Inventing the "American Way": The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement

Inventing the "American Way": The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-384

  Wall, Wendy ^a  

^a Colgate University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

American Way; Cold War; Communism; Consensus; Depression; Fascism; Free enterprise; Freedom Train; Interfaith; National identity; National unity; World War II

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922781625     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329100.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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131. William Charles Beyer, "Searching for Common Ground, 1940-1949: An American Literary Magazine and Its Related Movements in Education and Politics" (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, 1988), 17-24
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166. Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time: From World War II to Nixon, What Happened and Why (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976;
167. David Halberstam, The Fifties (New York: Villard Books, 1993);
168. John T. McGreevy, "Thinking on One's Own: Catholicism in the American Intellectual Imagination, 1928-1960," JAH84(1) (1997): 97-131.
169. Nikhil Pal Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004).
170. Michael Kammen, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: The Constitution in American Culture (New York: Knopf, 1986), 337.
171. Wiesen Cook, "First Comes the Lie: C. D. Jackson and Political Warfare," Radical History Review 31 (1984): 42-70
172. "Salvos of Cheers Greet President," NYT, 28 June 1936.
173. David W. Noble, "The Reconstruction of Progress: Charles Beard, Richard Hofstadter, and Postwar Historical Thought," in Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of the Cold War, ed. Lary May (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 62.
174. Gary Gerstle, "The Politics of Patriotism: Americanization and the Formation of the CIO," Dissent 33 (Winter 1986): 84-92;
175. John L. Lewis, The Miners' Fight for American Standards (Indianapolis: Bell Publishing Co., 1925), 179-80.
176. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998), 15.
177. Henry A. Wallace, "The Search for an American Way," Scribner's, July 1936, 26-27.
178. Steven Fraser, Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (New York: Free Press, 1991), 127
179. Robert H. Zieger, John L. Lewis: Labor Leader (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988), 53.
180. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography, abridged ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 211
181. W. Jett Lauck, Political and Industrial Democracy, 1776-1926 (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1926), 1
182. The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 25.
183. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 333-49.
184. Richard S. Tedlow, "The National Association of Manufacturers and Public Relations during the New Deal," Business History Review 50 (Spring 1976): 30-31.
185. Thomas C. Boushall, "The American Way: Its Opportunity and Its Challenge," Vital Speeches of the Day 5, 15 May 1939, 459.
186. William L. Bird, Jr., "Better Living": Advertising, Media, and the New Vocabulary of Business Leadership, 1935-1955 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1999).
187. Glenn Griswold, "The McGraw-Hill Public Relations Forum," Public Opinion Quarterly 3 (October 1939): 705-6.
188. Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 137-38
189. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Vital Center: The Politics of Freedom (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1949;
190. Clinton Rossiter, "The Democratic Process," in U.S. President's Commission on National Goals, Goals for Americans: Programs for Action in the Sixties, Comprising the Report of the President's Commission on National Goals and Chapters Submitted for the Consideration of the Commission (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 61.
191. Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time: From World War II to Nixon, What Happened and Why (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976; New York: Vintage Books, 1978), 67-98.
192. John Higham, "The Cult of the 'American Consensus': Homogenizing Our History," Commentary 27 (January 1959): 93-100;
193. Geoffrey Perrett, A Dream of Greatness: The American People, 1945-1963 (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1979);
194. William L. O'Neill, American High: The Years of Confidence, 1945-1960 (New York: Free Press, 1986);
195. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
196. Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
197. Under God, Indivisible, 1941-1960, vol. 3, Modern American Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 3.
198. R. W. B. Lewis, The American Adam: Innocence, Tragedy and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955), 2-3.
199. Daniel Geary, "Carey McWilliams and Antifascism, 1934-1943," JAH90 (December 2003): 912-934.
200. William H. Chafe's Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).
201. Susan E. Hirsch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 105-27.
202. David Hollinger, "American Intellectual History: Some Issues for the 1980s," in In the American Province: Studies in the History and Historiography of Ideas (Bloomington,Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1985;
203. Daniel T. Rodgers, Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 8.
