Revenge of the Forbidden City: The Suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999-2005

Revenge of the Forbidden City: The Suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999-2005

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-288

  Tong, James W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chinese government; Dissent; Falungong movement; Government repression; Propaganda; Qigong movement; Siege

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922554232     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377286.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (140)

1. Dangwu gongzuo shiyong shouce [Practical manual on party work]. 1990. Beijing: Jingji guanli chubanshe.
2. Zhongguo chuban nianjian [China Publications Yearbook]. Beijing: Zhongguo chuban nianjianshe, 2000, 2001.
3. Zhongguo erlinglingling nian renkou pucha ziliao [Tabulation of the 2,000 population census of the People's Republic of China]. 2000. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.
4. Zhongguo Falu nianjian [China law yearbook]. Beijing: Zhongguo falu Chubanshe, 2000-2005.
5. Zhongguo gongan nianjian, 2000 [China public security yearbook, 2000]. Beijing:Chunzhong chubanshe, 2001.
6. Zhongguo gongchandang zhujishi zhiliao (ZGZZ) (1921-1997) [Organizational materials of the Chinese Communist Party]. 2000. Beijing: Zhongguo dangshi chubanshe.
7. Zhongguo guangbo dianshi nianjian [China Broadcast and Television Yearbook]. 2000. Beijing: Zhongguo guangbo dianshi chubanshe, 2001.
8. Zhongguo jiancha nianjian [Procuratorial Yearbook in China]. Beijing: Zhongguo jiancha nianjian chubanshe, 2000-2005.
9. Zhongguo minzheng nianjian, 2004 [China civil affairs yearbook, 2004]. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 2005.
10. Zhongguo renmin kangri junshi zhengzhi daxueshi [History of the Chinese People's anti-Japanese military and political university]. 2000. Beijing: Guofang daxue chubanshe.
11. Zhongguo shehui zhian zonghe zhili nianjian, 1995-1996 [China Social Order Integrated Management Yearbook, 1995-1996]. Beijing: Falu chubanshe, 1998.
12. Zhongguo sifa xingzheng nianjian [China Yearbook of Justice Administration]. Beijing: Falu chubanshe, 2000-2005.
13. Zhongguo tushu nianjian [China Books Yearbook]. Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe, 1999.
14. Zhongguo wushenlunshi ziliao xuanbian (Song Yuan Ming bian) [Selections on the history of China's atheism-Song, Yuan, Ming periods]. 1999. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, January.
15. Zhongguo xiaosu minzhu gemingshi [History of the revolution of the ethnic minorities in China]. Guilin: Guangxi minzhu chubanshe.
16. Zhongguo xinwen nianjian [China Journalism Yearbook]. Beijing: Zhongguo xinwen nianjianshe, 1999, 2000.
17. Zhongguo zhengfu jikou minglu [Directory of government institutions in China]. 1996. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe.
18. Zhongguo zhengfu zhuji jigou [Government organization of China]. 1998. Beijing: Gaige chubanshe.
19. Zhongguo zhongyang dianshitai nianjian [China Central Television Yearbook]. Beijing:Zhongguo guangbo dianshi chubanshe, 2000-2005.
20. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo, Gonganbu. 1999. "Gongan jiguan banli xingxi anjian chengxu guiding" [Ministry of Public Security, People's Republic of China, "Regulations on handling criminal cases by public security organs"]. May 14, 1998, in Zuixin Gong'an paichusuo minjing gongzuo shouce [The new manual for police work in public security precincts]. Beijing: Fulu chubanshe.
21. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo, Guowuyuan. 2003. "Guanyu jigou xieji di tongji" [State Council, People's Republic of China, "Notice on Establishing Organizations"] no. 12, April 30.
22. Zhonghua renmin gongheguo zhengfu jigou wushinian [Fifty years of the government organizations in the People's Republic of China]. 2000. Beijing: Dangjian duwu chubanshe.
23. Zhonghua remin gongheguo ziliao shouce, 1949-99 [Handbook of information on the People's Republic of China, 1949-1999]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 1999.
24. "Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Zhi'an Guanli chufa tiaoli" ["Security management penalty regulations of the People's Republic of China"]. 1986. in Zhonghua renmin-gongheguo falu chuanshu [Complete collection of laws of the People's Republic of China]. Changchun: Jilin renmin chubanshe, 1989, pp. 1529-1534.
