Sex steroids as pheromones in mammals: The exceptional role of estradiol

Hormones and Behavior

Volumn 68, Issue , 2015, Pages 103-116

  deCatanzaro, Denys ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bruce effect; Estradiol; Estrogens; Induced ovulation; Pheromones; Vandenbergh effect; Whitten effect

Indexed keywords

ESTRADIOL; ESTRADIOL ANTIBODY; ESTROGEN; PHEROMONE; PROGESTERONE; STEROID;

ANTIBODY DETECTION; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND FUNCTIONS CONCERNING ORGAN SYSTEMS; BRUCE EFFECT; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; LEE BOOT EFFECT; MAMMAL; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NONHUMAN; OLFACTORY MEMORY; PREGNANCY DISORDER; REVIEW; TESTIS; TESTIS FUNCTION; URINALYSIS; VANDENBERGH EFFECT; WHITTEN EFFECT; ANIMAL; FEMALE; MALE; MOUSE; PHYSIOLOGY; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

ANIMALS; ESTRADIOL; FEMALE; MALE; MICE; PHEROMONES; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL;

EID: 84922559314     PISSN: 0018506X     EISSN: 10956867     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.08.003     Document Type: Review

References (260)

1. Agoramoorthy G., Mohnot S.M., Sommer V., Srivastava A. Abortions in free ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) - a male induced strategy?. Hum. Evol. 1988, 3:297-308.
2. Al-Gubory K.H. Effects of the presence of rams during pregnancy on lambing performance in ewes. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 1998, 52:205-211.
3. Alliston C.W., Ullberg L.C. Early pregnancy loss in sheep at ambient temperatures of 70° and 90°F as determined by embryo transfer. J. Anim. Sci. 1961, 20:608-613.
4. Alonso L.C., Rosenfield R.L. Oestrogens and puberty. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 16:13-30.
5. Anand Kumar T.C., David G.F.X., Umberkomen B., Saini K.B. Uptake of radioactivity by body tissues and fluids in rhesus monkeys after intravenous injection or intranasal spray of tritium-labelled oestradiol and progesterone. Curr. Sci. 1974, 43:435-439.
6. Anand Kumar T.C., David G.F.X., Sankaranarayanan A., Puri V., Sundram K.R. Pharmacokinetics of progesterone after its administration to ovariectomized rhesus monkeys by injection, infusion, or nasal spraying. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1982, 79:4185-4189.
7. Arakawa H., Arakawa K., Blanchard D.C., Blanchard R.J. Scent marking behavior in male C57BL/6J mice: sexual and developmental determination. Behav. Brain Res. 2007, 182:73-79.
8. Arck P.C. Stress and pregnancy loss: role of immune mediators, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2001, 46:117-123.
9. Arora P., Sharma S., Garg S. Permeability issues in nasal drug delivery. Drug Discov. Today 2002, 7:967-975.
10. Ashby J., Tinwell H. Uterotrophic assay of bisphenol A in the immature rat. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106:719-720.
11. Averill R.L.W. Ovulatory activity in mature Romney ewes in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Agric. Res. 1964, 7:514-524.
12. Bakker J. Sexual differentiation of the neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating mate recognition in mammals. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2003, 15:615-621.
13. Barfield M.A., Lisk R.D. Relative contributions of ovarian and adrenal progesterone to the timing of heat in the 4-day cyclic rat. Endocrinology 1974, 94:571-575.
14. Barkley M.S., Bradford G.E., Geschwind I.I. The pattern of plasma prolactin concentration during the first half of mouse gestation. Biol. Reprod. 1978, 19:291-296.
15. Barth J.H., Kealey T. Androgen metabolism by isolated human axillary apocrine glands in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br. J. Dermatol. 1991, 125:304-308.
16. Bartos L., Bartosova J., Pluhacek J., Sindelarova J. Promiscuous behaviour disrupts pregnancy block in domestic horse mares. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2011, 65:1567-1572.
17. Batty J. Acute changes in plasma testosterone levels and their relation to measures of sexual behaviour in the male house mouse (Mus musculus). Anim. Behav. 1978, 26:349-357.
18. Baum M.J., Bakker J. Roles of sex and gonadal steroids in mammalian pheromonal communication. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2013, 34:268-284.
19. Baum M.J., Keverne E.B. Sex differences in attraction thresholds for volatile odors from male and female mouse urine. Horm. Behav. 2002, 41:213-219.
20. Bawarshi-Nassar R.N., Hussain A.A., Crooks P.A. Nasal absorption and metabolism of progesterone and 17β-estradiol in the rat. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1989, 17:248-254.
21. Beach F.A. Importance of progesterone to induction of sexual receptivity in spayed female rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1942, 51:369-371.
22. Beaton E.A., deCatanzaro D. Novel males' capacity to disrupt early pregnancy in mice (Mus musculus) is attenuated via a chronic reduction of males' urinary 17β-estradiol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005, 30:688-697.
23. Beaton E.A., Khan A., deCatanzaro D. Urinary sex steroids during sexual development in female mice and in proximate novel males. Horm. Metab. Res. 2006, 38:501-506.
24. Becker S.D., Hurst J.L. Pregnancy block from a female perspective. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 11 2008, 141-150. Springer, New York. J.L. Hurst, R.J. Beynon, S.C. Roberts, T. Wyatt (Eds.).
25. Becker S.D., Hurst J.L. Female behaviour plays a critical role in controlling murine pregnancy block. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. 2009, 276:1723-1729.
26. Beehner J.C., Lu A. Reproductive suppression in female primates: a review. Evol. Anthropol. 2013, 22:226-238.
27. Bellringer J.F., Pratt H.P.M., Keverne E.B. Involvement of the vomeronasal organ and prolactin in pheromonal induction of delayed implantation in mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1980, 59:223-228.