204. Nikhil Pal Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004).
205. Ted Halstead and Michael Lind, The Radical Center: The Future of American Politics (New York: Doubleday, 2001)
206. William A. Coblenz, "The Freedom Train and the Story of Its Origin: Our Civil Liberties on Wheels," Manuscripts 10 (Winter 1958): 30-34
207. James E. Pitt, Adventures in Brotherhood (New York: Farrar, Straus and Co., 1955), 65.
208. Gilbert Bailey, "Why They Throng to the Freedom Train," NYTM, 25 January 1948, 18;
209. Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 191
210. Sidney Hook, "What Exactly Do We Mean by 'Democracy'?" NYTM, 16 March 1947, 10;
211. John Foster Dulles, "The Meaning of Freedom," VSD, 15 July 1948
212. Philip Murray, "The C.I.O. Looks Ahead," Nation, 4 November 1944, 554-55;
213. Joseph H. Ball, "Democratic Ideology and Domestic Problems," VSD, 15 December 1944, 138-40;
214. Bernard J. Sheil, "The Bishop and the CIO: A Program for Industrial Democracy," Commonweal, 5 January 1945, 294-96;
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216. Brooks Atkinson, "Democracy as Russia Defines It Today," NYTM, 4 November 1945, 14;
217. Harold J. Laski, "What Democracy Means in Russia," NR, 28 October 1946, 551-52;
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220. Daniel T. Rodgers, Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 215-16.
221. F. Waldo, "Our American Heritage of Freedom," VSD, 15 February 1948, 262.
222. Frank Monaghan, Heritage of Freedom: The History and Significance of the Basic Documents of American Liberty (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947).
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224. Michael K. Honey, discusses Crump in Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 8
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226. John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture during World War II (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1976), 217-18.
227. Flora Bryant Brown, "NAACP Sponsored Sit-ins by Howard University Students in Washington, D.C., 1943-1944," Journal of Negro History 85 (Autumn 2000): 279-80.
228. Wendy L. Wall, " 'Our Enemies Within': Nazism, National Unity and America's Wartime Discourse on Tolerance," in Enemy Images in American History, eds. Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Ursula Lehmkuhl (Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1997), 219.
229. Richard W. Steele, "The War on Intolerance: The Reformulation of American Nationalism, 1939-1941," Journal of American Ethnic History 9 (Fall 1989): 28.
230. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 747.
231. Benjamin L. Alpers, Dictators, Democracy, and American Public Culture: Envisioning the Totalitarian Enemy, 1920s-1950s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 168-69.
232. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 239.
233. Michael Denning, The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century (London; New York: Verso, 1996), 130.
234. Lorraine M. Lees, "National Security and Ethnicity: Contrasting Views during World War II," Diplomatic History 11 (Spring 1987): 113-25.
235. James Officer, "Philleo Nash (1909-1987)," American Anthropologist 90 (December 1988): 952-56.
236. Lawrence R. Samuel, Pledging Allegiance: American Identity and the Bond Drive of World War II (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997)
237. Dan Shiffman, Rooting Multiculturalism: The Work of Louis Adamic (Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003), 87-88.
238. Gretchen Knapp, "Experimental Social Policymaking during World War II: The United Service Organizations (USO) and American War-Community Services (AWCS)," Journal of Policy History 12 (2000): 321-38.
239. Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 155.
240. J. Saunders Redding, "A Negro Looks at This War," American Mercury 55 (November 1942): 585
241. Horace Mann Bond, "Should the Negro Care Who Wins the War?" The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 223 (September 1942): 82-84.
242. Carey McWilliams, Brothers Under the Skin, rev. ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1964), 23-24.
243. Merl E. Reed, Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement: The President's Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 1941-1946 (Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1991).
244. Robert C. Weaver, "Whither Northern Race Relations Committees?" Phylon 5 (1944): 208.
245. Howard A. Droker, "Seattle Race Relations During the Second World War," Pacific Northwest Quarterly 67 (October 1976): 170.
246. Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 40-67.
247. Eric A. Gordon, Ballad of an American: The Autobiography of Earl Robinson (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1998), 151-52;
248. "Ray Milland Wins First Film 'Oscar'," NYT, 8 March 1946.
249. Lary May, ed., Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of Cold War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
250. Lewis A. Erenberg and Susan E. Hirsch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 71-102.
251. Frank W. Fox, Madison Avenue Goes to War: The Strange Military Career of American Advertising (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1975), 56.
252. Robert H. Zieger, The CIO, 1935-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 163.
253. John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture during World War II (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1976), 21-31.
254. Lawrence R. Samuel, Pledging Allegiance: American Identity and the Bond Drive of World War II (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997)
