Global justice and international economic law: Three takes

Global Justice and International Economic Law: Three Takes

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-348

  Garcia, Frank J ^a  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922897586     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139410908     Document Type: Book

References (328)

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2. Introduction, GLOBAL JUSTICE and INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW: CHALLENGES and OPPORTUNITIES (Chios Charmody, Frank J. Garcia and John Linarelli, eds., 2011) [hereinafter GLOBAL JUSTICE and INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW]
3. Recent major works on the subject of global justice include RICHARD W. MILLER, GLOBALIZING JUSTICE: THE ETHICS OF POVERTY and POWER (2010)
4. GILLIAN BROCK, GLOBAL JUSTICE: A COSMOPOLITAN ACCOUNT (2009)
5. THOMAS POGGE, WORLD POVERTY and HUMAN RIGHTS (2008)
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7. KOK-CHOR TAN, JUSTICE WITHOUT BORDERS: COSMOPOLITANISM, NATIONALISM, and PATRIOTISM (2004)
8. Charles Jones, Introduction, SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL ETHICS, 19 CAN. J. L. & JURIS. 213 (2006)
9. SYMPOSIUM: GLOBAL JUSTICE, 39 CORNELL INT’L L. J., 477 (2006)
10. Frank J. Garcia & Lindita Ciko, Theories of Justice and International Economic Law in RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON GLOBAL JUSTICE and INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW (John Linarelli, ed., 2013)
11. Joost Pauwelyn, Just Trade (reviewing FRANK J. GARCIA, TRADE, INEQUALITY and JUSTICE), 37 GEO. WASH. INT’L L. REV. 559 (2005)
12. By ‘take’ I mean to invoke both the colloquial sense in which this can mean perspective, as in someone’s ‘take’ on something, and the cinematic sense of ‘take’ as one in a series of attempts to capture a moment on film
13. ALASTAIR BONNETT, THE IDEA OF THE WEST: POLITICS, CULTURE and HISTORY (2004)
14. A COMPANION TO CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 312, 312 (Robert E. Goodin, Philip Pettit & Thomas Pogge, eds., 2d ed., 2007)
15. As Amartya Sen writes, “similar – or closely linked – ideas of justice, fairness, responsibility, duty, goodness and rightness have been pursued in many different parts of the world, which can expand the reach of arguments that have been considered in Western literature.” THE IDEA OF JUSTICE xiv (2009)
16. JOHN RAWLS, POLITICAL LIBERALISM 36 (2 d ed. 1996)
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22. GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS: POLITICS, ECONOMICS and CULTURE 149–188 (David Held et al., eds., 1998)
23. Frank J. Garcia, Trade and Justice: Linking the Trade Linkage Debates, 19 U. PA. J. INT’L ECON. L. 391 (1998)
24. Joel P. Trachtman, The International Economic Law Revolution, 17 U. PA. J. INT’L ECON. L. 33 (1996)
25. I expand upon this point at greater length in TRADE, INEQUALITY and JUSTICE: TOWARD A LIBERAL THEORY OF JUST TRADE (2003) [hereinafter GARCIA, TRADE, INEQUALITY, and JUSTICE]
26. Oxford English Dictionary Online, s.v. “cosmopolite,” http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50051143?query_type=word&queryword=cosmopolitanism&fi rst=1&max_to_show=10&single=1&sort_type=alpha (last accessed August 25, 2010)
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31. MARTIN WOLF, FIXING GLOBAL FINANCE 28–57 (2008)
