New Labour at the Centre: Constructing Political Space

New Labour at the Centre: Constructing Political Space

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-240

  Hindmoor, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

New labour; Political centre; Political parties

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922696732     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/0199273146.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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88. Anthony Heath, Roger Jowell, and John Curtice, The Rise of New Labour: Party Policies and Voter Choices (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 109.
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97. Jill Sherman and James Landale, 'Blair Promises to Follow Economic Third Way', The Times, 8 April 1997.
98. Philip Webster 'There's No Going Back for Party, Blair Tells Voters', The Times, 11 March 1997.
99. Andrew Smith, speech to the Partnerships UK Conference, 7 December 1999. Full text available via www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/newsroom.
100. John Kampfner, Robin Cook (London: Victor Gollancz, 1998), p. 235.
101. Peter Beaumont and Shyam Bhatia, 'Britain Holds Talks with Hired Killers', Observer, 8 March 1998.
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122. The Control Freaks: How New Labour Gets its Own Way (London: Politicos, 2001).
123. Ian Budge, 'Validating Party Policy Placements', British Journal of Political Science, 31 (2001), 210-23.
124. James Naughtie, The Rivals: The Intimate Story of a Political Marriage (London:Fourth Estate, 2001), pp. 92-6.
125. Robert Worcester and Roger Mortimore, Explaining Labour's Landslide (London:Politico's, 1999), p. 80.
126. David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1997 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997), p. 231.
127. William Gamson and Andre Modigliani, 'The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action', in Richard Braungart (ed.), Research in Political Sociology, Vol. 3 (Greenwich, Co.: JAI Press, 1985), p. 138.
128. Heath et al., The Rise of New Labour, pp. 78-81.
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130. Blair, speech, 'New Britain in the Modern World', 9 January 1998. Full text available via http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page838.asp.
131. Tony Wright, 'Bad Language', Guardian, 6 April 2001.
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137. Jack Straw, 'Asylum Abusers', Guardian, 13 May 1999.
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139. Yuichi Shionoya, Schumpeter and the Idea of Social Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 83.
140. Jon Elster, Explaining Technical Change: A Case Study in the Philosophy of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 112.
141. Anthony Downs, 'The Origins of an Economic Theory of Democracy' in Bernard Grofman (ed.), Information, Participation and Choice: An Economic Theory of Democracy in Perspective (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), p. 197.
142. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1942), p. 269.
143. David Held, Models of Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1996), pp. 91;
144. Richard Bellamy, The Transformation of Capitalism, Liberalism and Democracy, Government and Opposition, 26 (1991), 19;
145. Peter Bachrach, The Theory of Democratic Elitism: A Critique (London: University of London Press, 1969);
146. John Medearis, Ideology, Democracy and the Limits of Equilibrium: A Schumpeterian Critique, British Journal of Political Science, 31 (2001), 388.
147. Mogens Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes:Structure, Principles and Ideology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
148. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, p. 285.
149. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, p. 282.
150. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), p. 29.
151. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, p. 279.
152. David Miller The Competitive Model of Democracy, in Graeme Duncan (ed.), Democratic Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
153. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1934 [1911]);
154. Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939).
155. Allen Oakley, Schumpeter's Theory of Capitalist Motion: A Critical Exposition and Reassessment (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1990), p. 54.
156. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, p. 39.
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159. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1954), p. 242.
160. Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, pp. 50-5.
161. Medearis, 'Ideology, Democracy and the Limits of Equilibrium', p. 359.
162. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, p. 47.
163. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, p. 47.
164. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, p. 40.
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175. The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry Into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle, pp. 92-4.
176. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, p. 117.
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178. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, p. 75.
179. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, p. 133.
180. Bruno Ingaro and Giorgio Israel, The Invisible Hand: Economic Equilibrium in the History of Science (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990).
181. Fred Taylor, 'The Guidance of Production in a Socialist State' and Oskar Lange, 'On the Economic Theory of Socialism', in Benjamin Lippincott (ed.), On The Economic Theory of Socialism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1938).
182. Friedrich Hayek, 'The Use of Knowledge in Society' and 'The Meaning of Competition' in Individualism and Economic Order (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1945).
183. Don Lavoie, Rivalry and Central Planning: The Socialist Calculation Debate Reconsidered (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
184. John Hicks, Value and Capital: An Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939).
185. John Stigltiz, Whither Socialism? (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996), p. 5.
186. Ingaro and Israel, The Invisible Hand: Economic Equilibrium in the History of Science, p. 274.
187. Kenneth Arrow and Gerard Debreu, 'Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy', Econometrica, 22 (1954), 265-90.
188. Ingaro and Israel, The Invisible Hand: Economic Equilibrium in the History of Science, p. 298.
189. Shionoya, Schumpeter and the Idea of Science, p. 39.
190. Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter, 'Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Economic Capabilities', American Economic Review, 63 (1973), 440-9;
191. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change (Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press, 1982);
192. Esben Anderson, Evolutionary Economics:Post-Schumpeterian Contributions (London: Pinter, 1994).
193. Daniel Hausman, The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 54-6.
194. Lionel Robbins, Elster, Explaining Technical Change, p. 112.
195. Downs, 'The Origins of an Economic Theory of Democracy' in Bernard Grofman (ed.), Information, Participation and Choice: An Economic Theory of Democracy in Perspective, p. 198.
196. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 3.
197. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 195.
198. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 116.
199. Schumpeter, Theory of Economic Development, pp. 88-9.
200. Peter Sinclair and Nicholas Horsewood, Has the Phillips Curve Been Reborn? (Florence: European University Institute, 1997).
201. Nicholas Bannister, 'The Post Office: What's Up Pat?', Guardian, 1 September 1998.
202. Will Hutton, 'Sell-Off Will Bury the Underground', Guardian, 18 January 1998.
203. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, p. 86.
204. Hausman, The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics, pp. 52-6.
205. Margaret Scammell, 'Political Marketing: Lessons for Political Science', Political Studies, 47 (1999), 718-39.
206. Pippa Norris, 'New Labour and Public Opinion: The Third Way as Centrism?', in Stuart White (ed.), New Labour: The Progressive Future? (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
207. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 92.
208. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development, p. 85.