25. A group of China law workers. August 11, 1999. "Yu Fa Bu Rong, Yu Li Bu Tong" [Incompatible with law, illogical in reason], in. Beijing zhichun (U.S.A.), various editions.
26. Bianzheng di lishi di weiwuzhuyi [Dialectical historical materialism]. 1999. Beijing: Junshi kexue chubanshe, May.
27. Bu zhidao di shijie [The unknown world]. 1998. Beijing: Zhongguo shaolian ertong chubanshe, August.
28. Bushi "zhen shan ren" er shi "zhen chan ren" [It is not "truth, kindness, forbearance" but real cruelty]. 2001. Beijing: Xuexi chubanshe.
29. Cheng ming (Hong Kong), various editions.
30. Dongxiang (Hong Kong), various editions.
31. Dou, Wentao. 2000. Falungong daqidi [Great expose of the Falungong]. Beijing: Xiandai chubanshe.
32. Falun Dafa Yijie [Explanation of the meaning of the great doctrine of Falun]. 1995. Changchun: Changchun chubanshe.
33. Falungong xianxiang pingxi [A critical analysis of the Falungong phenomenon]. 2001. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.
34. "Falungong zhenshi gushi" [The real story of Falungong], June 25, 2000,.
35. Ho, Pin. 1996. Zhongguo xin zhuhou [The new lords of the People's Republic of China] Mississauga, Ont.: Mirror Books.
36. Hong mayi zhiran congshu [Red Ants Nature Books]. 1998. Beijing: Xiaonian ertong chubanshe, 6 vols.
37. Qiaomu Wen Cong [Collected Works by Hu Qiaomu]. 2000. Beijing: Renmin chubanshe.
38. Jin, Chongji. 1999. Liu Shaoqi zhuan [Biography of Liu Shaoqi]. Bejing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.
39. Ju, Mengjun, ed. 2001. Chanchu xiejiao qiankun lang [The universe will be bright after the cult is eradicated]. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe.
40. Li, Dazhao. 2000. Li Dazhao zhuanji [Biography of Li Dazhao]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei renmin chubanshe.
41. Li, Hongzhi. 1993. Zhongguo Falungong [Chinese Falungong]. Beijing: Junshi Yiwen chubanshe.
42. Li, Hongzhi. 1994. Zhuan Falun [Revolving dharma wheel]. Beijing: Zhongguo guangbo dianshi chubanshe.
43. Li, Hongzhi. 1995. Zhuan Falun, juan er [Revolving dharma wheel, vol. 2]. Beijing: Zhongguo shijieyu chubanshe.
44. Li, Hongzhi. 1997. Falun Fofa [Buddhist doctrines of the dharma wheel]. Guangzhou: Huacheng chubanse.
45. Li, Hongzhi. 1999. Zhuang Falun Fajie [Explanation of the doctrines of the revolving dharma wheel]. Sining: Qinghai renmin chubanshe.
46. Li, Hongzhi. 1999. Falun Fofa-zai Beimei shoujie fahui shang jiang Fa [Extolling the doctrines in the first doctrinal conference in North America]. Sining: Qinghai renmin chubanshe.
47. Li, Hongzhi. 1999. Falun Fofa-zai Ou Zhou fahui jiang fa [Extolling the Falun doctrines in a doctrinal conference in Europe]. Sining: Qinghai renmin chubanshe.
48. Li, Hongzhi. 1999. Falun Fofa-zai Xini jiang fa [Extolling the Falun doctrines in Sydney]. Sining:Qinghai renmin chubanshe.
49. Li, Hongzhi. n.d. Zhuang Falun [Revolving dharma wheel]. Hualing chubanshe.
50. Shentong Dafa-Li Hongzhi he Zhongguo Falungong [The magic power of the great doctrine-Li Hongzhi and Chinese Falungong]. 1995. Shenyang: Shenyang chubanshe.
51. Tang, Zhongren, ed. 2001. Tiaochu jingshen xianjing [Jumping out from the spiritual trap]. Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe.
52. Toushi xiejiao jiepou Falungong [Cult penetrated-anatomy of Falungong] 2001. Beijing:Zhongguo qingnian chubanshe.
53. Wang, Binglin. 2000. Deng Xiaoping lilun yu zhonggong dang shixue [The Theory of Deng Xiaoping and the Study of the History of the Chinese Communist Party]. Beijing: Beijing chubanshe.
54. Wang, Zhigang, and Jianfeng Song. 2001. "Falungong" Xiaejiaobenji mianmianguan [Different perspectives of the essence of the Falungong cult] Beijing: Lantian chubanshe.