28. Bensafi M., Brown W.M., Tsutsui T., Mainland J.D., Johnson B.N., Bremner E.A., Young N., Mauss I., Ray B., Gross J., Richards J., Stappen I., Levenson R.W., Sobel N. Sex-steroid derived compounds induce sex-specific effects on autonomic nervous system function in humans. Behav. Neurosci. 2003, 117:1125-1134.
29. Berger J. Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses. Nature 1983, 303:59-61.
30. Bingel A.S. Estrous cyclicity in mice housed in the presence or absence of males. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1972, 139:515-517.
31. Bliss E.L., Frischat A., Samuels L. Brain and testicular function. Life Sci. 1972, 11:231-238.
32. Bloch S. A progesterone-dependent pheromone of the female mouse. Experientia 1976, 32:937-938.
33. Brennan P.A. The nose knows who's who: chemosensory individuality and mate recognition in mice. Horm. Behav. 2004, 46:231-240.
34. Brennan P.A. Outstanding issues surrounding vomeronasal mechanisms of pregnancy block and individual recognition in mice. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 200:287-294.
35. Brennan P.A., Peele P. Towards an understanding of the pregnancy-blocking urinary chemosignals of mice. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2003, 31:152-155.
36. Bronson F.H. Male-induced precocial puberty in female mice: confirmation of the role of estrogen. Endocrinology 1975, 96:511-514.
37. Bronson F.H., Desjardins C. Circulating concentrations of FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone associated with acute male-induced puberty in female mice. Endocrinology 1974, 94:1658-1668.
38. Bronson F.H., Eleftheriou B.E. Influence of strange males on implantation in the deermouse. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1963, 3:515-518.
39. Bronson F.H., Stetson M.H. Gonadotrophin release in prepubertal female mice following male exposure: a comparison with an adult cycle. Biol. Reprod. 1973, 9:449-459.
40. Bronson F.H., Whitten W.K. Oestrus-accelerating pheromone of mice: assay, androgen-dependency and presence in bladder urine. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1968, 15:131-134.
41. Bronson F.H., Eleftheriou B.E., Garick E.I. Effects of intra- and inter-specific social stimulation on implantation in deermice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1964, 8:23-27.
42. Brooks P.H., Cole D.J.A. The effect of the presence of a boar on the attainment of puberty in gilts. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1970, 23:435-440.
43. Brooksbank B.W. Labelling of steroids in axillary sweat after administration of 3H-delta5-pregnenolone and 14C-progesterone to a healthy man. Experientia 1970, 26:1012-1014.
44. Bruce H.M. A block to pregnancy in mice caused by the proximity of strange males. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1960, 1:96-103.
45. Bruce H.M. Time relations in the pregnancy-block induced in mice by strange males. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1961, 2:138-142.
46. Bruce H.M. Effect of castration on the reproductive pheromones of male mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1965, 10:141-143.
47. Bruce H.M., Parkes A.S. Hormonal factors in exteroceptive block to pregnancy in mice. J. Endocrinol. 1960, 20:xxix-xxx.
48. Bruce H.M., Parrott D.M.V. Role of olfactory sense in pregnancy block by strange males. Science 1960, 131:1526.
49. Butcher R.L., Collins W.E., Fugo N.W. Plasma concentration of LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol-17β throughout the 4-day estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology 1974, 94:1704-1708.
50. Chipman R.K., Albrecht E.D. The relationship of the male preputial gland to the acceleration of oestrus in the laboratory mouse. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1974, 38:91-96.
51. Christian J.J., LeMunyan C.D. Adverse effects of crowding on lactation and reproduction of mice and two generations of their progeny. Endocrinology 1958, 63:517-529.
52. Clark D.A. Immunological factors in pregnancy wastage: fact or fiction. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2008, 59:277-300.
53. Clee M.D., Humphreys E.M., Russell J.A. The suppression of ovarian cyclical activity in groups of mice, and its dependence on ovarian hormones. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1975, 45:395-398.
54. Clulow F.V., Langford P.E. Pregnancy-block in the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1971, 24:275-277.
55. Colby D.R., Vandenbergh J.G. Regulatory effects of urinary pheromones on puberty in the mouse. Biol. Reprod. 1974, 11:268-279.
56. Colmenares F., Gomendio M. Changes in female reproductive condition following male take-overs in a colony of hamadryas and hybrid baboons. Folia Primatol. 1988, 50:157-174.
57. Cooke P.S., Buchanan D.L., Young P., Setiawan T., Brody J., Korach K.S., Taylor J., Lubahn D.B., Cunha G.R. Stromal estrogen receptors mediate mitogenic effects of estradiol on uterine epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:6535-6540.
58. Cooper J.G., Bhatnagar K.P. Comparative anatomy of the vomeronasal organ complex in bats. J. Anat. 1976, 122:571-601.
59. Couse J.F., Lindzey J., Grandien K.A.J., Gustafsson J.A., Korach K.S. Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type and ERα-knockout mouse. Endocrinology 1997, 138:4613-4621.
60. Crawford B.R., deCatanzaro D. Disruption of blastocyst implantation by triclosan in mice: impacts of chronic and acute doses and combination with bisphenol-A. Reprod. Toxicol. 2012, 34:607-613.
61. Das R.M. The effects of oestrogen on the cell cycle in epithelial and connective tissue of the mouse uterus. J. Endocrinol. 1972, 55:21-30.
62. deCatanzaro D. Inhibition of estrogen-induced lordosis through central administration of corticosterone in adrenalectomized-ovariectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 1987, 46:468-474.
63. deCatanzaro D. Effect of predator exposure upon early pregnancy in mice. Physiol. Behav. 1988, 43:691-696.
64. deCatanzaro D., Graham C. Influence of exogenous epinephrine on two reproductive parameters in female mice: disruption of receptivity but not early pregnancy. Horm. Behav. 1992, 26:330-338.
65. deCatanzaro D., MacNiven E. Psychogenic pregnancy disruptions in mammals. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1992, 16:43-53.