32. Jeffrey E. Garten, Lessons for the Next Financial Crisis, 78 FOREIGN AFF. 76 (1999)
33. Frank J. Garcia, Globalization, Global Community and the Possibility of Global Justice, B.C. L. SCH. FAC. PAPERS, Paper 33 (2005), available at http://lsr.nellco.org/bc_lsfp/33/ [hereinafter Garcia, Global Community]
34. GLOBALIZATION THEORY: APPROACHES and CONTROVERSIES (David Held & Anthony McGrew, eds., 2007)
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37. JOHN GRAY, TWO FACES OF LIBERALISM 139 (2000)
38. As Sen writes, “Since somewhat different arguments have often been advanced in dealing with similar questions, we may miss out on possible leads in reasoning about justice if we keep our explorations regionally confined.” (2009)
39. Joshua Cohen and Michael Sabel, Global Democracy? 37 NYU J. L. & POL., 763–797 (2005)
40. Sebastiano Maffetone, The Fragile Fabric of Public Reason, in THE DIALOGUE: REASON and REASONABLNESS 407–440 (Ricardo Dottori ed., 2005)
41. Thomas Pogge, Priorities of Global Justice, 32 METAPHILOSOPHY 6, 19–21 (2001)
42. Andrew Hurrell, Global Inequality and International Institutions, 32 METAPHILOSOPHY 34, 43–44 (2001)
43. Andrew Hurrell, Global Inequality and International Institutions, 32 METAPHILOSOPHY 34, 40
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48. Fred Halliday, Global Governance: Prospects and Problems, 4 CITIZENSHIP STUDIES (2000)
49. Robert A. Dahl, Can International Organizations Be Democratic? A Skeptic’s View, DEMOCRACY’S EDGES (Ian Shapiro & Casiano Hacker-Cordon, eds., 1999)
50. Anne-Marie Slaughter, “International Law in a World of Liberal States,” 6 EJIL 1, 7 (1995) (citing Michael Doyle)
51. LEA BRILMAYER, JUSTIFYING INTERNATIONAL ACTS (1989)
52. Allan, T. R. S., Review: Dworkin and Dicey: The Rule of Law as Integrity, 8 (2) O.J.L.S, 266–277 (1988)
53. Andrew Hurrell, “Global Inequality and International Institutions,” 32 Metaphilosophy 34 (2001)
54. Introduction, Global Transformations 1 (David Held et al., 1999)
55. Rainer Frost, Towards a Critical Theory of Transnational Justice, 32 METAPHILOSOPHY 160 (2001)
56. BELA BALASSA, THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (1961)
57. Dirk Messner, World Society – Structures and Trends, in GLOBAL TRENDS and GLOBAL GOVERNANCE (P aul Kennedy, Dirk Messner & Franz Nuscheler, eds., 2001)
58. Frank J. Garcia, Globalization and the Theory of International Law 11, B.C. L. SCH. FAC. PAPERS, Paper 75 (2005), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=742726
59. MICHAEL WALZER, THICK and THIN (2006)
60. Frank J. Garcia, Globalization, Global Community and the Possibility of Global Justice, B.C. L. SCH. FAC. PAPERS, Paper 33, (2005) available at http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp/33
61. Robert Winthrop, Trade and Human Rights: Policy Linkages in Chinese Accession to the WTO (April 2001) available at internationalecon.com/v1.0/ch25/china/winthrop.pdf
62. Terry Collingsworth, The Key Human Rights Challenge: Developing Enforcement Mechanisms, 15 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 183 (2002)
63. Alberto R. Coll, Harming Human Rights in the Name of Promoting: The Case of Cuban Embargo, 12 UCLA J. INT’L L & FOREIGN AFF. 199 (2007)
64. Frank J. Garcia and Soohyun Jun, Trade-based Strategies for Combatting Child Labor, in CHILD LABOR and HUMAN RIGHTS: MAKING CHILDREN MATTER (Burns Weston, ed., 2006)
