–2765, doi:10.1029/92JD02472.
57. Kummerow, C., Y. Hong, W. S. Olson, S. Yang, R. F. Adler, J. McCollum, R. Ferraro, G. Petty, D.-B. Shin, and T. T. Wilheit (2001), The evolution of the Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) for rainfall estimation from passive microwave sensors, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40(11), 1801–1820, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1801:TEOTGP>2.0.CO;2.
58. Lang, S., W. K. Tao, J. Simpson, and B. Ferrier (2003), Modeling of convective-stratiform precipitation processes: Sensitivity to partitioning methods, J. Appl. Meteorol., 42(4), 505–527, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0505:MOCSPP>2.0.CO;2.
59. Lang, S., W.-K. Tao, R. Cifelli, W. Olson, J. Halverson, S. Rutledge, and J. Simpson (2007), Improving simulations of convective systems from TRMM LBA: Easterly and westerly regimes, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1141–1164, doi:10.1175/JAS3879.1.
60. Lang, S. E., W.-K. Tao, X. Zeng, and Y. Li (2011), Reducing the biases in simulated radar reflectivities from a bulk microphysics scheme: Tropical convective systems, J. Atmos. Sci., 68(10), 2306–2320, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-10-05000.1.
61. Lesins, G., P. Chylek, and U. Lohmann (2002), A study of internal and external mixing scenarios and its effect on aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D10), 4094, doi:10.1029/2001JD000973.
62. Li, X., W.-K. Tao, T. Matsui, C. Liu, and H. Masunaga (2010), Improving a spectral bin microphysical scheme using long-term TRMM satellite observations, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 136, 382–399, doi:10.1002/qj.569.
63. Lin, Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville (1983), Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1066–1092, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2.
64. Liou, K.-N. (2002), An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation, 2nd ed., vol. 84, 583 pp., Academic Press, Waltham, Mass., ISBN-13: 978-0124514515.
65. Liu, G. (2004), Approximation of single scattering properties of ice and snow particles for high microwave frequencies, J. Atmos. Sci., 61(20), 2441–2456, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<2441:AOSSPO>2.0.CO;2.
66. Liu, G. (2008), A database of microwave single-scattering properties for nonspherical ice particles, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 89(10), 1563–1570, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2486.1.
67. Liu, G., and J. A. Curry (1992), Retrieval of precipitation from satellite microwave measurement using both emission and scattering, J. Geophys. Res., 97(D9), 9959–9974, doi:10.1029/92JD00289.
68. Liu, G., J. A. Curry, and R.-S. Sheu (1995), Classification of clouds over the western equatorial Pacific Ocean using combined infrared and microwave satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D7), 13,811–13,826, doi:10.1029/95JD00823.
69. Mace, G. G., Q. Zhang, M. Vaughan, R. Marchand, G. Stephens, C. Trepte, and D. Winker (2009), A description of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics derived from the first year of merged Cloudsat and CALIPSO data, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A26, doi:10.1029/2007JD009755.
70. Macke, A., J. Mueller, and E. Raschke (1996), Single scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals, J. Atmos., 53, 2813–2825, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<2813:SSPOAI>2.0.CO;2.
71. Mao, K., Z. Qin, J. Shi, and P. Gong (2005), A practical split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from MODIS data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 26(15), 3181–3204, doi:10.1080/01431160500044713.
72. Masunaga, H., and C. D. Kummerow (2006), Observations of tropical precipitating clouds ranging from shallow to deep convective systems, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16805, doi:10.1029/2006GL026547.
73. Masunaga, H., M. Satoh, and H. Miura (2008), A joint satellite and global cloud-resolving model analysis of a Madden-Julian Oscillation event: Model diagnosis, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D17210, doi:10.1029/2008JD009986.
74. Masunaga, H., T. Matsui, W.-K. Tao, A. Y. Hou, C. D. Kummerow, T. Nakajima, P. Bauer, W. S. Olson, M. Sekiguchi, and T. Y. Nakajima (2010), Satellite data simulator unit: A multisensor, multispectral satellite simulator package, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 1625–1632, doi:10.1175/2010BAMS2809.1.
75. Matsui, T. (2013), Chapter 12. Mesoscale Modeling and Satellite Simulator, Mesoscale Meteorol. Model., 3rd ed., edited by R. A. Pielke Sr., 760 pp., Academic Press, Waltham, Mass., ISBN: 9780123852373.