66. deCatanzaro D., Murji T. Inseminated female mice investigate rather than avoid novel males that disrupt pregnancy, but sires protect pregnancy. J. Comp. Psychol. 2004, 118:251-257.
67. deCatanzaro D., Ngan E.T. Dominance in intermale encounters and subsequent sexual success in mice. J. Comp. Psychol. 1983, 97:269-278.
68. deCatanzaro D., Storey A. Partial mediation of strange-male-induced pregnancy blocks by sexual activity in mice (Mus musculus). J. Comp. Psychol. 1989, 13:381-388.
69. deCatanzaro D., MacNiven E., Ricciuti F. Comparison of the adverse effects of adrenal and ovarian steroids on early pregnancy in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1991, 16:525-536.
70. deCatanzaro D., MacNiven E., Goodison T., Richardson D. Estrogen antibodies reduce vulnerability to stress-induced failure of intrauterine implantation in inseminated mice. Physiol. Behav. 1994, 55:35-38.
71. deCatanzaro D., Muir C., O'Brien J., Williams S. Strange-male-induced pregnancy disruption in mice: reduction of vulnerability by 17β-estradiol antibodies. Physiol. Behav. 1995, 58:401-404.
72. deCatanzaro D., Smith M., Muir C. Strange-male-induced pregnancy disruption in mice: potentiation by administration of 17β-estradiol to castrated males. Physiol. Behav. 1995, 58:411-414.
73. deCatanzaro D., Zacharias R., Muir C. Disruption of early pregnancy by direct and indirect exposure to novel males in mice: comparison of influences of preputialectomized and intact males. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1996, 106:269-274.
74. deCatanzaro D., Muir C., Spironello E., Binger T., Thomas J. Intense arousal of novel male mice in proximity to previously inseminated females: inactivation of males via chlorpromazine does not diminish the capacity to disrupt pregnancy. Psychobiology 2000, 28:110-114.
75. deCatanzaro D., Baptista M.A.S., Vella E.S. Administration of minute quantities of 17β-estradiol on the nasal area terminates early pregnancy in inseminated female mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2001, 69:503-509.
76. deCatanzaro D., Muir C., Beaton E., Jetha M., Nadella K. Enzymeimmunoassay of oestradiol, testosterone and progesterone in urine samples from female mice before and after insemination. Reproduction 2003, 126:407-414.
77. deCatanzaro D., Muir C., Beaton E.A., Jetha M. Non-invasive repeated measurement of urinary progesterone, 17β-estradiol, and testosterone in developing, cycling, pregnant, and postpartum female mice. Steroids 2004, 69:687-696.
78. deCatanzaro D., Beaton E.A., Khan A., Vella E. Urinary oestradiol and testosterone levels from novel male mice approach values sufficient to disrupt early pregnancy in nearby inseminated females. Reproduction 2006, 132:309-317.
79. deCatanzaro D., Khan A., Berger R.G., Lewis E. Exposure to developing females induces polyuria, polydipsia, and altered urinary levels of creatinine, 17β-estradiol, and testosterone in adult male mice (Mus musculus). Horm. Behav. 2009, 55:240-247.
80. deCatanzaro D., Pollock T., Greville L.J., Faure P.A. Estradiol transfer from male big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) to the reproductive and brain tissues of cohabiting females, and its action as a pheromone. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2014, 208:126-133.
81. Desjardins C., Maruniak J.A., Bronson F.H. Social rank in house mice: differentiation revealed by ultraviolet visualization of urinary marking patterns. Science 1973, 182:939-941.
82. Dodge J.C., Kristal M.B., Badura L.L. Male-induced estrus synchronization in the female Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus sungorus). Physiol. Behav. 2002, 77:227-231.
83. Dominic C.J. The origin of pheromones causing pregnancy block in mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1965, 10:469-472.
84. Dominic C.J. Observations of the reproductive pheromones of mice: I. Source. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1966, 11:407-414.
85. Dominic C.J. Observations of the reproductive pheromones of mice: II. Neuroendocrine factors involved in the olfactory block to pregnancy. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1966, 11:407-414.
86. Drickamer L.C. Male acceleration of puberty in female mice. J. Comp. Psychol. 1983, 97:191-200.
87. Drickamer L.C. Pregnancy block in wild stock house mice, Mus domesticus: olfactory preferences of females during gestation. Anim. Behav. 1989, 37:690-698.
88. Drickamer L.C. Urine marking and social dominance in male house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). Behav. Process. 2001, 53:113-120.
89. Drickamer L.C., Murphy R.X. Female mouse maturation: effects of excreted and bladder urine from juvenile and adult males. Dev. Psychobiol. 1978, 11:63-72.
90. Dulac C., Torello A.T. Molecular detection of pheromone signals in mammals: from genes to behavior. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2003, 4:551-562.
91. Dutt R.H. Critical period for early embryo mortality in ewes exposed to high ambient temperature. J. Anim. Sci. 1963, 22:713-717.
92. Euker J.S., Riegle G.D. Effects of stress on pregnancy in the rat. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1973, 34:343-346.
93. Evans J.S., Varney R.F., Koch F.C. The mouse uterine weight method for the assay of estrogens. Endocrinology 1941, 28:747-752.
94. Ferin M., Tempone A., Zimmering P.E., Vande Wiele R.L. Effect of antibodies to 17β-estradiol and progesterone on the estrous cycle of the rat. Endocrinology 1969, 85:1070-1078.
95. Fernandez-Cano L. Effect of increase or decrease of body temperature and hypoxia on pregnancy in the rat. Fertil. Steril. 1958, 9:455-459.
96. Fitzpatrick S.L., Funkhouser J.M., Sindoni D.M., Stevis P.E., Deecher D.C., Bapat A.R., Merchenthaler I., Frail D.E. Expression of estrogen receptor-beta protein in rodent ovary. Endocrinology 1999, 140:2581-2591.
97. Freeman M.E. Neuroendocrine control of the ovarian cycle of the rat. Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction 2006, 2327-2387. Academic Press/Elsevier, San Diego, CA. J.D. Neill (Ed.).