209. John Hooper and Michael White, 'Blair Wants On The Spot Fines for Louts', Guardian, 1 July 2000.
210. 'The Memo in Full', Guardian, 17 July 2000.
211. Linda Steele, 'Blair Unveils Young Offenders Scheme', Guardian, 24 April 2001.
212. Richard Ford, 'Police Chiefs Tell Blair that Spot Fines are Not a Goer', The Times, 4 July 2000.
213. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 47
214. Eduard Marz, Joseph Schumpeter: Scholar, Teacher and Politician (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), pp. 7-9;
215. Paul David, Technical Choice, Innovation and Economic Growth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975);
216. Nathan Rosenberg, Perspectives on Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 66-75;
217. Robert Rycroft and Dan Kosh, The Complexity Challenge: Technological Innovation in the 21 Century (London: Pinter, 1999), pp. 36-9.
218. Schumpeter, Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, p. 227.
219. Christopher Hill, British Economic and Social History, 1700-1982 (London: Edward Arnold, 1957), p. 75.
220. Peter Mathias, The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain, 1700-1914 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1969), pp. 253-6;
221. T.S. Ashton, The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1948), pp. 70-2;
222. Hill, British Economic and Social History, 1700-1982.
223. Stephen Merrett, State Housing in Britain (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 222-31;
224. Philip Booth and Tony Crook (eds.), Low Cost Home Ownership (Aldershot: Gower, 1986).
225. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, p. 132.
226. Richard Heffernan, New Labour and Thatcherism: Political Change in Britain (London: Palgrave, 2000);
227. Colin Hay, Labouring Under False Pretences: The Political Economy of New Labour (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999);
228. Colin Crouch, 'The Terms of the Neo-Liberal Consensus', Political Quarterly, 68 (1997), 352-60;
229. Colin Leys and Leo Panitich, The End of Parliamentary Socialism: From New Left to New Labour (London: Verso, 1997).
230. Stephen Bates, 'Benn Calls for Radical Shift by Labour', Guardian, 9 April 1994.
231. Patrick Wintour, 'Left Wing MEP Fires Broadside at Blair', Guardian, 14 January 1995.
232. Lawrence Donegon, 'Scargill Hopes for New Left Party by Next May Day', Guardian, 10 November 1995.
233. John Major, The Autobiography (London: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 734.
234. Peter Mandelson and Roger Liddle, The Blair Revolution: Can New Labour Deliver? (London: Faber & Faber, 1996), p. 3.
235. John Rentoul, Tony Blair: Prime Minister (London: Little, Brown & Company, 2001), pp. 277-8.
236. Tony Blair, 'True Story of the Wilderness Years', Guardian, 17 December 1995.
237. Blair, 'Centre Forward', The Times, 11 October 1998;
238. Gordon Brown, 'Why the Party Still Needs Its Soul', New Statesman, 28 February 2000, pp. 21-3.
239. Blair, The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century (London: Fabian Society, 1998), p. 1.
240. Blair, speech, 'The Government's Agenda for the Future', 8 February 2001. Full text available via www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page838.asp.
241. Blair, New Britain: My Vision of a Young Country (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), p. 207.
242. Rebecca Smithers, 'Blair Woos U.S. With Pledge of Change', Guardian, 12 April 1996, p. 11;
243. Mandelson and Liddle, The Blair Revolution: Can New Labour Deliver?, p. 4.
244. Peter Riddell and Philip Webster, 'Shaken and Contrite? Not a Bit of It', The Times, 8 May 2000.
245. Paul Routledge and Gordon Brown, The Biography (London: Simon & Schuster, 1998), p. 174.
246. www.newdeal.gov.uk for full details.
247. 'Big Firms Sign up to New Deal', 422/97, 9 December 1997. Full text available via www.newdeal.gov.uk/english/press/archive.asp.
248. Blair, speech, 'The New Deal: 250,000 Young People Off Welfare and Into Work', 30 November 2000. Full text available via www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page838.asp.
249. Brown, 'In the Real World', Guardian, 2 August 1996.
250. Erlend Clouston, 'Brown Defends Benefit Cut', Guardian 11 March 1996.
251. Seamus Milne and Michael White, 'Major Defends Workfare Plan', Guardian, 2 December 1995.
252. Blair, 'New Deal For Young People', speech, 7 August 1998. Full text available via www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page838.asp.
253. Blair, 'Launch of the New Deal Advertising Scheme', speech, 11 February 1998. Full text available via www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page838.asp.
254. Jill Sherman, 'Brown Unveils Plan for Young Jobless', The Times, 11 November 1995.
255. David Blunkett, Secretary of State for Education, 'Labour Strives for that Elusive Goal', Guardian, 8 July 1997.
256. Michael Barber, 'The Eye of the Storm', Guardian, 30 January 1996.
257. Estelle Morris, 'Morris Tells Heads that Education Action Zones are Part of Standards Agenda', Department for Education and Employment press release, 297/99, 29 June 1999. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
258. John Carvel, 'Schools to be Given Radical Overhaul', Guardian, 24 June 1998.
259. John Carvel, 'Schools to be Given Radical Overhaul'.
260. 'Invitation to Invent the Educational Future', Department for Education and Employment, press release, 003/ 98, 6 January 1998. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
261. John Patten, Secretary of State for Education, 'Parents Must Have Choice of School', speech, August 1994. Full text available via www.conway.org.uk/forward.
262. You Can Only be Sure with the Conservatives, 1997 Conservative Party Manifesto. The full text of the manifestos cited in this chapter are available via www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/man.htm.
263. Blair, 'Education Action Zones', speech, 15 January 1999. Full text available via www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page838.asp.
264. John Carvel, 'School Chief Urges Radical Shake-Up', Guardian, 3 March 1998.
265. Graham Lane, John Carvel, 'First Signposts to the Third Way', Guardian, 5 May 1998.
266. Will Woodward, 'School Action Zones to be Phased Out, Guardian, 15 November 2001.
267. Frank Field, 'the New Welfare State', Guardian, 7 November 1995.
268. Rentoul, Tony Blair: Prime Minister, pp. 377-8.
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273. Brown, 'Gordon Brown Launches a Better Deal for Working parents', Treasury press release, PN 140, 7 September 1999. Full text available via www.treasury.gov.uk.