65. IMMANUEL KANT, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, in KANT: POLITICAL WRITINGS 116, 93–130 (H.S. Reiss ed., H.B. Nisbittrans., 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press 1991) (1784)
66. Thomas Pogge, Rawls on International Justice (book review), 51 PHIL. Q. 246 (2001)
67. Frank Garcia, Book Review: THE LAW OF PEOPLES, 23 HOUSTON. J. INT’L L. 659 (2001)
68. Rawls concedes as much when he writes in THE LAW OF PEOPLES (1999)
69. John Rawls, The Law of Peoples, CRITICAL INQUIRY 37, 39(1993)
70. MARTI KOSKENNIEMI, FROM APOLOGY TO UTOPIA: THE STRUCTURE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ARGUMENT (2006) (states are destined to vacillate between these two poles)
71. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, Constitutionalism and International Organizations, 17 NW. J. INT’L L. 398 (1997) (discussing the Lockean dilemma in liberal constitutionalism)
72. David Held, Law of States, Law of Peoples, 8 LEGAL THEORY 1-44 (2002)
73. KOSKENNIEMI, supra note 3. This view goes all the way back to Hobbes, if not earlier: absent the requisite global institutions and rule of law, there is no basis for global normative obligations
74. CHARLES R. BEITZ, POLITICAL THEORY and INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 3 (2nd ed., 1999) [hereinafter BEITZ, POLITICAL THEORY]
75. RAYMOND GEUSS, PHILOSOPHY and REAL POLITICS (2011) (offering a realist approach to political philosophy as an alternative to an ideal theory of rights)
76. STANLEY HOFFMANN, Ethics and International Affairs, in DUTIES BEYOND BORDERS 1, 1-43 (1981) (sketching out the limits of moral choice in international relations from the viewpoint of a Liberal Realist)
77. Leif Wenar, Why Rawls Is not a Cosmopolitan Egalitarian, in RAWLS’ LAW OF PEOPLES: A REALISTIC UTOPIA (R. Martin and D. Reidy, eds., 2006)
78. Simon Caney, Survey Article: Cosmopolitanism and the Law of Peoples, 10 J. POL. PHIL. 95 (2002)
79. KATHERINE G. YOUNG, CONSTITUTING ECONOMIC and SOCIAL RIGHTS (2012)
80. LEA BRILMAYER, JUSTIFYING INTERNATIONAL ACTS 2 (1989)
81. Frank J. Garcia, Globalization and the Theory of International Law, 11 INT’L LEGAL THEORY 9, 10-12 (2005) [hereinafter Garcia, Theory of International Law]
82. Frank J. Garcia, The Law of Peoples, 23 HOUS. J. INT’L L. 659 (2001)
83. FRANK J. GARCIA, TRADE, INEQUALITY, and JUSTICE: TOWARD A LIBERAL THEORY OF JUST TRADE, 110–118 (2003)[hereinafter GARCIA, TRADE, INEQUALITY, and JUSTICE]
84. Thomas Pogge, Rawls on International Justice, 51 THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, 246, 252 (2001)
85. Frank J. Garcia, Developing a Normative Critique of International Trade Law: Special & Differential Treatment 5–22 (2010) University of Bremen Tran State Working Paper No. 66, 2007, http://www.sfb597.uni-bremen.de/pages/pubApBeschreibung.php?SPRACHE=en&ID=76 [hereinafter Garcia, Normative Critique]
86. FREE MOVEMENT: ETHICAL ISSUES in THE TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION OF PEOPLE and OF MONEY (Brian Barry and Robert E. Good in, eds., 1992)
87. John Vidal, Ethiopia at Centre of Global Farmland Rush, THE GUARDIAN, March 20, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/21/ethiopia-centre-global-farmland-rush
88. Javier Perez, Myriam Gistelinck, and Dima Karbala, Sleeping Lions: International Investment Treaties, State-Investor Disputes and Access to Food, Land and Water, Oxfam Discussion Paper (May 2011) http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/fi les/dp-sleeping-lions-260511-en.pdf