55. Xiandai Huangyan: Li Hongzhi wailixieshuo pingxi [Contemporary lies: a critical analysis of the crooked theories and evil teachings of Li Hongzhi]. 1999. Beijing: Zhongguo shuji chubanshe.
56. Xiang, Xiang. 2002. Yunnan: Pojie Falungong [Breaking up Falungong in Yunnan]. Kunming: Yunnan chubanshe.
57. Yan, Shi ed. 1999. Shiji jupian: Li Hongzhi [Swindler of the century: Li Hongzhi]. Beijing:Dazhong wenyi chubanshe.
58. Yang, Xixiang, and Pengyuan Yan. 2000. Dang di jicheng zhuji gongzuo fangfa shouce [Manual on work methods of the base-level organizations in the party] Beijing: Zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe.
59. Ye, Hao. July 31, 1999. "Youguan Falungong shifou you zuzhi di zhenxiang" [An Explanation on whether the Falungong was organized] Minghui Web site.
60. Zhao, Jianxun, ed. 2000. Zui-e-Falungong shouhaizhe xuelei kongsu [Crimes-the blood and tears accusations of Falungong victims] Beijing: Zhongguo minzhu fazi chubanshe.
61. Zhao, Jiemin. "Qiefa jianju jianghu pianzi Li Hongzhi cailiao" [Materials exposing the swindler Li Hongzhi], at.
62. Zhuan Falun pipan [A critique of Zhuan Falun]. 2001. Beijing: Beijing chubanshe.
63. Zhuang, Fenggan. 2002. "Falungong" xianxiang di xinli fenxi [A psychological analysis of the Falungong phenomenon]. Beijing: Kexue chubanshe.
64. Zong, Hairen. 2001. Zhu Rongji zai Yi Jiujiujiu Nian [Zhu Rongji in 1999]. Hong Kong:Mirror Books.
65. Zong, Hairen. 2002a. Zhu Rongji zai Yi Jiujiujiu Nian [Zhu Rongji in 1999]. Hong Kong: Mirror Books, 2001, translated in Chinese Law and Government (January-February), pp. 3-99.
66. Zong, Hairen. 2002b. Zhu Rongji zai Yi Jiujiujiu Nian [Zhu Rongji in 1999]. Hong Kong: Mirror Books, 2001, translated in Chinese Law and Government (March-April), pp. 3-91.
67. Adams, Ian, Riley Adams, and Rocco Galati. 2000. Power of the wheel: the Falun Gong revolution. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Co.
68. Arnason, Johann P. 1993. The Future that failed: origins and destinies of the Soviet Model. London: Routledge.
69. Baum, Richard. 1994. Burying Mao: Chinese politics in the age of Deng Xiaoping. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
70. Brinton, Crane. 1938. The anatomy of revolution. New York: Norton.
71. Bruszt, Laszlo, and David Stark. 1991. "Remaking of the political field in Hungary: from the politics of confrontation to the politics of competition," Journal of International Affairs, 45/1: 201-45.
72. Casil, Janice. 2004. "Falun Gong and China's human rights violations," Peace Review, 16/2 (June), pp. 225-31.
73. Chan, Alex. 2002. "From propaganda to hegemony: Jiaodian Fangtan and China's media policy," Journal of Contemporary China 11/30 (February), pp. 35-52.
74. Chan, Cheris S.C. 2004. "The Falun Gong in China: a sociological perspective," China Quarterly no. 179 (September), pp. 665-84.
75. Chang, Gordon G. 2001. The coming collapse of China. New York: Random House.
76. Chang, Maria Hsia. 2004. Falun Gong: the end of days. New Haven: Yale University Press.
77. Chen, Chiung Hwang. 2005. "Framing Falun Gong: Xinhua news agency's coverage of the new religious movement in China," Asian Journal of Communication, 15/1 (March), pp. 16-37.
78. Chen, Feng and Ting Gong. 1997. "Party versus market in post-Mao China: the erosion of the Leninist organization from below," Journal of Communist Studies and Transitio Politics, vol. 13, pp. 148-66.
79. China Daily, various editions.
80. Chirot, Daniel, ed. 1991. The crisis of Leninism and the decline of the left. Seattle:University of Washington Press.
81. Donald, Stephanie Hemelryk, Michael Keane, and Yin Hong, eds. 2002. Media in China:consumption, content and crisis. London: Routledge/Curson.