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276. Michael Howard, Patrick Wintour, 'Clear Blue Water? Not Any More', Observer, 16 February 1997.
277. Rentoul, Tony Blair: Prime Minister, p. 200.
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279. Ewen Macaskill, 'Blair Opts for Zero Tolerance', Guardian, 7 January 1997.
280. Alan Travis, 'Tories Launch Plan to End Yob Culture', Guardian, 29 May 1997.
281. Travis, 'Doubts Over Labour Plan to Jail "Hell Families" ', Guardian, 20 June 1995.
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283. Jack Straw, Michael White, 'Straw Attacks Woolly Liberals', Guardian, 10 January 2000.
284. Straw, 'Home Secretary Publishes Guidance on how to Tackle Anti-Social Behaviour', Home Office press release, 089/99, 16 March 1999. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
285. Lord Irvine, 'Anti-Social Behaviour Orders, Importance of Magistrates Role', Home Office Press Release 75/99, 25 March 1999. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
286. 'New Bill to Stop Stalkers and Intimidatory Neighbours', Home Office Press Release 375/96, 5 December 1996. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
287. 'Revised Figures Show 184 More Anti-Social Behaviour Orders', Home Office press release, 291/01, 19 November 2001. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
288. William Hague, Andrew Sparrow, 'Hague Denounces Labour as Soft on Crime', Daily Telegraph, 27 February 2001.
289. John Denham, 'Extending the Use of Anti-Social Behaviour Orders', Home Office Press Release 241/2001, 9 October 2001. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
290. Michael White, 'Fair and Effective Straw Lays Down the Law', Guardian, 10 January 2000.
291. Peter Hetherington and Michael White, 'Bold City Agenda Not Costed Admits Hague', Guardian, 3 October 2000.
292. Delivering the NHS plan, July 2003. Available via www.doh.gov.uk/deliveringtheplan/index.htm.
293. George Jones, 'Blair Settles Deal for Elite Hospitals', Daily Telegraph, 10 October 2002.
294. Alan Milburn, Secretary of State for Health, speech, Social Market Foundation, 30 June 2003. Full text available via www.doh.gov.uk/speeches.
295. Blair, 'Postwar Blair Pledges Radical Reform', Guardian, 28 April 2003.
296. Milburn, 'Power and Resources Shift to NHS Frontline', Department of Health Press Release, 2002/0520, 11 November 2002. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
297. Simon Parker, 'Milburn Outlines Plans for Quasi-Independent Hospitals', Guardian 22 May 2002.
298. Michael White, 'Milburn steps up fight for "third way" hospitals', Guardian, 7 August 2002.
299. Frank Dobson, 'Foundation Hospitals will Spell Political Disaster for Labour', Guardian, 8 July 2003.
300. Dobson, House of Commons, 8 January 2003, Hansard, Col. 216.
301. David Hinchcliffe, House of Commons, 8 January 2003, Hansard, Col. 218.
302. 'Unions Vote Against Foundation Hospitals', Guardian, 10 September 2003.
303. George Jones, 'Rejection of foundation hospitals would be huge blunder, says Blair', Daily Telegraph, 7 May 2003.
304. Liam Fox, House of Commons, 8 January 2003, Hansard, Col. 209.
305. Dorrell, House of Commons, 8 January 2003, Hansard, Col. 209.
306. John Reid, House of Commons, 8 July 2003, Hansard, Col. 286.
307. Iain Duncan-Smith, George Jones, 'Rejection of Foundation Hospitals would be a Huge Blunder, Says Blair', Daily Telegraph, 7 May 2003.
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309. Samuel Finer (ed.), Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform (London: Anthony Wigram, 1975).
310. Milburn, 'New Standards Watchdog for the NHS', Department of Health press release, 1999/0636, 28 October 1999. Full text available via www.nds.coi.gov.uk.
311. Malcom Bean, 'Attempting the Impossible', Guardian, 30 January 2002.
312. Tony Blair, 'Accepting the Challenge', 21 July 1994.
313. Blair, New Britain: My Vision of a Young Country (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), p. 31.
314. Blair, speech, 'Security in a World of Change', 17 July 1995. Reproduced in Blair, New Britain, p. 207.
315. Peter Riddell, 'Labour is the Voice of Middle Britain', The Times, 12 April 1996.
316. Michael Prescott, 'End Game', Sunday Times, 14 April 1996.
317. Peter Riddell and Philip Webster, 'Shaken and Contrite? Not a Bit of It', The Times, 8 May 2000.
318. Blair, 'The Government's Agenda for the Future', 8 February 2001. Full text available via www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page1579.asp.
319. Jonathan Freedland, 'Labour is Fighting the Wrong Election: The Last One', Guardian, 14 May 2001.
320. Blair, Labour Party Conference, 30 September 2003. Full text available via www.labour.org.uk/tbbouremouth.
321. Matthew Parris, 'What are the Tories For?', The Times, 20 June 1997.
322. Andrew Rawnsley, 'The Loathed Versus the Unloved', Observer, 31 December 2000.
323. Jonathan Freedland, 'Neither Left Nor Right', Guardian, 14 June 2000.
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325. Donald Macintyre, 'An Early Call to Make but the Indications are Pointing Right', Independent, 14 September 2001.
326. Andrew Grice, 'The Opposition: Right-Wing Team Aims for the Centre', Independent, 28 December 2001.
327. Anthony Bevins, 'Blair Offers Tories a Haven', Observer, 5 May 1996.
328. Peter Mandelson, 'We Will Emulate Clinton', The Times, 7 November 1996.
329. Philip Gould, The Unfinished Revolution: How the Modernisers Saved the Labour Party (London: Little, Brown & Company, 1998), p. 4.
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331. John Major, Michael Jones, 'His Last Stand for the Tories', The Times, 3 October 1999.
332. Michael Heseltine, Rachel Sylvester, 'Can Anyone Lead the Party Now asks Heseltine', Daily Telegraph, 9 June 2001.
333. John Maples, Conservative Party Deputy Chairman, 'What Went Wrong with the Tory Campaign?', Daily Telegraph, 14 June 2001.
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341. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957).
