BK virus infection: An update on diagnosis and treatment

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 209-217

  Sawinski, Deirdre ^a   Goral, Simin ^a  

^a HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

BK virus; diagnosis; kidney; transplantation; treatment

Indexed keywords

CIDOFOVIR; CIPROFLOXACIN; EVEROLIMUS; LEFLUNOMIDE; MANITIMUS; MESSENGER RNA; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; OROTIC ACID; RAPAMYCIN; TACROLIMUS;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BK VIRUS; BK VIRUS INFECTION; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EM HAUFEN; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; KIDNEY BIOPSY; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; NONHUMAN; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PREDICTIVE VALUE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RETRANSPLANTATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TREATMENT PLANNING; URINALYSIS; VIREMIA; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS PARTICLE; VIRUS REACTIVATION; FEMALE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MALE; PATHOGENICITY; POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS;

BK VIRUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MALE; POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; TUMOR VIRUS INFECTIONS;

EID: 84922483926     PISSN: 09310509     EISSN: 14602385     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu023     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Gardner SD, Field AM, Coleman DV et al. New human papovavirus (BK) isolated from urine after renal transplantation. Lancet 1971; 1: 1253-1257
2. Purighalla R, Shapiro R, McCauley J et al. BK virus infection in a kidney allograft diagnosed by needle biopsy. Am J Kidney Dis 1995; 26: 671-673
3. Randhawa PS, Finkelsteing S, Scantelbury V et al. Human polyoma virusassociated interstitial nephritis in the allograft kidney. Transplantation 1999; 67: 103-109
4. Tremolada S, Akan S, Otte J et al. Rare subtypes of BK virus are viable and frequently detected in renal transplant recipients with BK virus-Associated nephropathy. Virology 2010; 404: 312-318
5. Takasaka T, Goya N, Tokumoto T et al. Subtypes of BK virus prevalent in Japan and variation in their transcriptional control region. J Gen Virol 2004; 85: 2821-2827
6. Zhong S, Randhawa PS, Ikegaya H et al. Distribution patterns of BK polyomavirus (BKV) subtypes and subgroups in American, European, and Asian populations suggest co-migration of BKV and the human race. J Gen Virol 2009; 90: 144-152
7. Stolt A, Sasnauskas K, Koskela P et al. Seroepidemiology of the human polyomaviruses. J Gen Virol 2003; 84: 1499-1504
8. Hirsch HH, KnowlesW, Dickenmann M et al. Prospective study of polyomavirus type BK replication and nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 488-496
9. Brennan DC, Agha I, Schnitzler MA et al. Incidence of BK with tacrolimus versus cyclosporine and impact of preemptive immunosuppression reduction. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 582-594
10. Koukoulaki M, Grispou E, Pistolas D et al. Prospective monitoring of BK virus replication in renal transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2009; 11: 1-10
11. Almeras C, Vetromile F, Garrigue V et al. Monthly screening for BK viremia is an effective strategy to prevent BK virus nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13: 101-108
12. Thakur R, Arora S, Nada R et al. Prospective monitoring of BK virus reactivation in renal transplant recipients in North India. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13: 575-583
13. Sood P, Senanayake S, Sujeet K et al. Management and outcome of BK viremia in renal transplant Recipients: a prospective single center study. Transplantation 2012; 94: 814-821
14. Hirsch HH, Vincenti F, Friman S et al. Polyomavirus BK replication in denovo kidney transplant patients receiving tacrolimus or cyclosporine: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study. Am J Transplant 2013; 13: 136-145
15. Haririan A, Klassen DK. BK virus infection after nonrenal transplant. Graft 2002; 5: S58-S64
16. Barber CE, Hewlett TJ, Geldenhuys L et al. BK virus nephropathy in a heart transplant recipients: case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 2006; 8: 113-121
17. Munoz P, Fogeda M, Bousa E et al. Prevalence of BK virus replication among recipients of solid organ transplants. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1720-1725
18. Loeches B, Valeria M, Perez Met al. BK virus in liver transplant recipients: a prospective study. Transplant Proc 2009; 41: 1033-1037
19. Remund KF, Best M, Egan JJ. Infections relevant to lung transplantation. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6: 94-100
20. Wiseman AC. Polyomavirus Nephropathy: a current perspective and clinical considerations. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54: 131-142