76. Matsui, T., A. Beltrán-Przekurat, R. A. Pielke Sr., D. Niyogi, and M. B. Coughenour (2007), Continental-scale multiobservation calibration and assessment of Colorado State University Unified Land Model by application of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface albedo, J. Geophys. Res., 112, G02028, doi:10.1029/2006JG000229.
77. Matsui, T., X. Zeng, W.-K. Tao, H. Masunaga, W. S. Olson, and S. Lang (2009), Evaluation of long-term cloud-resolving model simulations using satellite radiance observations and multifrequency satellite simulators, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26(7), 1261–1274, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1168.1.
78. Matsui, T., et al. (2013), GPM satellite simulator over ground validation sites, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, 1653–1660, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00160.1.
79. Meirold-Mautner, I., C. Prigent, E. Defer, J. R. Pardo, J.-P. Chaboureau, J.-P. Pinty, M. Mech, and S. Crewell (2007), Radiative transfer simulations using mesoscale cloud model outputs: Comparisons with passive microwave and infrared satellite observations for mid-latitudes, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1550–1568, doi:10.1175/JAS3896.1.
80. Menzel, W. P., R. A. Frey, H. Zhang, D. P. Wylie, C. C. Moeller, R. E. Holz, B. Maddux, B. A. Baum, K. I. Strabala, and L. E. Gumley (2008), MODIS global cloud-top pressure and amount estimation: Algorithm description and results, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47(4), 1175–1198, doi:10.1175/2007JAMC1705.1.
81. Meyers, M. P., R. L. Walko, J. Y. Harrington, and W. R. Cotton (1997), New RAMS cloud microphysics parameterization. Part II: The two-moment scheme, Atmos. Res., 45, 3–39, doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(97)00018-5.
82. Mishchenko, M. I., G. Videen, V. A. Babenko, N. G. Khlebtsov, and T. Wriedt (2004), T-matrix theory of electromagnetic scattering by particles and its applications: A comprehensive reference database, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 88(1-3), 357–406, doi:10.1016/j. jqsrt.2004.05.002.
83. Morcrette, J.-J. (1991), Evaluation of model-generated cloudiness: Satellite-observed and model-generated diurnal variability of brightness temperature, Mon. Weather Rev., 119, 1205–1224, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<1205:EOMGCS>2.0.CO;2.
84. Morrison, H., J. A. Curry, and V. I. Khvorostyanov (2005), A new double-moment microphysics parameterization for application in cloud and climate models. Part I: Description, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1665–1677, doi:10.1175/JAS3446.1.
85. Myhre, G., F. Stordal, M. Johnsrud, A. Ignatov, M. I. Mishchenko, I. V. Geogdzhayev, D. Tanré, J.-L. Deuzé, P. Goloub, and T. Nakajima (2004), Intercomparison of satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth over the ocean, J. Atmos. Sci., 61(5), 499–513, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2004) 061<0499:IOSRAO>2.0.CO;2.
86. Nakajima, T., and M. Tanaka (1986), Matrix formulations for the transfer of solar radiation in a plane-parallel scattering atmosphere, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 35(1), 13–21, doi:10.1016/0022-4073(86)90088-9.
87. Nakajima, T., and M. Tanaka (1988), Algorithms for radiative intensity calculations in moderately thick atmospheres using a truncation approximation, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 40(1), 51–69, doi:10.1016/0022-4073(88)90031-3.
88. Nakajima, T., M. D. King, J. D. Spinhirne, and L. F. Radke (1991), Determination of the optical thickness and effective particle radius of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements. Part II: Marine stratocumulus observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 48(5), 728–751, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1878:DOTOTA>2.0.CO;2.
89. Nakajima, T. Y., K. Suzuki, and G. L. Stephens (2010), Droplet growth in warm water clouds observed by the A-Train. Part I: Sensitivity analysis of the MODIS-derived cloud droplet sizes, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1884–1896, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3280.1.
90. Njoku, E. G., T. J. Jackson, and V. Lakshmi (2003), Soil moisture retrieval from AMSR-E, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41, 215–229, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808243.
91. Nousiainen, T. (2009), Optical modeling of mineral dust particles: A review, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 110(14), 1261–1279, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.03.002.