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348. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 91-126;
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350. Earl MacCormac, A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1985).
351. Bernard Hibitts, 'The Nature and Significance of Metaphors', Cardozo Law Review, 16 (1994), 26-35.
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353. Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar, Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986);
354. Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, Frames of Meaning: The Social Construction of Extraordinary Science (London:Routledge, 1993).
355. John Searle, The Social Construction of Reality (New York: Free Press, 1995).
356. Nancy Spivey, The Constructivist Metaphor (London: Academic Press, 1997).
357. George Orwell, 'Politics and the English Language', in Collected Essays (London:Mercury, 1961), p. 123.
358. Thomas Nelson and Zoe Oxley, 'Issue Framing Effects on Belief Importance and Opinion', Journal of Politics, 61 (1999), 1040-67.
359. Gould, The Unfinished Revolution: How the modernisers saved the Labour Party, p. 294.
360. John Rentoul, Tony Blair: Prime Minister (London: Little Brown & Company, 2001), pp. 299-300.
361. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 132.
362. Polly Newton, 'Field Attacks Spin Doctors as Cancer at Heart of Government', The Times, 4 July 1998
363. James Lansdale and Andrew Pierce, 'Labour MPs Back Follett Attack on Spin Culture', The Times, 4 July 2000;
364. David Hencke, 'Short Flays Blair's Dark Men', Guardian, 8 August 1996;
365. Kamal Ahmed, 'Mowlam: My Vicious, Horrible Colleagues', Observer, 14 April 2002.
366. Blair, speech, 'The New Clause IV', 29 April 1995. Reproduced in Blair, New Britain, p. 54.
367. Keith Alderman and Neil Carter, 'The Labour Party Leadership and Deputy Leadership Elections of 1994', Parliamentary Affairs, 43 (1995), 438-53.
368. Donald Macintyre, Peter Mandelson and the Making of New Labour (London:HarperCollins, 2000), p. 294.
369. John Rentoul, Tony Blair: Prime Minister (London: Little, Brown & Company 2001), p. 230.
370. John Sopel, Tony Blair:The Moderniser (London: Bantam Books, 195), pp. 185-92.
371. Ivor Crewe and Anthony King, 'Did Major Win? Did Kinnock Lose?' in Anthony Heath et al. (eds.), Labour's Last Chance? (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1994), p. 126.
372. Jean Blondel, Political Leadership: Towards a General Analysis (London: Sage, 1987), pp. 8-15.
373. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), p. 25.
374. John Aldrich, 'A Downsian Spatial Model with Party Activism', American Political Science Review, 77 (1983), 974-90.
375. James Enelow and Melvin Hinich, 'Nonspatial Candidate Characteristics and Electoral Competition', Journal of Politics, 44 (1982), 115-30.
376. Melvin Hinich and Michael Munger, Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), pp. 67-72.
377. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 28.
378. John Pratt and Richard Zeckhauser, 'Principals and Agents: An Overview', in Pratt and Zeckhauser (eds.), Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business (Boston, Mass:Harvard University Press, 1984).
379. Joseph Stiglitz, 'Incentives, Risk and Information: Notes Toward a Theory of Hierarchy', Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 6 (1975), 522-57.
380. Michael Jensen and Kevin Murphy, 'Performance Pay and Top Management Incentives', Journal of Political Economy, 98 (1990), 225-64.
381. John Garen, 'Executive Compensation and Principal-Agent Theory', Journal of Political Economy, 102 (1994), 1175-99.
382. Martin Hollis, Trust Within Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 3.
383. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 36.
384. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, pp. 104-5.
385. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 108.
386. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 108.
387. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 105.
388. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 107.
389. David Miller, 'The Competitive Model of Democracy', in Graeme Duncan (ed.), Democratic Theory and Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
390. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 107.
391. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 108.
392. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 109.
393. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 109.
394. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 92.
395. Geoffrey Brennan, 'Selection and the Currency of Reward', in Robert Goodin (ed.), The Theory of Institutional Design (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
396. Edward Lazear, 'Why is There Mandatory Retirement?', Journal of Political Economy, 87 (1979), 1261-84
397. Paul Milgrom and John Roberts, Economics, Organisation and Management (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1992), p. 189.
398. Joanne Salop and Stephen Salop, 'Self-Selection and Turnover in the Labour Market', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90 (1976), 619-28.
399. Wolfgang Muller and Kaare Strom (eds.), Policy, Office or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Choices (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1999);
400. Michael Laver and Ben Hunt, Policy and Party Competition (London: Routledge, 1992).
401. Geoffrey Brennan and Alan Hamlin, Democratic Devices, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (2000) p. 207.
402. Brennan and Hamlin, Democratic Devices, p. 208.
403. Brennan and Hamlin, Democratic Devices, p. 207.
404. Robert Michels, Political Parties (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1915).
405. Daniel Hausman, The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 133-42;
406. George Ray and Paul Piertroski, 'When Other Things Aren't Equal: Saving Ceteris Paribus Laws from Vacuity', British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 46 (1995), 81-110.
407. Murray Horn, The Political Economy of Public Administration (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1995).
408. Roy Radner, 'Monitoring Co-operative Agreements in a Repeated Principal-Agent Relationship', Econometrica, 49 (1981), 1127-48.
409. James Buchanan, Robert Tollison, and Gordon Tullock (eds.), Toward a Theory of the Rent king Society (College Station: Texas A & M Press, 1980);
410. Gordon Tullock, The Economics of Special Privilege and Rent king (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1989).
411. Max Weber, Economy and Society (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 244.
412. Thomas Carlyle, On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History (London: Routledge, 1897).
413. Blondel, Political Leadership, pp. 19-24.
414. Nick Jones, Sultans of Spin (London: Victor Gollancz, 1999), p. 63.
415. Brian Vickers, In Defence of Rhetoric (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), p. 1.
416. Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1926)
417. George Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963)
418. Joseph Wenzel, Three Perspectives on Argument, in Robert Trapp and Janice Schuetz (eds.) Perspectives on Argumentation (Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, 1990), p. 13
419. James Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric (Scottsdale: Scarisbrick, 1997), pp. 8-11.
420. William Riker, The Art of Political Manipulation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986);
421. 'The Heresthetics of Constitution-Making: The Presidency in 1787', American Political Science Review, 78 (1984), 96-111;
422. The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996).
423. Jack Nagel, 'Social Choice in a Pluralitarian Democracy: The Politics of Market Liberalisation in New Zealand', British Journal of Political Science, 28 (1998), 223-67;
424. Iain Mclean, Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
425. Tony Blair, 'We Can be a Beacon to the World', Guardian, 30 December 1999.
426. Edward Corbett, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 22-8.
427. Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric, 1356a.
428. Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation (Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969), p. 188.
429. Douglass North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 93-8
430. George Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece, pp. 100-2.
431. James Herrick, The History and Theory of Rhetoric;
432. Corbett, Classical Rhetoric, pp. 539-78;
433. Otto Bird, 'The Tradition of Logical Topics: Aristotle to Ockham', Journal of the History of Ideas, 23 (1962), 307-23;
434. Kennedy, Art of Persuasion in Greece, pp. 100-4.
435. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 195-205.
436. Patrick Wintour, 'Hattersley Loses Fight over Grant Schools', Guardian, 5 October 1995.
437. John Major, House of Commons, 23 January 1996, Hansard, Col. 144.
438. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 205-10.
439. Bishop Richard Whateley, Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon Bunoparte (London:Hatchard & Son, 1819).
440. Michael Billig, Arguing and Thinking: A Rhetorical Approach to Social Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 121-2.
441. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 210-14.
442. Donald Macintyre, Peter Mandelson and the Making of New Labour (London:Harper-Collins, 2000), pp. 250-2.
443. Frank Dobson, 'Health is Now Blair's Second Front', Guardian, 14 March 2003;
444. Allyson Pollock, 'Foundation Hospitals will Kill the NHS', Guardian, 7 May 2003.
445. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 231-41.
446. Blair, Labour Party Speech, 28 September 1999. Full text available via www.guardian.co.uk/lab.99.
447. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 242-7.
448. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 248-55.
449. John Major, House of Commons, 13 December 2000, Hansard, Col. 688.
450. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 263-73.
451. David Sanders, 'Why the Conservatives Won - Again', in Anthony King et al. (eds.), Britain at the Polls 1992 (New Jersey: Chatham House, 1992), p. 200.
452. John Rentoul, Tony Blair: Prime Minister, pp. 251-2.
453. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 305-10.
454. Blair, Interview, On the Record, 16 November 1997. Full transcript available via www.bbc.uk/otr.
455. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, pp. 350-62.
456. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 55.
457. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 115.
458. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 55.
459. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 87.
460. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 28.
461. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 84.
462. Patrick Dunleavy, Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991).
463. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 88.
464. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 116.
465. Billig, Arguing and Thinking: A Rhetorical Approach to Social Psychology, pp. 81-111.
466. Joseph Klapper and Leo Lowenthal, 'The Contributions of Opinion Research to the Evaluation of Psychological Warfare', Public Opinion Quarterly, 15 (1951), 651-62.
467. Martin Fishbein and Icek Ajzen, 'Acceptance, Yielding and Impact: Cognitive Processes in Persuasion', in Richard Petty et al. (eds.), Cognitive Responses in Persuasion (Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1981), p. 340.
468. Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor, Social Cognition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991), pp. 462-509.
469. Billig, Arguing and Thinking: A Rhetorical Approach to Social Psychology, p. 101.
470. Michael Scriven, 'Complexity and Social Scientific Laws' reproduced in Michael Martin and Lee McIntyre, Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1996).
471. Colin Hay, 'Theory, Stylized Heuristic, or Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: The Status of Rational Choice in Public Administration', Public Administration, 82 (2004), pp. 39-62.
472. Jacqueline De Romilly, The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 75-6.
473. Cited, De Romilly, The Great Sophists in Periclean Athens, p. 33.
474. Herrick, History and Theory of Rhetoric, p. 18.
475. Plato, Gorgias (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1960), p. 452.
476. George Jones, 'Polls Shows Most Britons Still Against', Daily Telegraph, 13 February, 2003;
477. Alan Travis, 'Support for Attack Jumps but Opposition Still in Majority', Guardian, 18 March 2003.
478. Herrick, History and Theory of Rhetoric, pp. 10-12.
479. Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric, 1354a.
480. Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric, 1356b.
481. Edward Madden, 'Aristotle's Treatment of Probability and Signs', Philosophy of Science, 24 (1957), 167-72;
482. Mary Nichols, 'Aristotle's Defence of Politics', Journal of Politics, 19 (1987), 657-77;
483. Barbara Warrick, 'Judgement, Probability and Aristotle's Rhetoric', Quarterly Journal of Speech, 89 (1989), 299-311.
484. Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece, p. 97.
485. Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric, 1357a.
486. Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece, p. 97.
487. Lloyd Bitzer, 'Aristotle's Enthymeme Revisited', Quarterly Journal of Speech, 45 (1959), 399-408.
488. Roland Barthes, The Old Rhetoric: An Aide-Memoire (New York: Hill, 1988), p. 125.
489. Thomas Farrell, 'Aristotle's Enthymeme as Tacit Reference', in Alan Gross and Arthur Walzer (eds.), Rereading Aristotle's Rhetoric (Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), p. 99.
490. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, p. 208.
491. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, p. 66.
492. Perelman, The New Rhetoric, p. 66.
493. Cited, Billig, Arguing and Thinking: A Rhetorical Approach to Social Psychology, p. 225.
494. Quentin Skinner, 'Language and Social Change' in James Tully (ed.), Meaning and Context: Quentin Skinner and his Critics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
495. Michael White, 'Blair and Schröder Share a Vision', Guardian, 9 June 1999.
496. Vickers, In Defence of Rhetoric, p. 86.
497. Plato, Gorgias, p. 481.
498. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 132.
499. Neil Kinnock, Making Our Way (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), p. 42.
500. The full text of the manifestos cited in this chapter are available via www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area.uk/man.htm.
501. Roland Watson, 'Lilley Stakes Claim to the Centre Ground', The Times, 10 October 1998.
502. David Sanders, 'Why the Conservatives Won-Again', in Anthony King et al., (eds.), Britain at the Polls 1992 (New Jersey: Chatham House, 1992), pp. 206-7.