21. Hirsch HH, Randhawa P, and The AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. BK polyomavirus in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13: 179-188
22. Bohl DL, Storch GA, Ryschkewitsch C. et al. Donor origin of BK virus in renal transplantation and role of HLA C7 in susceptibility to sustained BK viremia. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 2213-2221
23. Siparksy NF, Kushnir LF, Gallichio MH et al. Ureteral stents: a risk factor for polyomavirus BK viremia in kidney transplant recipients undergoing protocol screening. Transplant Proc 2011; 43: 2641-2644
24. Thomas A, Dropulic LK, Rahman MH et al. Ureteral stents: a novel risk factor for polyomavirus nephropathy. Transplantation 2007; 84: 433-436
25. Dharnidharka VR, Cherikh WS, Abbott KC. An OPTN analysis of national registry data on treatment of BK virus allograft nephropathy in the United States. Transplantation 2009; 87: 1019-1026
26. Cannon RM, Brock G, Marvin MR et al. Analysis of BK viral infection after alemtuzumab induction for renal transplant. Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 14: 374-379
27. Ison MG, Parker M, Stosor V et al. Development of BK nephropathy in recipients of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2009; 87: 525-530
28. Theodoropoulos N, Want E, Penugonda S et al. BK virus replication and nephropathy after alemtuzumab-inducted kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13: 197-206
29. Bohl DL, Brennan DC, Ryschkewitsch C et al. BK virus antibody titers and intensity of infections after renal transplantation. J Clin Virol 2008; 43: 184-189
30. Trofe-Clark J, Sawinski D, Sparkes T et al. Single center experience with long-Term prospective bk monitoring in renal transplantation. In: Presented at American Transplant Congress, Seattle, 2013
31. Kasiske BL, Zeier MG, Chapman JR et al. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients: a summary. Kidney Int 2010; 77: 299-311
32. Eyileten T, Trofe-Clark J, Goral S et al. Single center experience with prospective BK monitoring in renal transplantation. In: Presented at American Transplant Congress, Boston, 2012.
33. Schaub S, Hirsch HH, Dickenmann M et al. Reducing immunosuppression preserves allograft function in presumptive and definitive polyomavirus associated nephropathy. Am J Transplant 2010; 10: 2615-2623
34. Bechert CJ, Schnadig VJ, Payne DA et al. Monitoring of BK viral load in renal allograft recipients by real time PCR assays. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 133: 242-250
35. Singh HK, Andreoni KA, Maden V et al. Presence of urinary Haufen accurately predicts polyomavirus nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 416-427
36. Nickeleit V, Klimkait T, Binet IF et al. Testing for polyomavirus type BK DNA in plasma to identify renal allograft recipients with viral nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1309-1315
37. Kuppachi S, Thomas B, Kokko KE. BK virus in the kidney transplant patient. Am J Med Sci 2013; 345: 482-488
38. Trofe-Clark J, Sparkes T, Gentile C et al. BK virus genotype variance and discordant BK viremia PCR assay results. Am J Transplant 2013; 13: 1112-1113
39. Randhawa P, Kant J, Shapiro R et al. Impact of genomic sequence variability on quantitative PCR assays for diagnosis of polyomavirus BK infection. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49: 4072-4076
40. Hoffman NG, Cook L, Atienza E et al. Marked variability of BK virus load measurement using quantitative real time PCR among commonly used assays. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46: 2671-2680
41. Viscount HB, Eid AJ, Espy MJ et al. Polyomavirus polymerase chain reaction as a surrogate marker of polyomavirus associated nephropathy. Transplantation 2007; 84: 340-345
42. Hirsch HH, Brennan DC, Drachenberg CB et al. Polyomavirus associated nephropathy in renal transplantation: interdisciplinary analyses and recommendations. Transplantation 2005; 10: 1277-1286
43. Ding R, Medeiros M, Dadhani D et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of BK virus nephritis by measurement of messenger RNA for BK virus VP1 in urine. Transplantation 2002; 74: 987-994
44. Dadhania D, Snopkowski C, Ding R et al. Validation of noninvasive diagnosis of BK virus nephropathy and identification of prognostic biomarkers. Transplantation 2010; 90: 189-197
45. Masutani K, Shapiro R, Basu A et al. The Banff 2009 Working Proposal for polyomavirus nephropathy: a critical evaluation of its utility as a determinant of clinical outcome. Am J Transplant 2012; 12: 907-918
46. Drachenberg RC, Drachenberg CB, Papadimitriou JC et al. Morphological spectrum of polyoma virus disease in renal allografts: diagnostic accuracy of urine cytology. Am J Transplant 2001; 1: 373-381