89. 28 Thomas W. Pogge, An Egalitarian Law of Peoples, 23 PHIL.& PUB. AFF. 195, 198 (1994) (asserting borders have tremendous distributive impact)
90. Mathias Risse, How Does the Global Order Harm the Poor? 33 PHIL. & PUB. AFF. 349 (2005) (offering a defense of Rawls’s position in THE LAW OF PEOPLES that domestic institutions are the chief determinant of material inequality)
91. BRIAN BARRY, THE LIBERAL THEORY OF JUSTICE 131 (1973)
92. THOMAS FRANCK, FAIRNESS in INTERNATIONAL LAW 12–13 (1995)
93. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, Constitutionalism and International Organizations, 17 NW. J. INT’L L. & BUS. 398 (1997)
94. Thomas Cottier, The Legitimacy of WTO Law (NCCRTrade, Working Paper No. 2008/19, 2008)
95. Thomas Pogge, Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty, 103 ETHICS, 48, 51 (1992). But see Samuel Freeman, Distributive Justice and The Law of Peoples, in RAWLS’ LAW OF PEOPLES: A REALISTIC UTOPIA? 243, 247 (Rex Martin and David Reidy, eds., 2006)
96. Samuel Freeman, Distributive Justice and The Law of Peoples, in RAWLS’ LAW OF PEOPLES: A REALISTIC UTOPIA? 243, 247 (Rex Martin and David Reidy, eds., 2006)
97. Frank J. Garcia, Evaluating IMF Crisis Prevention as a Matter of Global Justice, 14 ILSA J. INT’L & COMP. L. 467 (2007–2008); Andrew G. Brown and Robert M. Stern, Fairness in the WTO Trading System (IPC Working Paper Series No. 109, 2010). An institutional distributive analysis certainly complements Take One, but the focus would be on distributive obligations on these institutions by virtue of their functions, rather than on the distributive
98. Andrew G. Brown and Robert M. Stern, Fairness in the WTO Trading System (IPC Working Paper Series No. 109, 2010)
99. MICHAEL J. TREBILCOCK & ROBERT HOWSE, THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 20–38 (3d ed., 2005)
100. Ethan B. Kapstein, Distributive Justice and International Trade, 13 ETHICS & INT’L AFF. 175, 175–182 (1999)
101. GARCIA, TRADE, INEQUALITY, and JUSTICE, 105–106
102. SONIA E. ROLLAND, DEVELOPMENT AT THE WTO (2012); Bernard Hoekman, Operationalizing the Concept of Policy Space in the WTO: Beyond Special and Differential Treatment, 8 J. INT’L ECON. L. 405 (2005)
103. Bernard Hoekman, Operationalizing the Concept of Policy Space in the WTO: Beyond Special and Differential Treatment, 8 J. INT’L ECON. L. 405 (2005)
104. See Jeffery L. Dunoff, Dysfunction, Diversion and the Debate over Preferences: (How) Do Preferential Trade Policies Work? in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES in THE WTO LEGAL SYSTEM 45 (Chantal Thomas and Joel R. Trachtman, eds., 2009)
105. Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries, L/4903 (November 28, 1979)
106. GATT B.I.S.D. (26th Supp.) at 203 (1980) (establishing the Enabling Clause); Generalized System of Preferences, L/3545 (June 25, 1971) GATT B.I.S.D. (18th Supp.) at 24 (1972) (adopting the first GSP waiver). See, e.g., Donald H. Regan, What Are Trade Agreements For? – Two Conflicting Stories Told by Economists, With a Lesson for Lawyers, 9 J. INT’L ECON. L. 951 (2006)
107. Generalized System of Preferences, L/3545 (June 25, 1971) GATT B.I.S.D. (18th Supp.) at 24 (1972) (adopting the first GSP waiver).Donald H. Regan, What Are Trade Agreements For? – Two Conflicting Stories Told by Economists, With a Lesson for Lawyers, 9 J. INT’L ECON. L. 951 (2006)