92. Okamoto, H., A. Macke, M. Quante, and E. Raschke (1995), Modeling of backscattering by non-spherical ice particles for the interpretation of cloud radar signals at 94 GHz. An error analysis, Contrib. Atmos. Phys., 68(4), 319–334.
93. Olson, W. S., P. Bauer, N. F. Viltard, D. E. Johnson, W.-K. Tao, R. Meneghini, and L. Liao (2001a), A melting-layer model for passive/active microwave remote sensing applications. Part I: Model formulation and comparison with observations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40(7), 1145–1163, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1145:AMLMFP>2.0.CO;2.
94. Olson, W. S., Y. Hong, C. D. Kummerow, and J. Turk (2001b), A texture-polarization method for estimating convective-stratiform precipitation area coverage from passive microwave radiometer data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40(9), 1577–1591, doi:10.1175/1520-0450 (2001)0402.0.CO;2.
95. Olson, W. S., C. D. Kummerow, S. Yang, G. W. Petty, W.-K. Tao, T. L. Bell, S. A. Braun, Y. Wang, S. E. Lang, and D. E. Johnson (2006), Precipitation and latent heating distributions from satellite passive microwave radiometry. Part I: Improved method and uncertainties, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 45(5), 702–720, doi:10.1175/JAM2369.1.
96. Omar, A. H., D. M. Winker, M. A. Vaughan, Y. Hu, C. R. Trepte, R. A. Ferrare, K.-P. Lee, C. A. Hostetler, C. Kittaka, and R. R. Rogers (2009), The CALIPSO automated aerosol classification and lidar ratio selection algorithm, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26(10), 1994–2014, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1231.1.
97. Otkin, J. A., T. J. Greenwald, J. Sieglaff, and H.-L. Huang (2009), Validation of a large-scale simulated brightness temperature dataset using SEVIRI satellite observations, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 48, 1613–1626, doi:10.1175/2009JAMC2142.1.
98. Parkinson, C. L. (2003), Aqua: An Earth-observing satellite mission to examine water and other climate variables, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 41(2), 173–183, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2002.808319.
99. Peters-Lidard, C. D., et al. (2007), High-performance Earth System modeling with NASA/GSFC’s Land Information System, Innovations Syst. Software Eng., 3(3), 157–165, doi:10.1007/s11334-007-0028-x.
100. Petrenko, M., R. Kahn, M. Chin, A. Soja, and T. Kucsera (2012), The use of satellite-measured aerosol optical depth to constrain biomass burning emissions source strength in the global model GOCART, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D18212, doi:10.1029/2012JD017870.
101. Petty, G. W. (2006), A First Course in Atmospheric Radiation, 2nd ed., 460 pp., Sundog, Madison, Wis., ISBN-13:978-0-9729033-1-8.
102. Petty, G. W., and W. Huang (2010), Microwave backscatter and extinction by soft ice spheres and complex snow aggregates, J. Atmos. Sci., 67(3), 769–787, doi:10.1175/2009JAS3146.1.
103. Pielke, R. A. (2013), Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling, 760 pp., Academic Press, Waltham, Mass., ISBN:9780123852373.
104. Platt, C. (1973), Lidar and radioinetric observations of cirrus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 30(6), 1191–1204, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<1191: LAROOC>2.0.CO;2.
105. Polkinghorne, R., and T. Vukicevic (2011), Data assimilation of cloud-affected radiances in a cloud-resolving model, Mon. Weather Rev., 139(3), 755–773, doi:10.1175/2010MWR3360.1.
106. Price, J. C. (1984), Land surface temperature measurements from the split window channels of the NOAA 7 advanced very high resolution radiometer, J. Geophys. Res., 89(D5), 7231–7237, doi:10.1029/JD089iD05p07231.
107. Prigent, C., F. Papa, F. Aires, W. B. Rossow, and E. Matthews (2007), Global inundation dynamics inferred from multiple satellite observations, 1993–2000, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12107, doi:10.1029/2006JD007847.
108. Roebeling, R., B. Baum, R. Bennartz, U. Hamann, A. Heidinger, A. Thoss, and A. Walther (2013), Evaluating and improving cloud parameter retrievals, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 94, ES41–ES44, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00041.1.
109. Rosenkranz, P. W. (1993), Absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gases, in Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry (A 95-14701 02-46), pp. 37–90, John Wiley, New York, ISBN-13: 978-0471628910.
