메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 347, Issue 6219, 2015, Pages

Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; GLOBAL OCEAN; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; PROTECTED AREA; WILDFIRE;

EID: 84922480047     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1255641     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (933)

References (120)
  • 1
    • 84904795599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defaunation in the Anthropocene
    • pmid: 25061202
    • R. Dirzo et al., Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345, 401-406 (2014). doi: 10.1126/science.1251817; pmid: 25061202
    • (2014) Science , vol.345 , pp. 401-406
    • Dirzo, R.1
  • 2
    • 6044243344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the causes of late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents
    • pmid: 15459379
    • A. D. Barnosky, P. L. Koch, R. S. Feranec, S. L. Wing, A. B. Shabel, Assessing the causes of late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science 306, 70-75 (2004). doi: 10.1126/science.1101476; pmid: 15459379
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , pp. 70-75
    • Barnosky, A.D.1    Koch, P.L.2    Feranec, R.S.3    Wing, S.L.4    Shabel, A.B.5
  • 3
    • 33747357447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary extinctions: State of the debate
    • P. L. Koch, A. D. Barnosky, Late Quaternary extinctions: State of the debate. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37, 215-250 (2006). doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415
    • (2006) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. , vol.37 , pp. 215-250
    • Koch, P.L.1    Barnosky, A.D.2
  • 4
    • 85006216575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American land mammal ages (NALMAs)
    • A. D. Barnosky et al., Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American land mammal ages (NALMAs). Anthropol. Rev. (2014); doi: 10.1177/2053019614547433.
    • (2014) Anthropol. Rev.
    • Barnosky, A.D.1
  • 5
    • 82255169476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of modern humans
    • pmid: 22116883
    • S. O'Connor, R. Ono, C. Clarkson, Pelagic fishing at 42,000 years before the present and the maritime skills of modern humans. Science 334, 1117-1121 (2011). doi: 10.1126/science.1207703; pmid: 22116883
    • (2011) Science , vol.334 , pp. 1117-1121
    • O'Connor, S.1    Ono, R.2    Clarkson, C.3
  • 6
    • 33745498579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas
    • pmid: 16794081
    • H. K. Lotze et al., Depletion, degradation, and recovery potential of estuaries and coastal seas. Science 312, 1806-1809 (2006). doi: 10.1126/science.1128035; pmid: 16794081
    • (2006) Science , vol.312 , pp. 1806-1809
    • Lotze, H.K.1
  • 7
    • 0035958751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems
    • pmid: 11474098
    • J. B. C. Jackson et al., Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293, 629-637 (2001). doi: 10.1126/science.1059199; pmid: 11474098
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 629-637
    • Jackson, J.B.C.1
  • 8
    • 2142803437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Materials and methods are available as supplementary materials on
    • Materials and methods are available as supplementary materials on Science Online.
    • Science Online
  • 10
    • 80052310753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?
    • pmid: 21886479
    • C. Mora, D. P. Tittensor, S. Adl, A. G. B. Simpson, B. Worm, How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?PLOS Biol. 9, e1001127 (2011). doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127; pmid: 21886479
    • (2011) PLOS Biol. , vol.9 , pp. e1001127
    • Mora, C.1    Tittensor, D.P.2    Adl, S.3    Simpson, A.G.B.4    Worm, B.5
  • 11
    • 84901642271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection
    • pmid: 24876501
    • S. L. Pimm et al., The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection. Science 344, 1246752 (2014). doi: 10.1126/science.1246752; pmid: 24876501
    • (2014) Science , vol.344 , pp. 1246752
    • Pimm, S.L.1
  • 12
    • 0023480308 scopus 로고
    • Endemism and evolution in Hawaiian marine invertebrates
    • pmid: 21227847
    • E. Alison Kay, S. R. Palumbi, Endemism and evolution in Hawaiian marine invertebrates. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2, 183-186 (1987). doi: 10.1016/0169-5347(87)90017-6; pmid: 21227847
    • (1987) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.2 , pp. 183-186
    • Alison Kay, E.1    Palumbi, S.R.2
  • 13
    • 0141512143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: A community perspective
    • B. P. Kinlan, S. D. Gaines, Propagule dispersal in marine and terrestrial environments: A community perspective. Ecology 84, 2007-2020 (2003). doi: 10.1890/01-0622
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 2007-2020
    • Kinlan, B.P.1    Gaines, S.D.2
  • 14
    • 79961074769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Range contraction in large pelagic predators
    • pmid: 21693644
    • B. Worm, D. P. Tittensor, Range contraction in large pelagic predators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 11942-11947 (2011). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1102353108; pmid: 21693644
    • (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.108 , pp. 11942-11947
    • Worm, B.1    Tittensor, D.P.2
  • 15
    • 34250208781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Fate of wild tigers
    • E. Dinerstein et al., The Fate of wild tigers. Bioscience 57, 508-514 (2007). doi: 10.1641/B570608
    • (2007) Bioscience , vol.57 , pp. 508-514
    • Dinerstein, E.1
  • 18
    • 0008588785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WWF International, Gland, Switzerland
    • WWF, Living Planet Report (WWF International, Gland, Switzerland, 2012); http://wwf.panda.org/lpr.