82. Edelman, Bryan, and James T. Richardson. 2005. "Imposed limitations on freedom of religion in China and the margin of appreciation doctrine: a legal analysis of the crackdown on the Falun Gong on other 'evil cults,'" Journal of Church and State, 47/2 (Spring), pp. 243-68.
83. Ekiert, Grzegorz. 1991. "Democratization processes in East Central Europe: a theoretical reconsideration," British Journal of Political Science 21(3): 285-313.
84. Elster, Jon, Claus Offe, and Ulrich Preuss, eds. 1998. Instititional design in postcommunist societies: rebuilding the ship at sea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85. Fish, M. Stephen. 1995. Democracy from scratch: opposition and regime in the new Russian Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
86. Gill, Graeme. 1995. The collapse of a single-party system: the disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. New York: Cambridge University Press.
87. Goldstone, Jack A. 1996. "The coming Chinese collapse," Foreign Policy, no. 99 (Summer), pp. 35-52.
88. Hancock, Bill. 1999. "China's internal war with the Falun Gong sect spills onto the Internet," Computers and Security, 18/6 (October), pp. 464-66.
89. Hong Kong Standard, various editions.
90. Hough, Jerry F. 1997. Democratization and revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
91. Kaminski, Marek M. 1999. "How communism could have been saved: formal analysis of electoral bargaining in Poland in 1989." Public Choice 98(1-2): 83-109.
92. Karklins, Rasma, and Roger Petersen. 1993. "Decision calculus of protesters and regimes: Eastern Europe 1989," Journal of Politics 55(3): 588-614.
93. Kindopp, Jason. 2002. "China's war on 'cults,'" Current History, 101/656 (September), pp. 259-67.
94. Kuran, Timur. 1991. "Now out of never: the element of surprise in the East European revolution of 1989," World Poiltiics. 44(1): 7-48.
95. Lee, Chin-chuan. 2000. "Chinese communications: prisms, trajectories, and modes of understanding," in Chin-chuan Lee ed., Power, money, and media: communication patterns and bureaucratic control in cultural China. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
96. Leung, Beatrice. 2002. "China and the Falun Gong: party and society relations in the modern era," Journal of Contemporary China, 11/33 (November), pp. 761-85.
97. Li, Xiaoping. 2002. "'Focus' (Jiaodian Fangtan) and changes in the Chinese television industry," Journal of Contemporary China 11/30 (February), pp. 17-34.
98. Lieberthal, Kenneth, and Michel Oksenberg. 1988. Policy-making in China: leaders, structures, and processes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
99. Lohmann, Suzanne. 1994. "The dynamics of informational cascades: the Monday demonstrations in Leipzeig, East Germany, 1989-1991," World Politics, 47/1: pp. 42-101.
100. Maier, Charles S. 1997. Dissolution: the crisis of communism and the end of East Germany. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
101. Mason, David S. 1992. Revolution in East-Central Europe: The Rise and Fall of Communism and the Cold War. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
102. McCauley, Mary. 1992. Soviet Politics, 1917-1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
103. McCormick, Barrett. 2002/2003. "Recent trends in mainland China's media: political implications of commercialization," Issues and Studies (December/March), pp. 175-215.
104. McDonald, Kevin. 2004. "Oneself as another: from social movement to experience movement," Current Sociology, 52/4 (July), pp. 575-90, 665-81.
105. McDonald, Kevin. 2006. Global movements: action and culture. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
106. McTernan, Vaughan. 2003. "The Falun Gong: a virtual meeting of East and West," Bucknell Review 47/2 (June), pp. 104-28.
107. Montinola, Gabriella, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast. 1996. "Federalism, Chinese style: the political basis for economic success," World Politics, 48/1, pp. 50-81.
108. Munro, Robin. 2002. Dangerous minds: political psychiatry in China today and its origins in the Mao era. New York: Human Rights Watch.
109. Nee, Victor. 1989. "A theory of market transition: from redistribution to markets in state socialism," American Sociological Review, 54, pp. 663-81.
110. Nee, Victor, and Lian Peng. 1994. "Sleeping with the enemy: a dynamic model of declining commitment in state socialism," Theory and Society, 23, pp. 253-96.
111. O'Leary, Stephen. 2000. "Falungong and the Internet," Online Journalism Review,.
112. Ownby, David. 2003. "The Falun Gong in the new world," European Journal of East Asian Studies, 2/2 (December), pp. 303-21.