47. Sar A, Worawichawong S, Benediktsson H et al. Interobserver agreement for polyomavirus nephropathy grading in renal allografts using the working proposal from the 10th Banff Conference on allograft pathology. Human Pathol 2011; 42: 2018-2024
48. Buehrig CK, Lager DL, Stegall MD et al. Influence of surveillance renal allograft biopsy on diagnosis and prognosis of polyomavirus associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 665-673
49. Chen Y, Trofe J, Gordon J. et al. Interplay of cellular and humoral immune responses against BK virus in kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus nephropathy. J Virol 2006; 80: 3495-3505
50. Chen Y, Trofe J, Gordon J et al. BKV and JCV large T antigen-specific C.D.+ T cell responses in HLA A0201+ kidney transplant recipients with polyomavirus nephropathy and patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Clin Virol 2008; 42: 198-202
51. Randhawa PS, Popescu I, Macedo C et al. Detection of CD8+ T cells sensitized to BK virus large T antigen in healthy volunteers and kidney transplant recipients. Human Immunol 2006; 67: 298-302
52. Binggeli S, Egli A, Schaub S et al. Polyomavirus BK specific cellular immune response to VP1 and large T antigen in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 1131-1139
53. Meuller K, Schachtner T, Sattler A et al. BK-VP3 as a new target of cellular immunity in BK virus infection. Transplantation 2011; 91: 100-107
54. Prosser SE, Orentas RJ, Jurgens L et al. Recovery of BK virus large T antigen specific cellular immune response correlates with resolution of BK virus nephritis. Transplantation 2008; 88: 185-192
55. Schachtner T, Muller K, Stein M et al. BKV specific immunity kinetics: a predictor of recovery from polyomavirus BK associated nephropathy. Am J Transplant 2011; 11: 2443-2452
56. Trydzenskaya H, Sattler A, Muller K et al. Novel approach for improved assessment of phenotypic and functional characteristics of BKV specific T cell immunity. Transplantation 2011; 92: 1269-1277
57. Almeras C, Foulongne V, Garrigue V et al. Does reduction in immunosuppression in viremic patients prevent BK virus nephropathy in De novo renal transplant recipients?. A prospective study. Transplantation 2008; 85: 1099-1104
58. Weiss AS, Gralla J, Chan L et al. Aggressive immunosuppression minimization reduces graft loss following diagnosis of BK virus-Associated nephropathy: a comparison of two reduction strategies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 1812-1819
59. Hardinger KL, Koch MJ, Bohl DJ et al. BK virus and the impact of preemptive immunosuppression reduction: 5 year results. Am J Transplant 2010; 10: 407-415
60. Faguer S, Hirsch HH, Kamar N et al. Leflunomide treatment for polyomavirus BK associated nephropathy after kidney transplantation. Transplant Int 2007; 20: 962-969
61. Leca N, Muczynski KA, Jefferson JA et al. Higher levels of leflunomide are associated with hemolysis and are not superior to lower levels for BK virus clearance in renal transplant patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 929-935
62. Kuypers DR, Vandooren AK, Lerut E et al. Adjuvant low dose cidofovir therapy for BK polyomavirus interstitial nephritis in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 1997-2004
63. Elgi A, Kohli S, Dickenmann M et al. Inhibition of polyomavirus BK specific T cell responses by immunosuppressive drugs. Transplantation 2009; 88: 1161-1168
64. Johnston O, Jaswal D, Gill JS et al. Treatment of polyomavirus infection in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Transplantation 2010; 89: 1057-1070
65. Schwarz A, Linnenweber-Held S, Heim A et al. Factors influencing viral clearing and renal function during polyomavirus BK-Associated nephropathy after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2012; 94: 396-402
66. Burgos D, Lopez V, Cabello M et al. Polyomavirus BK nephropathy: the effect of an early diagnosis on renal function or graft loss. Transplant Proc 2006; 38: 2409-2411
67. Wadei HM, Rule AD, Lewin M et al. Kidney transplant function and histological clearance of virus following diagnosis of polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PVAN). Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 1025-1032
68. Josephson MA, Gillen D, Javaid B et al. Treatment of renal allograft polyomavirus BK infection with leflunomide. Transplantation 2006; 81: 704-710
69. Gausch A, Roy-Chaudhury P, Woodle ES et al. Assessment of efficacy and safety of FK778 in comparison with standard care in renal transplant recipients with untreated BK nephropathy. Transplantation 2010; 90: 891-897
70. www.clinicaltrials.gov (22 December 2013, date last accessed)
71. Dharnidharka VR, Cherikh WS, Neff R et al. Retransplantation: after BK virus nephropathy in prior kidney transplant: an OPTN database analysis. Am J Transplant 2010; 10: 1312-1315