    • (2012) Living Planet Report
  • 19
    • 0142027779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?
    • pmid: 14526101
    • A. M. Springer et al., Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 12223-12228 (2003). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1635156100; pmid: 14526101
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.100 , pp. 12223-12228
    • Springer, A.M.1
  • 20
    • 0003134063 scopus 로고
    • The empty forest
    • K. H. Redford, The empty forest. Bioscience 42, 412-422 (1992). doi: 10.2307/1311860
    • (1992) Bioscience , vol.42 , pp. 412-422
    • Redford, K.H.1
  • 21
    • 84900475216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Declines in large wildlife increase landscape-level prevalence of rodent-borne disease in Africa
    • pmid: 24778215
    • H. S. Young et al., Declines in large wildlife increase landscape-level prevalence of rodent-borne disease in Africa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 7036-7041 (2014). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1404958111; pmid: 24778215
    • (2014) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.111 , pp. 7036-7041
    • Young, H.S.1
  • 22
    • 84907959592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive and negative effects of a threatened parrotfish on reef ecosystems
    • pmid: 25065396
    • D. J. McCauley et al., Positive and negative effects of a threatened parrotfish on reef ecosystems. Conserv. Biol. 28, 1312-1321 (2014). doi: 10.1111/cobi.12314; pmid: 25065396
    • (2014) Conserv. Biol. , vol.28 , pp. 1312-1321
    • McCauley, D.J.1
  • 23
    • 0029730121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extirpation and current status of wild chinchillas Chinchilla lanigera and C. brevicaudata
    • J. E. Jiménez, The extirpation and current status of wild chinchillas Chinchilla lanigera and C. brevicaudata. Biol. Conserv. 77, 1-6 (1996). doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(95)00116-6
    • (1996) Biol. Conserv. , vol.77 , pp. 1-6
    • Jiménez, J.E.1
  • 24
    • 78649782904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commercial whaling, especially for gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus, and humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, at California and Baja California shore stations in the 19th century (1854-1899)
    • th century (1854-1899). Mar. Fish. Rev. 72, 1-25 (2010).
    • (2010) Mar. Fish. Rev. , vol.72 , pp. 1-25
    • Reeves, R.R.1    Smith, T.D.2
  • 25
    • 1642419624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State of the world's fisheries
    • R. Hilborn et al., State of the world's fisheries. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28, 359-399 (2003). doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105509
    • (2003) Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. , vol.28 , pp. 359-399
    • Hilborn, R.1
  • 26
    • 33845501407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rarity value and species extinction: The anthropogenic Allee effect
    • pmid: 17132047
    • F. Courchamp et al., Rarity value and species extinction: The anthropogenic Allee effect. PLOS Biol. 4, e415 (2006). doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040415; pmid: 17132047
    • (2006) PLOS Biol. , vol.4 , pp. e415
    • Courchamp, F.1
  • 27
    • 0032488778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fishing down marine food webs
    • pmid: 9452385
    • D. Pauly, V. Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, F. Torres Jr., Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279, 860-863 (1998). doi: 10.1126/science.279.5352.860; pmid: 9452385
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 860-863
    • Pauly, D.1    Christensen, V.2    Dalsgaard, J.3    Froese, R.4    Torres, F.5
  • 28
    • 77955442836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level
    • pmid: 20566867
    • S. A. Sethi, T. A. Branch, R. Watson, Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 12163-12167 (2010). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003236107; pmid: 20566867
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.107 , pp. 12163-12167
    • Sethi, S.A.1    Branch, T.A.2    Watson, R.3
  • 29
    • 79957744643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexpected patterns of fisheries collapse in the world's oceans
    • pmid: 21536889
    • M. L. Pinsky, O. P. Jensen, D. Ricard, S. R. Palumbi, Unexpected patterns of fisheries collapse in the world's oceans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 8317-8322 (2011). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015313108; pmid: 21536889
    • (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.108 , pp. 8317-8322
    • Pinsky, M.L.1    Jensen, O.P.2    Ricard, D.3    Palumbi, S.R.4
  • 30
    • 50049124452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean
    • pmid: 18695220
    • J. B. C. Jackson, Ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (suppl. 1), 11458-11465 (2008). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0802812105; pmid: 18695220
    • (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.105 , pp. 11458-11465
    • Jackson, J.B.C.1
  • 31
    • 3142721446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fish abundance with no fishing: Predictions based on macroecological theory
    • S. Jennings, J. L. Blanchard, Fish abundance with no fishing: Predictions based on macroecological theory. J. Anim. Ecol. 73, 632-642 (2004). doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00839.x
    • (2004) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.73 , pp. 632-642
    • Jennings, S.1    Blanchard, J.L.2
  • 32
    • 2642521259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Of mice, mastodons and men: Human-mediated extinctions on four continents
    • S. K. Lyons, F. A. Smith, J. H. Brown, Of mice, mastodons and men: Human-mediated extinctions on four continents. Evol. Ecol. Res. 6, 339-358 (2004).