108. Donald H. Regan, What Are Trade Agreements For? – Two Conflicting Stories Told by Economists, With a Lesson for Lawyers, 9 J. INT’L ECON. L. 951 (2006)
109. The discussion which follows draws from my chapter on Justice the Bretton Woods Institutions and the Problem of Inequality, in THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW 23 (William J. Davey and John Jackson, eds., 2008)
110. BAHRAM GHAZI, THE IMF, THE WORLD BANK GROUP and THE QUESTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 24–26 (2005)
111. Jonathan T. Fried & James A. Haley, Crisis Prevention: The International Agenda (2007)(unpublished manuscript, on file with the author)
112. S. Hagan, IMF General Counsel, Proceedings of the 93rd Annual Meeting, ASIL (March 24–27, 1999)
113. Sanjay G. Reddy, Just International Monetary Arrangements, in GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS and RESPONSIBILITIES 218, 218 (Christian Barry & Thomas W. Pogge, eds., 2005)
114. Frank Garcia, Global Justice and the Bretton Woods Institutions, 10 J. INT’L ECON. L 481 (2007) [hereafter Garcia, Global Justice and the Bretton Woods Institutions]
115. See Nancy Kokaz, Theorizing International Fairness, in GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS and RESPONSIBILITIES 65, 71–72 (Christian Barry & Thomas W. Pogge, eds., 2005)
116. Andrew Hurrell, Global Inequality and International Institutions, 32 METAPHILOSOPHY 34 (2001)
117. Rosa Maria Lastra, The International Monetary Fund in Historical Perspective, 3 J. INT’L ECON. L.507, 516 (2000)
118. Robert Hockett, From “Mission Creep” to Gestalt Switch: Justice, Finance, the IFIs, and Globalization’s Intended Beneficiaries, 37 GEO. WASH. INT’L L. REV. 167, 179–181 (2005)
119. JOHN W. HEAD, THE FUTURE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS: AN EVALUATION OF CRITICISMS LEVELED AT IMF, THE MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS, and THE WTO, 95–96 (2005)
120. The Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, WORLDBANK.ORG, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,, contentMDK:20260411~menuPK:64166739~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html (last updated March 13, 2012)
121. Ngaire Woods, Order, Globalization and World Politics, in INEQUALITY, GLOBALIZATION and WORLD POLITICS 8, 30–33 (Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods, eds., 1999)
122. Joseph E. Stiglitz, GLOBALIZATION and ITS DISCONTENTS (2003)
123. Charles Abugre, SAPping the Poor: Structural Adjustment – the Forgotten Issue (1999), available at www.wdm.org.uk/resources/reports/debt/sappingthepoor01061999.pdf (citing link between HIPC participation and PRGF)
124. Int’l Monetary Fund [IMF], Annual Report of the Executive Board for the Financial Year Ended April 30, 2006, Appendix 11, (2006), http://www.imf.org/extemal/pubs/ft/ar.2006/eng/index.htm, (last visited March 22, 2008)
125. Daniel Bradlow, The World Bank, the IMF and Human Rights, 6 TRANSNAT’L L. & CONTEMP. PROB. 47, 72 (1996)
126. The IMF at the Beginning of the Twenty First Century: Can We Establish a Humanized Globalization? 7 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 363, 374–377 (2001). See also, e.g., Namita Wahi, Human Rights Accountability of the IMF and the World Bank: A Critique of Existing Mechanisms and Articulation of a Theory of Horizontal Accountability, 12 U.C. DAVIS J. INT’L L. & POL’Y 331 (2006) (critical of conditionality from a human rights perspective); Ofer Eldar, Reform of IMF Conditionality: A Proposal for Self-imposed Conditionality, 8 J. INT’L ECON. L. 509 (2005) (proposing that conditionality be entirely borrower-driven, with Fund approval)