98. Freeman M.E., Smith M.S., Nazian S.J., Neill J.D. Ovarian and hypothalamic control of the daily surges of prolactin secretion during pseudopregnancy in the rat. Endocrinology 1974, 94:875-882.
99. Garcia E., Bouchard P., De Brux J., Berdah J., Frydman R., Schaison G., Milgrom E., Perrot-Applanat M. Use of immunocytochemistry of progesterone and estrogen receptors for endometrial dating. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1988, 67:80-87.
100. Gelez H., Fabre-Nys C. The "male effect" in sheep and goats: a review of the respective roles of the two olfactory systems. Horm. Behav. 2004, 46:257-271.
101. Ghahary A., Murphy L.J. Uterine insulin-like growth factor-I receptors: regulation by estrogen and variation throughout the estrous cycle. Endocrinology 1989, 125:597-604.
102. Gidley-Baird A.A., O'Neill C., Sinosich M.J., Porter R.N., Pike I.L., Saunders D.M. Failure of implantation in human in vitro fertilization and embryo transplant patients: the effects of altered progesterone/estrogen ratios in humans and mice. Fertil. Steril. 1986, 45:69-74.
103. Gower D.B., Holland K.T., Mallet A.I., Rennie P.J., Watkins W.J. Comparison of 16-androstene steroid concentrations in sterile apocrine sweat and axillary secretions: interconversions of 16-androstenes by the axillary microflora - a mechanism for axillary odour production in man?. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1994, 48:409-418.
104. Gray C.A., Bartol F.F., Tarleton B.J., Wiley A.A., Johnson G.A., Bazer F.W., Spencer T.E. Developmental biology of uterine glands. Biol. Reprod. 2001, 65:1311-1323.
105. Guzzo A.C., Berger R.G., deCatanzaro D. Excretion and binding of tritium-labelled oestradiol in mice (Mus musculus): implications for the Bruce effect. Reproduction 2010, 139:255-263.
106. Guzzo A.C., Jheon J., Imtiaz F., deCatanzaro D. Oestradiol transmission from males to females in the context of the Bruce and Vandenbergh effects in mice (Mus musculus). Reproduction 2012, 143:539-548.
107. 3H]progesterone from conspecifics to cohabiting female mice. J. Endocrinol. 2013, 217:1-10.
108. Halpern M. The organization and function of the vomeronasal system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1987, 10:325-362.
109. Harder J.D., Jackson L.M. Male pheromone stimulates ovarian follicular development and body growth in juvenile female opossums (Monodelphis domestica). Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2003, 1:21.
110. Harper M.J.K. Estrogenic effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate in rats. Endocrinology 1969, 84:229-235.
111. Harvey S., Jemiolo B., Novotny M. Pattern of volatile compounds in dominant and subordinate male-mouse urine. J. Chem. Ecol. 1989, 15:2061-2072.
112. Hasler J.F., Banks E.M. The influence of mature males on sexual maturation in female collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus). J. Reprod. Fertil. 1975, 42:583-586.
113. Helmreich R.L. Regulation of reproductive rate by intra-uterine mortality in the deer mouse. Science 1960, 32:417-418.
114. Heske E.J., Nelson R.J. Pregnancy interruption in Microtus ochrogaster: laboratory artifact or field phenomenon. Biol. Reprod. 1984, 31:97-103.
115. Hiroi H., Inoue S., Watanabe T., Goto W., Orimo A., Momoeda M., Tsutsumi O., Taketani Y., Muramatsu M. Differential immunolocalization of estrogen receptor α and β in rat ovary and uterus. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 1999, 22:37-44.
116. Huck U.W., Bracken A.C., Lisk R.D. Female-induced pregnancy block in the golden hamster. Behav. Neural Biol. 1983, 38:190-193.
117. Hueber F., Besnard M., Schaefer H., Wepierre J. Percutaneous absorption of estradiol and progesterone in normal and appendage-free skin of the hairless rat: lack of importance of nutritional blood flow. Skin Pharmacol. 1994, 7:245-256.
118. Hunt J.S., Petroff M.G., Burnett T.G. Uterine leukocytes: key players in pregnancy. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2000, 11:127-137.
119. Hurst J.L. The functions of urine marking in free-living population of house mice, Mus domesticus Rutty. Anim. Behav. 1987, 35:1433-1442.
120. Hurst J.L. Urine marking in populations of wild house mice, Mus domesticus Rutty. III. Communication between the sexes. Anim. Behav. 1990, 40:233-243.
121. Hurst J.L. Female recognition and assessment of males through scent. Behav. Brain Res. 2009, 200:295-303.
122. Hyland R.A., Shaw T.J., Png F.Y., Murphy C.R. Pan-cadherin concentrates apically in uterine epithelial cells during uterine closure in the rat. Acta Histochem. 1998, 100:75-81.
123. Izard M.K., Vandenbergh J.G. The effects of bull urine on puberty and calving date in crossbred beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 1982, 55:1160-1168.
124. Jacob S., McClintock M.K. Psychological state and mood effects of steroidal chemosignals in women and men. Horm. Behav. 2000, 37:57-78.
125. Jacob S., Hayreh D.J., McClintock M.K. Context-dependent effects of steroid chemosignals on human physiology and mood. Physiol. Behav. 2001, 74:15-27.
126. Jacob S., Kinnunen L.H., Metz J., Cooper M., McClintock M.K. Sustained human chemosignal unconsciously alters brain function. Neuroreport 2001, 12:2391-2394.
127. 2+ in embryo-uterine interactions at implantation. FEBS Lett. 2006, 580:5653-5660.
128. Kahlert S., Nuedling S., van Eickels M., Vetter H., Meyer R., Grohé C. Estrogen receptor α rapidly activates the IGF-1 receptor pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:18447-18453.
129. Kelliher K.R., Spehr M., Li X.-H., Zufall F., Leinders-Zufall T. Pheromonal recognition memory induced by TRPC2-independent vomeronasal sensing. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2006, 23:3385-3390.