    • (2004) Evol. Ecol. Res. , vol.6 , pp. 339-358
    • Lyons, S.K.1    Smith, F.A.2    Brown, J.H.3
  • 33
    • 80052153687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of fishing low-trophic level species on marine ecosystems
    • pmid: 21778363
    • A. D. Smith et al., Impacts of fishing low-trophic level species on marine ecosystems. Science 333, 1147-1150 (2011). doi: 10.1126/science.1209395; pmid: 21778363
    • (2011) Science , vol.333 , pp. 1147-1150
    • Smith, A.D.1
  • 34
    • 3042697257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerating trophic-level dysfunction in kelp forest ecosystems of the western North Atlantic
    • R. S. Steneck, J. Vavrinec, A. V. Leland, Accelerating trophic-level dysfunction in kelp forest ecosystems of the western North Atlantic. Ecosystems 7, 323-332 (2004). doi: 10.1007/s10021-004-0240-6
    • (2004) Ecosystems , vol.7 , pp. 323-332
    • Steneck, R.S.1    Vavrinec, J.2    Leland, A.V.3
  • 35
    • 0037916533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of cod-shrimp interactions reveals top-down control in oceanic food webs
    • B. Worm, R. A. Myers, Meta-analysis of cod-shrimp interactions reveals top-down control in oceanic food webs. Ecology 84, 162-173 (2003). doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0162:MAOCSI]2.0.CO;2
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 162-173
    • Worm, B.1    Myers, R.A.2
  • 36
    • 0024910695 scopus 로고
    • Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems
    • pmid: 17787876
    • D. O. Duggins, C. A. Simenstad, J. A. Estes, Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems. Science 245, 170-173 (1989). doi: 10.1126/science.245.4914.170; pmid: 17787876
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 170-173
    • Duggins, D.O.1    Simenstad, C.A.2    Estes, J.A.3
  • 37
    • 34147110810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean
    • pmid: 17395829
    • R. A. Myers, J. K. Baum, T. D. Shepherd, S. P. Powers, C. H. Peterson, Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Science 315, 1846-1850 (2007). doi: 10.1126/science.1138657; pmid: 17395829
    • (2007) Science , vol.315 , pp. 1846-1850
    • Myers, R.A.1    Baum, J.K.2    Shepherd, T.D.3    Powers, S.P.4    Peterson, C.H.5
  • 38
    • 77649218610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Rise of the Mesopredator
    • L. R. Prugh et al., The Rise of the Mesopredator. Bioscience 59, 779-791 (2009). doi: 10.1525/bio.2009.59.9.9
    • (2009) Bioscience , vol.59 , pp. 779-791
    • Prugh, L.R.1
  • 39
    • 79952367034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid global expansion of invertebrate fisheries: Trends, drivers, and ecosystem effects
    • pmid: 21408090
    • S. C. Anderson, J. Mills Flemming, R. Watson, H. K. Lotze, Rapid global expansion of invertebrate fisheries: Trends, drivers, and ecosystem effects. PLOS ONE 6, e14735 (2011). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014735; pmid: 21408090
    • (2011) PLOS ONE , vol.6 , pp. e14735
    • Anderson, S.C.1    Mills Flemming, J.2    Watson, R.3    Lotze, H.K.4
  • 40
    • 39349108357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems
    • pmid: 18276889
    • B. S. Halpern et al., A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319, 948-952 (2008). doi: 10.1126/science.1149345; pmid: 18276889
    • (2008) Science , vol.319 , pp. 948-952
    • Halpern, B.S.1
  • 41
    • 84880967042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation at the edges of the world
    • D. J. McCauley et al., Conservation at the edges of the world. Biol. Conserv. 165, 139-145 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.026
    • (2013) Biol. Conserv. , vol.165 , pp. 139-145
    • McCauley, D.J.1
  • 42
    • 84878156171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global effects of local human population density and distance to markets on the condition of coral reef fisheries
    • pmid: 23025334