503. John Major, The Autobiography (London: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 303.
504. John Rentoul, Tony Blair: Prime Minister, (London: Little, Brown & Company, 2001), p. 287.
505. Joanne Robertson, 'Labour's Tartan Retreat', Sunday Times, 30 June 1996.
506. Patrick Wintour, 'One Eye on Middle England', Observer, 30 June 1996.
507. Jon Hibbs and Robert Shrimsley, 'Devolution Backlash Hits Blair', Daily Telegraph, 28 June 1996.
508. Tony Blair, 'Tomorrow's Socialism', Guardian, 19 September 1996.
509. Tony Blair, New Britain: My Vision of a Young Country (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), p. 270.
510. George Jones, John Hibbs, and Rachel Sylvester, 'Blair in Tartan Tax Storm', Daily Telegraph, 5 April 1997.
511. Blair, 'Devolution', p. 274.
512. Blair, speech, 'The New Nation-State', 30 November 1995, reproduced in Blair, New Britain, p. 261.
513. Ron Davies, Secretary of State for Wales, interview, On the Record, 29 June 1997. Full transcript available via www.bbc.uk/otr.
514. Blair, 'Devolution', New Britain, p. 272.
515. Blair, 'Political Sense', Guardian, 9 September 1996.
516. Robin Cook, Shadow Foreign Secretary, interview, On the Record, 9 March 1997.
517. Edward Clouston, 'Blair Accused of Devolution Fix', Guardian, 21 September 1996.
518. Davies, interview, On the Record, 29 January 1997.
519. Patrick Wintour, 'Labour Leaders Aim to Dodge Wage Issue', Guardian, 29 September 1994.
520. Michael White and Patrick Wintour, 'Blair Pledged to Minimum Wage', Guardian, 9 May 1995.
521. Ewan Macaskill and Seamus Milne, '£3.60 Minimum Wage Row Looms', Guardian, 28 May 1998.
522. Stephen Byers, Shadow Spokesman for Training and Employment, 'The Minimum is Victory', Guardian, 13 September 1996.
523. Seamus Milne, 'Packing of Low Pay Body', Guardian, 26 July 1997.
524. Richard Thomas, 'Minimum Pay Push by Labour', Guardian, 24 June 1996.
525. Byers, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, interview, On the Record, 28 March 1999.
526. Ian McCartney, House of Commons, 22 March 1995, Col. 413.
527. Major, House of Commons, 16 July 1996, Hansard, Col. 939.
528. New Labour Because Britain Deserves Better, 1997 Labour Party manifesto.
529. Keith Harper, 'Blair Backs Sensible Minimum Wage as Battle Rages over Level', Guardian, 4 October 1994.
530. Patrick Wintour and Andy McSmith, 'The Battle for Recognition: United we Stand', Observer, 24 May 1998.
531. Beckett, speech, CBI Annual Conference, 11 November 1997. Full text available via www.dti.gov.uk/ministers/archived.
532. Philip Basset, 'CBI in Talks with TUC Over Union Recognition', The Times, 5 August 1997.
533. Ian McCartney, Minister of State, Department of Trade and Industry, House of Commons, 6 April 1998, Hansard, Col. 36.
534. Tom Baldwin and James Hardy, 'Labour MPs Mutiny on Union Rights', Daily Telegraph, 8 February 1998.
535. Seumas Milne, 'Trade Union Recognition: Will Tony Blair Pay His Dues?', Guardian, 17 March 1998.
536. George Jones and Joy Copley, 'Cabinet Extends Rights of Unions', Daily Telegraph, 15 May 1998.
537. John Hibbs, 'Mandelson Lets CBI Pressure Tell on Rights at Work', Daily Telegraph, 18 December 1998.
538. Chris Ball, 'Partnership Principle is New Labour's Big Idea to Sweeten Relations at Work', Guardian, 8 August 1998.
539. Alan Johnson, 'Trade Union Recognition Procedure Begins', Department of Trade and Industry press release, P/2000/365, 5 June 2000.
540. Margaret Beckett, interview, On the Record, 24 May 1998.
541. Beckett, House of Commons, 21 May 1998, Hansard, Col. 1105.
542. Robert Shrimsley, 'Business Leaders Knock Labour's Union Payback', Daily Telegraph, 25 March 1997.
543. John Redwood, House of Commons, 9 February 1999, Hansard, Col. 154.
544. Blair, 'Foreword', Fairness at Work. Full text available via www.dti.gov.uk/er/fairness/fore.htm.
545. Ian McCartney, House of Commons, 6 April 1998, Hansard, Col. 33.
546. Jeremy Laurence, 'Thousands More Doctors and Nurses to be Recruited', Independent, 19 April 2002, p. 3.
547. Larry Elliot, 'NHS Prescription Amounts to Kill or Cure', Guardian, 18 April 2002.
548. Iain Duncan-Smith, House of Commons, 17 April 2002, Hansard, Col. 598.
549. Andrew Sparrow, 'Blair Refuses to Rule Out Further Tax Rises', Daily Telegraph, 22 April 2002.
550. Andrew Sparrow, 'Blair Refuses to Rule Out Further Tax Rises'.
551. Andrew Grice and Jeremy Laurence, 'Blair Warns Unions: Don't Undermine my NHS Reforms', Independent, 22 April 2002, p. 4.
552. David Smith, 'Health Tax May Boost NHS Funds', The Times, 21 October 2001.
553. Gordon Brown, House of Commons, 17 April 2002, Hansard, Col. 589.
554. Blair, 'Labour's Agenda for Social and Economic Advancement', Guardian, 23 November 1996.
555. Alan Milburn, Secretary of State for Health, interview, On The Record, 21 April 2002.
556. Kamal Ahmed and Gaby Hinsliff, 'Turning Point for Labour as Brown Reinvents the NHS', Guardian, 21 April 2002.
557. 'Lobby Briefing', 10 Downing Street Press Secretary, 18 April 2002. Full transcript available via www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page793.asp.
558. Jeremy Laurence, 'New Labour Reinvents the Tories' Internal Market', Independent, 19 April 2002, p. 7.
559. Blair, 'Reform of the Public Services', 16 July 2001, full text available www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page1579.asp.