130. Keverne E.B., de la Riva C. Pheromones in mice: reciprocal interactions between the nose and brain. Nature 1982, 296:148-150.
131. Khan A., Bellefontaine N., deCatanzaro D. Onset of sexual maturation in female mice as measured in behavior and fertility: interactions of exposure to males, phytoestrogen content of diet, and ano-genital distance. Physiol. Behav. 2008, 93:588-594.
132. Khan A., Berger R.G., deCatanzaro D. The onset of puberty in female mice as reflected in urinary steroids and uterine/ovarian mass: interactions of exposure to males, phyto-oestrogen content of diet, and ano-genital distance. Reproduction 2008, 135:99-106.
133. Khan A., Berger R.G., deCatanzaro D. Preputialectomised and intact adult male mice exhibit an elevated urinary ratio of oestradiol to creatinine in the presence of developing females, whilst promoting uterine and ovarian growth of these females. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2009, 21:860-868.
134. Kimura T. Modifications of the estrous cycle in mice housed together with normal or ovariectomized females. Sci. Pap. Coll. Gen. Educ. Tokyo 1971, 21:161-166.
135. Kuiper G.G., Carlsson B., Grandien K., Enmark E., Häggblad J., Nilsson S., Gustafsson J.-Å. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors α and β. Endocrinology 1997, 138:863-870.
136. Kurta A., Baker R.H. Eptesicus fuscus. Mamm. Species 1990, 356:1-10.
137. Labov J.B. Pregnancy blocking in rodents: adaptive advantages for females. Am. Nat. 1981, 118:361-371.
138. Leinders-Zufall T., Brennan P., Widmayer P., Chandramani S.P., Maul-Pavicic A., Jäger M., Li X.-H., Breer H., Zufall F. MHC class I peptides as chemosensory signals in the vomeronasal organ. Science 2004, 306:1022-1037.
139. Lepri J.J., Vandenbergh J.G. Puberty in pine voles, Microtus pinetorum, and the influence of chemosignals on female reproduction. Biol. Reprod. 1986, 34:370-377.
140. Leung K.C., Johannsson G., Leong G.M., Ho K.K.Y. Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action. Endocrinology 2004, 25:693-721.
141. Levin E.R. Plasma membrane estrogen receptors. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 20:477-482.
142. Li C.-S., Kaba H., Seto K. Effective induction of pregnancy block by electrical stimulation of the mouse accessory olfactory bulb coincident with prolactin surges. Neurosci. Lett. 1994, 176:5-8.
143. Lloyd-Thomas A., Keverne E.B. Role of the brain and accessory olfactory system in the block to pregnancy in mice. Neuroscience 1982, 7:907-913.
144. Lomas D.E., Keverne E.B. Role of the vomeronasal organ and prolactin in the acceleration of puberty in female mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1982, 66:101-107.
145. Lombardi J.R., Vandenbergh J.G. Pheromonally induced sexual maturation in females: regulation by the social environment of the male. Science 1977, 196:545-546.
146. Lombardi J.R., Vandenbergh J.G., Whitsett J.M. Androgen control of the sexual maturation pheromone in house mouse urine. Biol. Reprod. 1976, 15:179-186.
147. Luo M., Fee M.S., Katz L.C. Encoding pheromonal signals in the accessory olfactory bulb of behaving mice. Science 2003, 299:1196-1201.
148. Ma W., Miao Z., Novotny M.V. Role of the adrenal gland and adrenal-mediated chemosignals in suppression of estrus in the house mouse: the Lee-Boot effect revisited. Biol. Reprod. 1998, 59:1317-1320.
149. Ma W., Miao Z., Novotny M.V. Induction of estrus in grouped female mice (Mus domesticus) by synthetic analogues of preputial gland constituents. Chem. Senses 1999, 24:289-293.
150. Ma W., Song H., Das S.K., Paria B.C., Dey S.K. Estrogen is a critical determinant that specifies the duration of the window of uterine receptivity for implantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:2963-2968.
151. MacNiven E., deCatanzaro D. Reversal of stress-induced pregnancy blocks with progesterone and metyrapone. Physiol. Behav. 1990, 47:443-448.
152. MacNiven E., deCatanzaro D., Younglai E.V. Chronic stress increases estrogen and other steroids in inseminated rats. Physiol. Behav. 1992, 52:159-162.
153. Marashi V., Rülicke T. The Bruce effect in Norway rats. Biol. Reprod. 2012, 86(1):1-5.
154. Marchlewska-Koj A. Pregnancy block elicited by male urinary peptides in mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1981, 61:221-224.
155. Marchlewska-Koj A., Pochron E., Sliwowska A. Salivary glands and preputial glands of males as source of estrus-stimulating pheromone in female mice. J. Chem. Ecol. 1990, 16:2817-2822.
156. Marsden H.M., Bronson F.H. Estrous synchrony in mice: alteration by exposure to male urine. Science 1964, 144:3625.
157. Marsden H.M., Bronson F.H. Strange male block to pregnancy: its absence in inbred mouse strains. Nature 1965, 207:878.
158. Martin L., Finn C.A., Carter J. Effect of progesterone and oestradiol-17β on the luminal epithelium of the mouse uterus. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1970, 21:461-469.
159. Maruniak J.A., Owen K., Bronson F.H., Desjardins C. Urinary marking in male house mice: responses to novel environmental and social stimuli. Physiol. Behav. 1974, 12:1035-1039.
160. McClintock M.K. Menstrual synchrony and suppression. Nature 1971, 229:244-245.
161. McClintock M.K. Pheromones, odors, and vasanas: the neuroendocrinology of social chemosignals in humans and animals. Hormones, Brain and Behavior 2002, vol. 1:797-870. Academic Press/Elsevier, San Diego, CA. D.W. Pfaff, A.P. Arnold, A. Etgen, F.E. Fahrbach, R.T. Rubin (Eds.).