110. Rossow, W. B., and A. A. Lacis (1990), Global, seasonal cloud variations from satellite radiance measurements. Part II. Cloud properties and radiative effects, J. Clim., 3(11), 1204–1253, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1990)003<1204:GSCVFS>2.0.CO;2.
111. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer (1991), ISCCP cloud data products, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72(1), 2–20, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1991) 072<0002:ICDP>2.0.CO;2.
112. Schoeberl, M. R., A. R. Douglass, E. Hilsenrath, P. K. Bhartia, R. Beer, J. W. Waters, M. R. Gunson, L. Froidevaux, J. C. Gille, and J. J. Barnett (2006), Overview of the EOS Aura mission, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44(5), 1066–1074, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2005.861950.
113. Seaman, C. J., M. Sengupta, and T. H. Vonder Haar (2010), Mesoscale satellite data assimilation: Impact of cloud-affected infrared observations on a cloud-free initial model state, Tellus A, 62(3), 298–318, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00436.x.
114. Sekiguchi, M., and T. Nakajima (2008), A k-distribution-based radiation code and its computational optimization for an atmospheric general circulation model, J. Quant. Spectros. Radiat. Transfer, 109(17), 2779–2793, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2008.07.013.
115. Shi, J. J., T. Matsui, W.-K. Tao, C. Peters-Lidard, M. Chin, Q. Tan, and E. Kemp (2013), Implementation of an aerosol-cloud microphysicsradiation coupling into the NASA Unified WRF: Simulation results for the 6–7 August 2006 AMMA special observing period, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., doi:10.1002/qj.2286.
116. Simpson, J., C. Kummerow, W.-K. Tao, and R. F. Adler (1996), On the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 60(1), 19–36, doi:10.1007/BF01029783.
117. Skamarock, W. C., et al. (2008), A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3, NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, 113 pp., Natl. Cent. for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo. [Available online at www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3.pdf.]
118. Skofronick-Jackson, G. M., M.-J. Kim, J. A. Weinman, and D.-E. Chang (2004), A physical model to determine snowfall over land by microwave radiometry, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 42(5), 1047–1058, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2004.825585.
119. Söhne, N., J.-P. Chaboureau, S. Argence, D. Lambert, and E. Richard (2006), Objective evaluation of mesoscale simulations of the Algiers 2001 flash flood by the model-to-satellite approach, Adv. Geosci., 7, 247–250, doi:10.5194/adgeo-7-247-2006.
120. Söhne, N., J.-P. Chaboureau, and F. Guichard (2008), Verification of cloud cover forecast with satellite observation over West Africa, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 4421–4434, doi:10.1175/2008MWR2432.1.
121. Stamnes, K., S.-C. Tsay, K. Jayaweera, and W. Wiscombe (1988), Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media, Appl. Opt., 27(12), 2502–2509, doi:10.1364/AO.27.002502.
122. Stein, T. H. M., J. Delanoë, and R. J. Hogan (2011), A comparison among four different retrieval methods for ice-cloud properties using data from CloudSat, CALIPSO, and MODIS, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 50(9), 1952–1969, doi:10.1175/2011JAMC2646.1.
123. Stephens, G. L. (1994), Remote Sensing of the Lower Atmosphere, 544 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U. K., ISBN-13: 978-0195081886.
124. Stephens, G. L., D. G. Vane, R. J. Boain, G. G. Mace, K. Sassen, Z. Wang, A. J. Illingworth, E. J. O’Connor, W. B. Rossow, and S. L. Durden (2002), The CloudSat mission and the A-Train: A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83(12), 1771–1790, doi:10.1175/BAMS-83-12-1771.
125. Tanelli, S., S. L. Durden, E. Im, K. S. Pak, D. G. Reinke, P. Partain, J. M. Haynes, and R. T. Marchand (2008), CloudSat’s cloud profiling radar after two years in orbit: Performance, calibration, and processing, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46(11), 3560–3573, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2008.2002030.
126. Tao, W.-K., and M. W. Moncrieff (2009), Multiscale cloud system modeling, Rev. Geophys., 47, RG4002, doi:10.1029/2008RG000276.
127. Temimi, M., T. Lacava, I. Coviello, M. Faruolo, R. Khanbilvardi, N. Pergola, V. Tramutoli, and D. Wang (2012), A global passive microwave based wetness index for the monitoring of soil moisture and inundation, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2012 IEEE International(IGARSS), 674-677, doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6351504.