560. Blair, 'A Battle Half Won', Guardian, 14 April 2002.
561. Celia Hall, 'Wanless Calls for Doubling of Spending on Health Service', Daily Telegraph, 18 April 2002.
562. On the Record, 21 April 2002;
563. Peter Mandelson, 'If Middle England Wants Better Services, Middle England Has to Pay', Guardian, 18 April 2002.
564. Andrew Smith, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, House of Commons, 1 May 2002, Hansard, Col. 956.
565. Darling, House of Commons, 18 April 2002, Hansard, Col. 752.
566. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), p. 116.
567. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 115.
568. Paul Sniderman, 'Taking Sides: A Fixed Choice Theory of Political Reasoning' in Arthur Lupia, Matthew McCubbins, and Samuel Popkin (eds.), Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
569. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 132.
570. Melvin Hinich and Michael Munger, Analytical Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 33.
571. Michael Laver, Private Desires, Political Action: An Invitation to the Politics of Rational Choice (London: Sage, 1997), p. 111.
572. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 27.
573. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 28.
574. Pippa Norris, 'New Politicians? Changes in Party Competition at Westminster', in Geoffrey Evans and Pippa Norris (eds.), Critical Elections: British Parties and Voters in Long-Term Perspective (London: Sage, 1999), p. 23.
575. Colin Hay, Labouring Under False Pretences: The Political Economy of New Labour (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), p. 76.
576. Hay, Labouring Under False Pretences: The Political Economy of New Labour, p. 76;
577. Mark Blyth, 'Moving the Political Middle: Redefining the Boundaries of State Action', Political Quarterly, 68 (1997), 231-40;
578. Neil Gavin and David Sanders, 'The Economy and Voting' in Pippa Norris and Neil Gavin (eds.), Britain Votes 1997 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997);
579. Anthony Heath and Roger Jowell, 'Labour's Policy Review' in Anthony Heath, Roger Jowell, and John Curtice (eds.), Labour's Last Chance? The 1992 Election and Beyond (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1994);
580. Anthony Heath and Bruno Paulson, 'Issues and the Economy', Political Quarterly, 63 (1992), 431-47;
581. Michael Kenny and Martin Smith, '(Mis)Understanding Blair', Political Quarterly, 68 (1997), 220-30;
582. David Sanders, 'The New Electoral Battlefield' in Anthony King et al.(eds.), New Labour Triumphs: Britain at the Polls 1997 (New Jersey: Chatham House, 1998);
583. Eric Shaw, The Labour Party Since 1979: Crisis and Transformation (London: Routledge, 1994).
584. Richard Heffernan, New Labour and Thatcherism: Political Change in Britain (London: Palgrave, 2000)
585. Pippa Norris, 'New Labour and Public Opinion: The Third Way as Centrism', in Stuart White (ed.), New Labour: The Progressive Future? (London:Palgrave, 2001)
586. Charles Pattie, 'New Labour and the Electorate', in Steve Ludlam and Martin Smith (eds.), New Labour in Government (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2001).
587. Shaw, The Labour Party Since 1979: Crisis and Transformation, p. 60.
588. Hay, Labouring Under False Pretences: The Political Economy of New Labour, p. 94.
589. Peter Mandelson and Roger Liddle, The Blair Revolution: Can New Labour Deliver? (London: Faber & Faber, 1996), p. 32.
590. Michael Jones, 'Clinton's Gunslingers Show Labour how to Shoot a Line', Sunday Times, 27 April 1997.
591. John Rentoul, Tony Blair: Prime Minister (London: Little, Brown & Company, 2001), p. 197.
592. Dick Morris, Behind the Oval Office: Getting Re-elected Against All Odds (Washington: Renaissance Books, 1996).
593. Andy McSmith, 'Miliband: Ministerial Material After a Year', Daily Telegraph, 30 May 2002.
594. Peter Mandelson, speech, Swedish Social Democratic Party, 14 May 2003. Full text available via www.petermandelson.com/ssap.shtml.
595. John Major, House of Commons, 24 January 1995, Hansard, Col. 136.
596. Anthony Heath, Roger Jowell, and John Curtice (eds.), The Rise of New Labour:Party Policies and Voter Choices (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 121.
597. Hay, Labouring Under False Pretences:The Political Economy of New Labour, p. 76.
598. Richard McKelvey, 'Intransitivities in Multidimensional Voting Models and Some Implications for Agenda Control', Journal of Economic Theory, 12 (1976), 472-82.
599. Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values (New York: John Wiley, 1951);
600. Charles Plott, 'A Notion of Equilibrium and its Possibility Under Majority Rule', American Economic Review, 57 (1967), 787-806.
601. Gary Cox, 'The uncovered Set and the Core', American Journal of Political Science, 31 (1987), 408-2;
602. Nicholas Miller, Bernard Grofman, and Scott Feld, 'The Geometry of Majority Rule', Journal of Theoretical Politics, 4 (1989), 379-406.
603. 'The General Irrelevance of the General Impossibility Theorem', Quarterly Journal of Economics', 81 (1967), 256-70.
604. Cox, 'Multicandidate Spatial Competition', in James Enelow and Melvin Hinich (eds.), Advances in the Spatial Theory of Voting (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 182.
605. Cox, 'Electoral Equilibrium Under Alternative Voting Institutions', American Journal of Political Science, 31 (1987), 82-108;
606. 'Centripetal and Centrifugal Incentives in Electoral Systems', American Journal of Political Science, 34 (1990), 903-35.
607. James Enelow and Melvin Hinich, 'A General Probabilistic Spatial Theory of Elections', Public Choice, 61 (1989), 101-13;
608. 'Nonspatial Candidate Characteristics and Electoral Competition, Journal of Politics, 44 (1982), 115-30;
609. James Adams, 'A Theory of Spatial Competition with Biased Voters: Party Policies Viewed Temporally and Comparatively', British Journal of Political Science, 31 (2001), 121-58.
610. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, pp. 26-7.
611. John Aldrich, 'A Downsian Spatial Model with Party Activism', American Political Science Review, 77 (1983), 974-90.
612. George Rabinowitz and Stuart McDonald, 'A Directional Theory of Issue Voting', American Political Science Review, 83 (1989), 93-121.