162. McGill T.E., Blight W.C. Effects of genotype on the recovery of sex drive in the male mouse. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 1963, 56:887-888.
163. Meikle A., Forsberg M., Garófalo E.G., Carlsson M.A., Lundeheim N., Rubiane E. Circulating gonadotrophins and follicular dynamics in anestrous ewes after treatment with estradiol-17β. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2001, 67:79-90.
164. Meredith M. Chronic recording of vomeronasal pump activation in awake behaving hamsters. Physiol. Behav. 1994, 56:345-354.
165. Meredith M., O'Connell R.J. Efferent control of stimulus access to the hamster vomeronasal organ. J. Physiol. 1979, 286:301-316.
166. Meredith M., Marques D.M., O'Connell R.J., Stern F.L. Vomeronasal pump: significance for male hamster sexual behavior. Science 1980, 207:1224-1226.
167. Milligan S.R. Pregnancy blocking in the vole, Microtus agrestis II. Ovarian, uterine and vaginal changes. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1976, 46:97-100.
168. Moberg G.P. Effects of environment and management stress on reproduction in the dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci. 1975, 59:1618-1624.
169. Muir C., Vella E.S., Pisani N., deCatanzaro D. Enzyme immunoassay of 17β-estradiol, estrone conjugates, and testosterone in urinary and fecal samples from male and female mice. Horm. Metab. Res. 2001, 33:653-658.
170. Muir C.C., Treasurywala K., McAllister S., Sutherland J., Dukas L., Berger R.G., Khan A., deCatanzaro D. Enzyme immunoassay of testosterone, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone in perspiration and urine of preadolescents and young adults: exceptional levels in men's axillary perspiration. Horm. Metab. Res. 2008, 40:819-826.
171. Mukku V.R., Kirkland J.L., Hardy M., Stancel G.M. Hormonal control of uterine growth: temporal relationships between estrogen administration and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Endocrinology 1982, 111:480-487.
172. Murphy W.J., Pevzner P.A., O'Brien S.J. Mammalian phylogenomics comes of age. Trends Genet. 2004, 20:631-639.
173. Naftalin R.J., Thiagarajah J.R., Pedley K.C., Pocock V.J., Milligan S.R. Progesterone stimulation of fluid absorption by the rat uterine gland. Reproduction 2002, 123:633-638.
174. Novotny M., Harvey S., Jemiolo B. Chemistry of male dominance in the house mouse, Mus domesticus. Experientia 1990, 46:109-113.
175. Novotny M.V., Ma W., Wiesler D., Žídek L. Positive identification of the puberty-accelerating pheromone of the house mouse: the volatile ligands associating with the major urinary protein. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. 1999, 266:2017-2022.
176. Ogasawara Y., Okamoto S., Kitamura Y., Matsumoto K. Proliferative pattern of uterine cells from birth to adulthood in intact, neonatally castrated, and/or adrenalectomized mice, assayed by incorporation of [125I] iododeoxyuridine. Endocrinology 1983, 113:582-587.
177. Ortiz M.E., Villalon M., Croxatto H.B. Ovum transport and fertility following postovulatory treatment with estradiol in rats. Biol. Reprod. 1979, 21:1163-1167.
178. Oxberry B.A. Female reproductive patterns in hibernating bats. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1979, 56:359-367.
179. Paria B.C., Zhao X., Das S.K., Dey S.K., Yoshinaga K. Zonula occludens-1 and e-cadherin are coordinately expressed in the mouse uterus with the initiation of implantation and decidualization. Dev. Biol. 1999, 208:488-501.
180. Paria B.C., Reese J., Das S.K., Dey S.K. Deciphering the cross-talk of implantation: advances and challenges. Science 2002, 296:2185-2188.
181. Parkes A.S., Bruce H.M. Pregnancy block in female mice placed in boxes soiled by males. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1962, 4:303-308.
182. Parr M.B. Relationship of uterine closure to ovarian hormones and endocytosis in the rat. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1983, 68:185-188.
183. Peele P., Salazar I., Mimmack M., Keverne E.B., Brennan P.A. Low molecular weight constituents of male mouse urine mediate the pregnancy block effect and convey information about the identity of the mating male. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 18:622-628.
184. Pennycuik P.R. Factors affecting the survival and growth of young mice born and reared at 36°C. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1966, 44:405-418.
185. Petrulis A. Chemosignals, hormones and mammalian reproduction. Horm. Behav. 2013, 63:723-741.
186. Pfaff D.W. Estrogens and Brain Function: Neural Analysis of a Hormone-Controlled Mammalian Reproductive Behavior 1980, Springer-Verlag, New York.
187. Potter S.W., Gaza G., Morris J.E. Estradiol induces e-cadherin degradation in mouse uterine epithelium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. J. Cell. Physiol. 1996, 169:1-14.
188. Quarmby V.E., Korach K.S. The influence of 17β-estradiol on patterns of cell division in the uterus. Endocrinology 1984, 114:694-702.
189. Rahnama F., Thompson B., Steiner M., Shafiei F., Lobie P.E., Mitchell M.D. Epigenetic regulation of e-cadherin controls endometrial receptivity. Endocrinology 2009, 150:1466-1472.
190. Rajabi N., Thorpe J.B., Foster W.G., deCatanzaro D. Novel male exposure reduces uterine e-cadherin, increases uterine luminal area, and diminishes progesterone levels while disrupting blastocyst implantation in inseminated mice. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2014, 139:107-113.
191. Rajendren G., Dominic C.J. Effect of cyproterone acetate on the pregnancy-blocking ability of male mice and the possible chemical nature of the pheromone. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1988, 84:387-392.
192. Reasner D.S., Johnston R.E. Acceleration of reproductive development in female Djungarian hamsters by adult males. Physiol. Behav. 1988, 43:57-64.