113. Palmer, David. 2007. Qigong fever: body, science and utopia in China. New York:Columbia University Press.
114. Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the market. New York: Cambridge University Press.
115. Rahn, Patsy. 2002. "The chemistry of a conflict: the Chinese government and the Falun Gong," Terrorism and Political Violence, 14/4 (Winter), pp. 41-66.
116. Remington, Thomas F. 1992. "Reform, revolution, and regime transition in the Soviet Union," in Gilbert Rozman ed., Dismantling communism: common causes and regional variations. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, pp. 121-51.
117. Roeder, Philip G. 1993. Red sunset: the failure of Soviet politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
118. Shirk, Susan. 1993. The political logic of economic reform in China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
119. Stokes, Gale. 1993. The walls come tumbling down: the breakdown of communism in Eastern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
120. Stone, Alan A. 2004. "The plight of the Falun Gong," Psychiatric Times (November), pp. 1-13.
121. Stone, Alan A. 2005. "The China psychiatric crisis: following up on the plight of the Falun Gong," Psychiatric Times (May), pp. 1-13.
122. Szakolczai, Arpad, and Agnes Horváth. 1991. "Political instructors and the decline of communism in Hungary: apparatus, nomenclatura and the issue of legacy," British Journal of Political Science 21(4): 469-88.
123. Szelenyi, Ivan, and Balazs Szelenyi. 1994. "Why socialism failed: towards a theory of system breakdown," Theory and Society 23(2): 211-31.
124. Thornton, Patricia. 2002. "Framing dissent in contemporary China: irony, ambiguity and metonymy," China Quarterly, no. 171 (September), pp. 661-81.
125. Tismaneanu, Vladimir. 1992. Reinventing politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel. New York: Free Press.
126. Tompson, William J. 1993. "Kruschev and Gorbachev as reformers: a comparison," British Journal of Political Science, 23/1, pp. 77-105.
127. Tong, James. 2002a. "An organizational analysis of the Falungong: structure, communications, financing," China Quarterly, no. 171 (September), pp. 641-65.
128. Tong, James. 2002b. "Anatomy of regime repression in China: timing, enforcement institutions, and target selection in banning the Falungong, July, 1999," Asian Survey (November-December), pp. 795-820.
129. Tong, James. 2005. "Publish to perish: regime choices and propaganda impact in the anti-Falungong publication campaign July, 1999-December 2000," Journal of Contemporary China, 14/44 (August), pp. 507-523.
130. Walder, Andrew. 1994. "The decline of communist power: elements of a theory of institutional change," Theory and Society, 23, pp. 297-323.
131. Wang, Jianlong. 2002. "Research on Chinese communication campaigns: a historical review," in Wenshan Jia et al., eds., Chinese communication theory and research:reflections, new frontiers, and new directions. Westport, Conn.: Ablex Publishing, pp. 131-46.
132. Wolf, Charles, Jr., K.C. Yeh, Benjamin Zycher, Nicholas Eberstadt, and Sung-ho Lee. 2003. Fault lines in China's economic terrain. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation.
133. Wong, John, and William T. Liu. 1999. The mystery of the China's Falun Gong: its rise and its sociological implications. East Asian Institute Contemporary China Series, no. 22. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
134. Wyatt, Alex. 2002. "The global economy and the on-line world: consequences of WTO accession on the regulation of the Internet in China," Melbourne Journal of International Law, 3/2 (October), pp. 436-53.
135. Xia, Ming, and Shiping Hua, eds. 1999. "The battle between the Chinese government and the Falun Gong," Chinese Law and Government (September-October), pp. 5-104.
136. Xiao, Hongyan. 2001. "Falun Gong and the ideological crisis of the Chinese Communist Party: Marxist atheism vs. vulgar theism," East Asia: An International Quarterly, 19/1-2 (Spring-Summer), pp. 123-44.
137. Zeng, Jennifer. 2006. Witnessing history: one Chinese woman's fight for freedom. New York: Soho Press.
138. Zhao, Yuezhi. 1998. Media, market, and democracy in China: between the party line and the bottom line. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
139. Zhao, Yuezhi. 2000. "From commercialization to conglomeration: the transformation of the Chinese press within the orbit of the party state," Journal of Communication (Spring), pp. 3-26.
140. Zhou, Shiyu. 2001. "The '610 Office'-the primary organ mechanism of Jiang Zemin's state terrorism policy against Falun Gong," presented at the Panel Discussion on China's State Terrorism at National Press Club, Washington D.C., October 10.