613. David Robertson and Steven Matthews, 'A Simple Directional Model of Electoral Competition', Public Choice, 34 (1979), 141-57;
614. Robertson, A Theory of Party Competition (London:John Wiley, 1976), pp. 58-60.
615. Samuel Merrill and Bernard Grofman, A Unified Theory of Voting:Directional and Proximity Spatial Models (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
616. Melvin Hinich and Michael Munger, Analytical Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997);
617. Peter Ordeshook, 'The Spatial Analysis of Elections and Committees: Four Decades of Research', in Dennis Mueller (ed.), Perspectives on Public Choice (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1997)
618. 'Spatial Theories of Electoral Competition' in Donald Green and Ian Shapiro (eds.), Pathologies of Rational Choice: A Critique of Applications in Political Science (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
619. Shapiro, Pathologies of Rational Choice: A critique of applications in political science, pp. 147-78
620. Ordeshook, 'The Spatial Analysis of Elections and Committees: Four Decades of Research'.
621. Harold Hotelling, 'Stability in Competition', Economic Journal, 39 (1929), 41-57.
622. Hotelling, 'Stability in Competition', p. 46.
623. Claude Ponsard, History of Spatial Economic Theory (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983);
624. Stephen Brown, 'Retail Location Theory: the Legacy of Harold Hotelling', Journal of Retailing, 65 (1989), 450-70;
625. B. Curtis Eaton and Richard Lipsey, 'The Principle of Minimum Differentiation Revisited:New Developments in the Spatial Theory of Competition', Review of Economic Studies, 42 (1975), 27-49.
626. Hotelling, 'Stability in Competition', p. 54.
627. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 115.
628. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 115.
629. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 116.
630. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 116.
631. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 132.
632. Joe B. Stevens, The Economics of Collective Choice (Boulder, Col.:Westview Press, 1993), p. 177;
633. Dennis Mueller, Public Choice II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 119;
634. Patrick Dunleavy, Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), p. 119.
635. Social Choice and Individual Values (New York: Wiley 1951)
636. The Theory of Committees and Elections (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958)
637. James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock The Calculus of Consent (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962)
638. The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge; Mass: Harvard University Press, 1965)
639. The Theory of Political Coalitions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962).
640. Bernard Grofman, 'Introduction', in Bernard Grofman (ed.), Information, Participation and Choice: An Economic Theory of Democracy in Perspective (Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1995), p. 1.
641. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 5.
642. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 47.
643. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 27.
644. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 4.
645. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, pp. 295-300.
646. Green and Shapiro, Pathologies of Rational Choice: A Critique of Application in Political Science;
647. Morris Fiorina, 'Rational Choice, Empirical Contributions, And the Scientific Enterprise', Critical Review, 9 (1995), 85-94;
648. Cox, 'The Empirical Content of Rational Choice Theory: A Reply to Green and Shapiro', Journal of Theoretical Politics, 11 (1999), 147-70;
649. William Riker, 'The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay in the History of Political Science', American Political Science Review, 76 (1982), 753-66.
650. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 14.
651. 'Choices, Values, and Frames', American Psychologist, 39 (1984), 341-50;
652. Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982);
653. 'On the Psychology of Prediction', Psychological Review, 80 (1973), 237-51;
654. 'The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice', Science, 211 (1981) 453-8.
655. Robyn Dawes, David Faust, and Paul Meehl, 'Clinical Versus Actuarial Judgement', Science, 243 (1989), 1668-74.
656. Israel Kirzner, Discovery and the Capitalist Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985);
657. How Markets Work:Disequilibrium, Entrepreneurship and Discovery (London: IEA, 1997);
658. Discovery, Capitalism and Distributive Justice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989).
659. Jon Elster, Explaining Technical Change: A Case Study in the Philosophy of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 9.
660. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 13.
661. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 77.
662. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, pp. 100-1.
663. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 109.
664. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 135.
665. Kenneth Shepsle, 'The Strategy of Ambiguity, Uncertainty, and Competition', American Political Science Review, 66 (1972), 551-68.
666. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 93.
667. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 98.
668. Samuel Popkin, 'Information Shortcuts and the Reasoning Voter', in Grofman (ed.), Information, Participation and Choice: An Economic Theory of Democracy in Perspective, p. 17.
669. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 96.
670. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy, p. 98
671. Melvin Hinich and Michael Munger, Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), p. 105.
672. Norberto Bobbio, Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction (Cambridge: Polity, 1996)
673. Samuel Brittan, Left or Right: The Bogus Dilemma (London: Secker and Warburg, 1968)
674. Jean Laponce, Left and Right: The Topography of Political Perceptions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981).
675. Charles Beitz, Political Equality: An Essay in Democratic Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989);
676. Ronald Dworkin, 'What is Equality: Part One, Equality of Welfare', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 10 (1981), 185-246.
677. Anthony Bevins, 'Blair Offers Tories a Haven', Observer, 5 May 1996;
678. Michael White, 'Join Us, Blair Tells Tories', Guardian, 30 September 1999;
679. Jonathan Freedland, 'In Search of Middle England', Guardian, 18 June 1998.
680. Walter Bagehot, 'Not a Middle Party but a Middle Government' in Norman St John-Stevas (ed.), Collected Works of Walter Bagehot (London: The Economist, 1974), p. 199.
681. Thomas Macaulay, A History of England (London:Longman, Brown & Green, 1849).
682. Vincent Starzinger, Middlingness: Juste Milieu Political Theory in France and England, 1815-48 (Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1965).
683. The material cited here is taken from the on-line British Election Survey archives available at http://nesstar.data-archive.ac.uk.
684. Philip Webster, 'There's no Going Back for Party, Blair Tells Voters', The Times, 11 March 1997.
685. Roland Watson, 'Portillo Targets Centre Ground as Vital to Win' The Times, 28 November 2000.
686. Blair, 'Centre Forward', The Times, 11 October 1999.
687. Andrew Rawnsley, 'The Loathed Versus the Unloved', Observer, 31 December 2000.
688. Peter Riddell, 'Labour is the Voice of Middle Britain', The Times, 12 April 1996.
689. Eric Shaw, The Labour Party Since 1979: Crisis and Transformation, p. 60.