255. Mark H. Leff, "The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II," JAH77 (March 1991): 1306-13.
256. Robert Griffith, "The Selling of America: The Advertising Council and American Politics, 1942-1960," Business History Review 57 (Autumn 1983): 389-91.
257. Daniel L. Lykins, From Total War to Total Diplomacy: The Advertising Council and the Construction of the Cold War Consensus (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), 16.
258. Clayton R. Koppes and Gregory D. Black, Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits and Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies (New York: Free Press, 1987), 64.
259. The War Messages of Franklin D. Roosevelt: December 8, 1941, to April 13, 1945 (Washington, D.C., 1945), 29;
260. "Dies at Rally Here Warns U.S. to Stop Its 'Aping' of Europe," NYT, 30 November 1939;
261. Joseph McBride, Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 258-59
262. Daniel Geary, "Carey McWilliams and Antifascism, 1934-1943," JAH (December 2003): 912.
263. Henry Agard Wallace, "The Price of Free World Victory," VSD8 (1 June 1942): 482-85.
264. Henry R. Luce, "The American Century," Life, 17 February 1941, 65.
265. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 232.
266. James Miller, "A Question of Loyalty: American Liberals, Propaganda, and the Italian-American Community, 1939-1943," The Maryland Historian 9 (1978): 49-71.
267. Allan M. Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942-1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), 56
268. Clinton S. Golden and Harold J. Ruttenberg, The Dynamics of Industrial Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942), xxv-xxvi
269. William L. O'Neill, A Democracy at War: America's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II (New York: Free Press, 1993), 211.
270. Andrew A. Workman, "Manufacturing Power: The Organizational Revival of the National Association of Manufacturers, 1941-1945," Business History Review 72 (Summer 1998): 285.
271. Nelson Lichtenstein, Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 111;
272. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 216.
273. Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Knopf, 1995), 212.
274. Les Daniels, Superman: The Complete History; The Life and Times of the Man of Steel (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1998)
275. Judith Klein, "Addition of Social Conscience Swells Child Serial Popularity," New York Herald Tribune, 14 July 1946.
276. Stetson Kennedy, The Klan Unmasked (Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1990), 91-94.
277. Stuart Svonkin, Jews Against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 44-45.
278. Martin Grams, Jr., Radio Drama: A Comprehensive Chronicle of American Network Programs, 1932-1962 (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000), 23.
279. Andre Mesnard, "Plans for a New France," NR,11 September 1944, 299-301.
280. Stuart Chase, Democracy Under Pressure: Special Interests vs. the Public Welfare (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1945), 20.
281. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., originally excerpted the Yeats poem in "Not Right, Not Left, But a Vital Center," NYTM, 4 April 1948.
282. Robert Griffith, "The Selling of America: The Advertising Council and American Politics, 1942-1960," Business History Review 57 (Autumn 1983): 388.
283. Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877-1919 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 346
284. Lizabeth Cohen, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 12
285. William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 93-94;
286. Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 56
287. Jennings Perry, "Rebellion in Tennessee," Nation, 10 August 1946, 147;
288. Daniel L. Lykins, From Total War to Total Diplomacy: The Advertising Council and the Construction of the Cold War Consensus (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2003), 46-47.
289. David M. Potter, The American Round Table Discussions on People's Capitalism at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, November 16 and 17, 1956 (New York, 1957).
290. Arthur Goodfriend, What Is America? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954);
291. James E. Pitt, Adventures in Brotherhood (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1955), 212-13.
292. "Stassen Cautions on Spread of Bias," NYT,31 January 1946.
293. Daniel Pope and William Toll, "We Tried Harder: Jews in American Advertising," American Jewish History 72 (1982): 26.
294. Meg Jacobs, Pocketbook Politics: Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 221-23.
295. The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War ([New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995], 4-5)
296. Elizabeth A. Fones-Wolf, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 49.
297. Boris Basil Shishkin, The Reminiscences of Boris Shishkin (New York: Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, 1975);
298. Russell W. Davenport, U.S.A.: The Permanent Revolution (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1951), 66-67.
299. Peter F. Drucker, The New Society: The Anatomy of the Industrial Order (New York: Harper, 1950);
300. Frederick Lewis Allen, The Big Change: America Transforms Itself, 1900-1950 (New York: Harper, 1952).
301. Grant McConnell, The American Round Table; People's Capitalism, Part III: Major Economic Groups and National Policy, Held at the University of Chicago, October 22, 1958 (New York, 1959).
302. "Eisenhower Visits Capitalism Show," NYT, 14 February 1956;