127. Namita Wahi, Human Rights Accountability of the IMF and the World Bank: A Critique of Existing Mechanisms and Articulation of a Theory of Horizontal Accountability, 12 U.C. DAVIS J. INT’L L. & POL’Y 331 (2006) Ofer Eldar, Reform of IMF Conditionality: A Proposal for Self-imposed Conditionality, 8 J. INT’L ECON. L. 509 (2005) (proposing that conditionality be entirely borrower-driven, with Fund approval)
128. Ofer Eldar, Reform of IMF Conditionality: A Proposal for Self-imposed Conditionality, 8 J. INT’L ECON. L. 509 (2005) (proposing that conditionality be entirely borrower-driven, with Fund approval)
129. Michael Javid, Increasing the Coherence of Global Economic Policy-Making – Suggestions for Improving the Governance Structure of the International Economic Law Regime (Spring 2009)
130. Richard Little, Hedley Bull’s The Anarchical Society, in THE BALANCE OF POWER in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: METAPHORS, MYTHS and MODELS 128–166 (2007)
131. RONALD DWORKIN, LAW’S EMPIRE (1987)
132. Robert E. Good in, What Is so Special About Our Fellow Countrymen? 98 ETHICS 663 (1998); David Miller, The Ethical Significance of Nationality, 98 ETHICS 647 (1998)
133. David Miller, The Ethical Significance of Nationality, 98 ETHICS 647 (1998)
134. James Repetti, Democracy and Opportunity: A New Paradigm in Tax Equity, 61 VAND. L. REV. 1129 (2008); Linda Sugin, Theories of Distributive Justice and Limitations on Taxation: What Rawls Demands from Tax Systems, 72 FORDHAM L. REV. 1991 (2004)
135. Linda Sugin, Theories of Distributive Justice and Limitations on Taxation: What Rawls Demands from Tax Systems, 72 FORDHAM L. REV. 1991 (2004)
136. Thomas Nagel, The Problem of Global Justice, 33 PHIL & PUB. AFF. 114, 113–147 (2005)
137. 118 JOHN RAWLS, POLITICAL LIBERALISM, XXIV (1995)
138. THOMAS RISSE ET AL., THE POWER OF HUMAN RIGHTS: INTERNATIONAL NORMS and DOMESTIC CHANGE (1999); Dianne Otto, Nongovernmental Organizations in the United Nations System: The Emerging Role of International Civil Society, 18 HUM. RTS. Q. 197 (1996); CHARLES R. BEITZ, THE IDEA OF HUMAN RIGHTS (2009)
139. Dianne Otto, Nongovernmental Organizations in the United Nations System: The Emerging Role of International Civil Society, 18 HUM. RTS. Q. 197 (1996); CHARLES R. BEITZ, THE IDEA OF HUMAN RIGHTS (2009)
140. CHARLES R. BEITZ, THE IDEA OF HUMAN RIGHTS (2009)
141. Garcia, Theory of International Law, 11 INT’L LEGAL THEORY 9, at 10–12 (2005)
142. JENS BARTELSON, VISIONS OF WORLD COMMUNITY 1–2 (2009)
143. Brian Barry, Humanity and Justice in Global Perspective, in NOMOS XXIV 219, at 232–234 (J. Roland Pennock & John W. Chapman, eds., 1982)Charles R. Beitz, Cosmopolitanism and Global Justice, 9 J. ETHICS 11 (2005)
144. Charles R. Beitz, Cosmopolitanism and Global Justice, 9 J. ETHICS 11 (2005)
145. IMMANUEL KANT, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, in KANT: POLITICAL WRITINGS 116, 123 (H.S. Reiss ed., H.B. Nisbit trans., 2nd ed., 1991) (1784)
146. KOK-CHOR TAN, TOLERATION, DIVERSITY and GLOBAL JUSTICE 8 (2000)
147. 1 for a general overview see, e.g., CAROL C. GOULD, GLOBALIZING DEMOCRACY and HUMAN RIGHTS (2004)
148. JOHN MANDLE, GLOBAL JUSTICE: AN INTRODUCTION (2006); FUYUKI KURASAWA, THE WORK OF GLOBAL JUSTICE (2007)
149. FUYUKI KURASAWA, THE WORK OF GLOBAL JUSTICE (2007)