128. Ulaby, F., R. Moore, and A. Fung (1981), Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passing, Microwave Remote Sensing Fundamentals and Radiometry, vol. 1, 456 pp., Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass., ISBN-13: 978-0890061909.
129. Vukicevic, T., M. Sengupta, A. S. Jones, and T. V. Haar (2006), Cloud-resolving satellite data assimilation: Information content of IR window observations and uncertainties in estimation, J. Atmos. Sci., 63(3), 901–919, doi:10.1175/JAS3639.1.
130. Waliser, D., et al. (2009), Cloud ice: A climate model challenge with signs and expectations of progress, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A21, doi:10.1029/2008JD010015.
131. Walko, R. L., W. R. Cotton, M. P. Meyers, and J. Y. Harrington (1995), New RAMS cloud microphysics parameterization. Part I: the singlemoment scheme, Atmos. Res., 38, 29–62, doi:10.1016/0169-8095(94)00087-T.
132. Wan, Z., and J. Dozier (1996), A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from space, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34(4), 892–905, doi:10.1109/36.508406.
133. Weaver, C., et al. (2007), Direct insertion of MODIS radiances in a global aerosol transport model, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 808–827, doi:10.1175/JAS3838.1.
134. Weisman, M. L., W. C. Skamarock, and J. B. Klemp (1997), The resolution dependence of explicitly modeled convective systems, Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 527–548, doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0527:TRDOEM>2.0.CO;2.
135. Wiedner, M., C. Prigent, J. R. Pardo, O. Nuissier, J.-P. Chaboureau, J.-P. Pinty, and P. Mascart (2004), Modeling of passive microwave responses in convective situations using outputs from mesoscale models: Comparison with TRMM/TMI satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06214, doi:10.1029/2003JD004280.
136. Winker, D. M. (2003), Accounting for multiple scattering in retrievals from space lidar, in Proc. SPIE 5059, 12th International Workshop on Lidar Multiple Scattering Experiments, pp. 128–139, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, doi:10.1117/12.512352.
137. Winker, D. M., W. H. Hunt, and M. J. McGill (2007), Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135.
138. Winker, D. M., M. A. Vaughan, A. Omar, Y. Hu, K. A. Powell, Z. Liu, W. H. Hunt, and S. A. Young (2009), Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26(11), 2310–2323, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1281.1.
139. Yang, P., H. Wei, H.-L. Huang, B. A. Baum, Y. X. Hu, G. W. Kattawar, M. I. Mishchenko, and Q. Fu (2005), Scattering and absorption property database for nonspherical ice particles in the near-through far-infrared spectral region, Appl. Opt., 44(26), 5512–5523, doi:10.1364/AO.44.005512.
140. Yoshida, R., H. Okamoto, Y. Hagihara, and H. Ishimoto (2010), Global analysis of cloud phase and ice crystal orientation from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data using attenuated backscattering and depolarization ratio, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00H32, doi:10.1029/2009JD012334.
141. Zhang, D., Z. Wang, and D. Liu (2010), A global view of midlevel liquid-layer topped stratiform cloud distribution and phase partition from CALIPSO and CloudSat measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 115, DO0H13, doi:10.1029/2009JD012143.
142. Zhang, S. Q., M. Zupanski, A. Y. Hou, X. Lin, and S. H. Cheung (2013), Assimilation of precipitation-affected radiances in a cloud-resolving WRF ensemble data assimilation system, Mon. Weather Rev., 141(2), 754–772, doi:10.1175/MWR-D-12-00055.1.
143. Zupanski, D., S. Q. Zhang, M. Zupanski, A. Y. Hou, and S. H. Cheung (2011a), A prototype WRF-based ensemble data assimilation system for dynamically downscaling satellite precipitation observations, J. Hydrometeorol., 12(1), 118–134, doi:10.1175/2010JHM1271.1.
144. Zupanski, D., M. Zupanski, L. D. Grasso, R. Brummer, I. Jankov, D. Lindsey, M. Sengupta, and M. Demaria (2011b), Assimilating synthetic GOES-R radiances in cloudy conditions using an ensemble-based method, Int. J. Remote Sens., 32(24), 9637–9659, doi:10.1080/01431161.2011.572094.