193. Reynolds E. Urination as a social response in mice. Nature 1971, 234:481-483.
194. Rivas-Muñoz R., Fitz-Rodríguez G., Poindron P., Malpaux B., Delgadillo J.A. Stimulation of estrous behavior in grazing female goats by continuous or discontinuous exposure to males. J. Anim. Sci. 2007, 85:1257-1263.
195. Roberts E.K., Lu A., Bergman T.J., Beehner J.C. A Bruce effect in wild geladas. Science 2012, 335:1222-1225.
196. Robertson S.A. Immune regulation of conception and embryo implantation - all about quality control?. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2010, 85:51-57.
197. Robker R.L., Richards J.S. Hormonal control of the cell cycle in ovarian cells: proliferation versus differentiation. Biol. Reprod. 1998, 59:476-482.
198. Roblero L.S., Garavagno A.C. Effect of oestradiol-17β and progesterone on oviductal transport and early development of mouse embryos. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1979, 57:91-95.
199. Rohrbach C. Investigation of the Bruce effect in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). J. Reprod. Fertil. 1982, 65:411-417.
200. Rosser A.E., Remfry C.J., Keverne E.B. Restricted exposure of mice to primer pheromones coincident with prolactin surges blocks pregnancy by changing hypothalamic dopamine release. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1989, 87:553-559.
201. Rothardt G., Beier K. Peroxisomes in the apocrine sweat glands of the human axilla and their putative role in pheromone production. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2001, 58:1344-1349.
202. Rowlands T.M., Symonds J.M., Farookhi R., Blaschuk O.W. Cadherins: crucial regulators of structure and function in reproductive tissues. Rev. Reprod. 2000, 5:53-61.
203. Runner M.L. Embryocidal effect of handling pregnant mice and its prevention with progesterone. Anat. Rec. 1959, 133:330-331.
204. Ryan K.D., Schwartz N.B. Changes in serum hormone levels associated with male-induced ovulation in group-housed adult female mice. Endocrinology 1980, 106:959-966.
205. Safro E., O'Neill C., Saunders D.M. Elevated luteal phase estradiol:progesterone ratio in mice causes implantation failure by creating a uterine environment that suppresses embryonic metabolism. Fertil. Steril. 1990, 54:1150-1153.
206. Sakane T., Akizuki M., Yamashita S., Nadai T., Hashida M., Sezaki H. The transport of a drug to the cerebrospinal fluid directly from the nasal cavity: the relation to lipophilicity of the drug. Chem. Pharm. Bull. Tokyo 1991, 39:2456-2458.
207. Salleh N., Baines D.L., Naftalin R.J., Milligan S.R. The hormonal control of uterine luminal fluid secretion and absorption. J. Membr. Biol. 2006, 206:17-28.
208. Sato T., Wang G., Hardy M., Kurita T., Cunha G.R., Cooke P. Role of systemic and local IGF-1 in the effects of estrogen on growth and epithelial proliferation of mouse uterus. Endocrinology 2002, 143:2673-2679.
209. Savic I., Berglund H., Gulyas B., Roland P. Smelling of odorous sex hormone-like compounds causes sex-differentiated hypothalamic activations in humans. Neuron 2001, 31:661-668.
210. Schaefer H., Zesch A., Stüttgen G. Skin Permeability 1982, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
211. Scheuplein R.J., Blank I., Brauner G., MacFarlane D. Percutaneous absorption of steroids. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1969, 52:63-70.
212. Schwagmeyer P.L. The Bruce effect: an evaluation of male/female advantages. Am. Nat. 1979, 114:932-938.
213. Serguera C., Triaca V., Kelly-Barrett J., Al Banchaabouchi M., Minichiello L. Increased dopamine after mating impairs olfaction and prevents odor interference with pregnancy. Nat. Neurosci. 2008, 11:949-956.
214. Shaw J., deCatanzaro D. Estrogenicity of parabens revisited: impact of parabens on early pregnancy and an uterotrophic assay in mice. Reprod. Toxicol. 2009, 28:26-31.
215. Shors T.J., Pickett J., Wood G., Paczynski M. Acute stress persistently enhances estrogen levels in the female rat. Stress 1999, 3:163-171.
216. Silk J.B., Clark-Wheatley C.B., Rodman P.S., Samuels A. Differential reproductive success and facultative adjustment of sex ratios among captive female bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Anim. Behav. 1981, 29:1106-1120.
217. Simerly R.B., Chang C., Muramatsu M., Swanson L.W. Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1990, 294:76-95.
218. Simmons N.B., Seymour K.L., Habersetzer J., Gunnell G.F. Primitive early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation. Nature 2008, 451:818-821.
219. Simpson E.R., Clyne C., Rubin G., Boon W.C., Robertson K., Britt K., Speed C., Jones M. Aromatase-a brief overview. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2002, 64:93-127.
220. Slater M., Murphy C.R., Barden J.A. Tenascin, e-cadherin and P2X calcium channel receptor expression is increased during rat blastocyst implantation. Histochem. J. 2002, 34:13-19.
221. Spironello E., deCatanzaro D. Sexual satiety diminishes the capacity of novel males to disrupt early pregnancy. J. Comp. Psychol. 1999, 113:218-222.
222. Springer M.S., Stanhope M.J., Madsen O., de Jong W.W. Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2004, 19:430-438.
223. Stern K., McClintock M.K. Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones. Nature 1998, 392:177-179.
224. Stott G.H., Williams R.J. Causes of low breeding efficiency in dairy cattle associated with seasonal high temperatures. J. Dairy Sci. 1962, 45:1369-1375.
225. Strott C.A., Sundel H., Stahlman M.T. Maternal and fetal plasma progesterone, cortisol, testosterone and 17β-estradiol in preparturient sheep: response to fetal ACTH infusion. Endocrinology 1974, 95:1327-1332.
226. Takayasu S., Wakimoto H., Itami S., Sano S. Activity of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase in various tissues of human skin. J. Investig. Dermatol. 1980, 74:187-191.