150. Thomas Nagel, The Problem of Global Justice, 33 PHIL.& PUB. AFF. 113 (2005)
151. David Miller, National Responsibility and Global Justice, 11 CRIT. REV. INT’L SOC. & POL. PHIL. 383 (2008)
152. Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, Research Note: Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem, 62 INT’L ORG. 689 (2008)
153. Terry Collingsworth, The Key Human Rights Challenge: Developing Enforcement Mechanisms, 15 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 183 (2002)
154. KATHERINE G. YOUNG, CONSTITUTING ECONOMIC and SOCIAL RIGHTS (2012) (new and dynamic processes are emerging to promote more effective means of enforcing economic and social rights)
155. Andrew Moravcsik, Explaining International Human Rights Regimes: Liberal Theory and Western Europe, 1 EUR. J. INT’L REL., 157 (1995)
156. Amartya Sen, Human Rights and Capabilities, 6 J. HUM. DEV. 151 (2005);
157. MARTHA C. NUSSBAUM and AMARTYA SEN, THE QUALITY OF LIFE (1993)
158. JENS BARTELSON, VISIONS OF WORLD COMMUNITY 2 (2009)
159. Frank J. Garcia, Globalization and the Theory of International Law, 11 INT’L L. THEORY 9, 10–12 (2005)
160. David R. Mapel & Terry Nardin, Introduction to INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY 3, 3–4 (David R. Mapel & Terry Nardin, eds., 1998)
161. Frank J. Garcia, Globalization, Global Community and the Possibility of Global Justice, B.C. L. SCH. FAC. PAPERS, Paper 33 (2005), available at http://lsr.nellco.org/bc_lsfp/33/ [hereinafter Garcia, Global Community]
162. Thomas Nagel, The Problem of Global Justice
163. JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE 3 (1971) [hereinafter RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE]
164. John Linarelli, What Do We Owe Each Other in the Global Economic Order? Constructivist and Contractualist Accounts, 15 FLA. ST. J. TRANSNAT’L L. & POL’Y 181 (2006)
165. MICHAEL WALZER, SPHERES OF JUSTICE: A DEFENSE OF PLURALISM and EQUALITY (1983) [hereinafter WALZER, SPHERES OF JUSTICE]
166. David Miller, The Ethical Significance of Nationality, 98 ETHICS 647, 661 (1988)
167. DAVID MILLER, ON NATIONALITY, 90–96 (1997)
168. CHARLES JONES, GLOBAL JUSTICE: DEFENDING COSMOPOLITANISM, 157–158 (1999)
169. Joshua Cohen, “Review: Spheres of Justice,” 83 J. PHIL 457, (1986)
170. Sebastiano Maffetone, The Fragile Fabric of Public Reason, in REASON and REASONABLENESS (THE DIALOGUE) 407 (Ricardo Dottori, ed., 2005)
171. David Miller, Justice and Global Inequality, in INEQUALITY, GLOBALIZATION, and WORLD POLITICS 190 (Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods, eds., 1999)
172. Andrew Hurrell, Global Inequality and International Institutions,32 METAPHILOSOPHY 34, 39 (2001)
173. DAVID HELD ET AL., THE GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS READER: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOBALIZATION DEBATE (2nd ed., 2003)
174. Anthony McGrew, A Global Society? in MODERNITY and ITS FUTURES 467–503 (1992)
175. JOHN RAWLS, A THEORY OF JUSTICE, 126–130 et seq. following Hume(1999)
176. ANUPAM CHANDER, Diaspora Bonds, 76 NYU L. REV. 1005, 160– 1074 (2001)
177. Arjun Appadurai, Patriotism and Its Futures, in MODERNITY AT LARGE: CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION 158, 167 (1996)
178. Wolfgang Reinicke, The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks, 117 FOREIGN POL’Y 44 (1999–2000)
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