227. Teague L.G., Bradley E.L. The existence of a puberty accelerating pheromone in the urine of the male prairie deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii). Biol. Reprod. 1978, 19:314-317.
228. Thomas K.J., Dominic C.J. Evaluation of the involvement of coitally induced 'mnemonic' in male-induced pregnancy block (the Bruce effect) in laboratory mice. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1986, 24:673-675.
229. Thomas K.J., Dominic C.J. Evaluation of the role of the stud male in preventing male-induced implantation failure (the Bruce effect) in laboratory mice. Anim. Behav. 1987, 35:1257-1260.
230. Thompson R.N., McMillon R., Napier A., Wekesa K.S. Pregnancy block by MHC class I peptides is mediated via the production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate in the mouse vomeronasal organ. J. Exp. Biol. 2007, 210:1406-1412.
231. Thorpe J.B., deCatanzaro D. Oestradiol treatment restores the capacity of castrated males to induce both the Vandenbergh and the Bruce effects in mice (Mus musculus). Reproduction 2012, 143:123-132.
232. Thorpe J.B., Rajabi N., deCatanzaro D. Circadian rhythm and response to an acute stressor of urinary corticosterone and testosterone in adult male mice. Horm. Metab. Res. 2012, 44:429-435.
233. Thorpe J.B., Burgess P.S., Sadkowski M., deCatanzaro D. Estrogen-progesterone balance in the context of blastocyst implantation failure induced by predator stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38:3048-3056.
234. Thorpe J.B., Gould K.E., Borman E.D., deCatanzaro D. Circulating and urinary adrenal corticosterone, progesterone, and estradiol in response to acute stress in female mice (Mus musculus). Horm. Metab. Res. 2014, 46:211-218.
235. Tibbetts T.A., Conneely O.M., O'Malley B.W. Progesterone via its receptor antagonizes the pro-inflammatory activity of estrogen in the mouse uterus. Biol. Reprod. 1999, 60:1158-1165.
236. Tinwell H., Ashby J. Sensitivity of the immature rat uterotrophic assay to mixtures of estrogens. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:575-582.
237. Trotier D. Vomeronasal organ and human pheromones. Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck. Dis. 2011, 128:184-190.
238. Türker S., Onur E., Ózer Y. Nasal route and drug delivery systems. Pharm. World Sci. 2004, 26:137-142.
239. Valbuena D., Martin J., de Pablo J.L., Remohi J., Pellicer A., Simon C. Increasing levels of estradiol are deleterious to embryonic implantation because they directly affect the embryo. Fertil. Steril. 2001, 76:962-968.
240. van der Lee S., Boot L.M. Spontaneous pseudopregnancy in mice. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl 1955, 4:442-443.
241. van der Lee S., Boot L.M. Spontaneous pseudopregnancy in mice II. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl 1956, 5:213-214.
242. Vandenbergh J.G. Effect of the presence of a male on the sexual maturation of female mice. Endocrinology 1967, 81:345-349.
243. Vandenbergh J.G. Acceleration of sexual maturation in female rats by male stimulation. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1976, 46:451-453.
244. Vandenbergh J.G., Whitsett J.M., Lombardi J.R. Partial isolation of a pheromone accelerating puberty in female mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1975, 43:515-523.
245. Veith J.L., Buck M., Getzlaf S., Van Dalfsen P., Slade S. Exposure to men influences the occurrence of ovulation in women. Physiol. Behav. 1983, 31:313-315.
246. Vella E.S., deCatanzaro D. Novel male mice show gradual decline in the capacity to disrupt early pregnancy and in urinary excretion of testosterone and 17β-estradiol during the weeks immediately following castration. Horm. Metab. Res. 2001, 33:681-686.
247. Waddell B., O'Leary P. Distribution and metabolism of topically applied progesterone in a rat model. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2002, 80:449-455.
248. Wester R., Maibach H. Cutaneous pharmacokinetics: 10 steps to percutaneous absorption. Drug Metab. Rev. 1983, 14:169-205.
249. Whitten W.K. Modification of the oestrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male. J. Endocrinol. 1956, 13:399-404.
250. Whitten W.K. Modification of the oestrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male. Changes in the oestrous cycle determined by vaginal smears. J. Endocrinol. 1958, 17:307-313.
251. Whitten W.K. Occurrence of anoestrous cycle of the mouse by external stimuli associated with the male. J. Endocrinol. 1959, 18:102-107.
252. Wiebold J.L., Stanfield P.H., Becker W.C., Hillers J.K. The effect of restraint stress in early pregnancy in mice. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1986, 78:185-192.
253. Wilson M.E., Gordon T.P., Bernstein I.S. Timing of births and reproductive success in rhesus monkey social groups. J. Med. Primatol. 1978, 7:202-212.
254. Wyart C., Webster W., Chen J.H., Wilson S.R., McClary A., Khan R.M., Sobel N. Smelling a single component of male sweat alters levels of cortisol in women. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:1261-1265.
255. Wysocki C.J., Lepri J.J. Consequences of removing the vomeronasal organ. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1991, 39:661-669.
256. Yamazaki K., Beauchamp G.K., Wysocki C.J., Bard J., Thomas L.M., Boyse E.A. Recognition of H-2 types in relation to the blocking of pregnancy in mice. Science 1983, 221:186-187.
257. Yang P.X., Kriatchko A., Roy S.K. Expression of ER-alpha and ER-beta in the hamster ovary: differential regulation by gonadotropins and ovarian steroid hormones. Endocrinology 2002, 143:2385-2398.
258. Zacharias R., deCatanzaro D., Muir C. Novel male mice disrupt pregnancy despite removal of vesicular-coagulating and preputial glands. Physiol. Behav. 2000, 68:285-290.
259. Zondek B., Tamari I. Effects of audiogenic stimulation on genital function and reproduction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1960, 80:1041-1048.
260. Zouboulis C.C., Chen W.C., Thornton M.J., Qin K., Rosenfield R. Sexual hormones in human skin. Horm. Metab. Res. 2007, 39:85-95.