    • J. E. Cinner, N. A. J. Graham, C. Huchery, M. A. Macneil, Global effects of local human population density and distance to markets on the condition of coral reef fisheries. Conserv. Biol. 27, 453-458 (2013). doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01933.x; pmid: 23025334
    • (2013) Conserv. Biol. , vol.27 , pp. 453-458
    • Cinner, J.E.1    Graham, N.A.J.2    Huchery, C.3    Macneil, M.A.4
  • 43
    • 84900445359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A call for deep-ocean stewardship
    • pmid: 24833377
    • K. J. Mengerink et al., A call for deep-ocean stewardship. Science 344, 696-698 (2014). doi: 10.1126/science.1251458; pmid: 24833377
    • (2014) Science , vol.344 , pp. 696-698
    • Mengerink, K.J.1
  • 44
    • 84859512518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature-driven coral decline: The role of marine protected areas
    • E. R. Selig, K. S. Casey, J. F. Bruno, Temperature-driven coral decline: The role of marine protected areas. Glob. Change Biol. 18, 1561-1570 (2012). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02658.x
    • (2012) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 1561-1570
    • Selig, E.R.1    Casey, K.S.2    Bruno, J.F.3
  • 45
    • 40149095184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: Timing, extent, and subregional comparisons
    • pmid: 17684557
    • J. F. Bruno, E. R. Selig, Regional decline of coral cover in the Indo-Pacific: Timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLOS ONE 2, e711 (2007). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000711; pmid: 17684557
    • (2007) PLOS ONE , vol.2 , pp. e711
    • Bruno, J.F.1    Selig, E.R.2
  • 46
    • 0037083646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs
    • pmid: 11847338
    • C. M. Roberts et al., Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295, 1280-1284 (2002). doi: 10.1126/science.1067728; pmid: 11847338
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 1280-1284
    • Roberts, C.M.1
  • 47
    • 84901216800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change
    • pmid: 24762535
    • S. R. Palumbi, D. J. Barshis, N. Traylor-Knowles, R. A. Bay, Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change. Science 344, 895-898 (2014). doi: 10.1126/science.1251336; pmid: 24762535
    • (2014) Science , vol.344 , pp. 895-898
    • Palumbi, S.R.1    Barshis, D.J.2    Traylor-Knowles, N.3    Bay, R.A.4
  • 48
    • 79960548631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic downgrading of planet Earth
    • pmid: 21764740
    • J. A. Estes et al., Trophic downgrading of planet Earth. Science 333, 301-306 (2011). doi: 10.1126/science.1205106; pmid: 21764740
    • (2011) Science , vol.333 , pp. 301-306
    • Estes, J.A.1
  • 49
    • 78449242697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute effects of removing large fish from a near-pristine coral reef
    • pmid: 24391253
    • D. J. McCauley et al., Acute effects of removing large fish from a near-pristine coral reef. Mar. Biol. 157, 2739-2750 (2010). doi: 10.1007/s00227-010-1533-2; pmid: 24391253
    • (2010) Mar. Biol. , vol.157 , pp. 2739-2750
    • McCauley, D.J.1
  • 52
    • 33845368622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indirect effects of large herbivores on snakes in an African savanna
    • pmid: 17089673
    • D. J. McCauley, F. Keesing, T. P. Young, B. F. Allan, R. M. Pringle, Indirect effects of large herbivores on snakes in an African savanna. Ecology 87, 2657-2663 (2006). doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2657:IEOLHO]2.0.CO;2; pmid: 17089673
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , pp. 2657-2663
    • McCauley, D.J.1    Keesing, F.2    Young, T.P.3    Allan, B.F.4    Pringle, R.M.5
  • 53
    • 84455174775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global seabird response to forage fish depletion - One-third for the birds
    • pmid: 22194577
    • P. M. Cury et al., Global seabird response to forage fish depletion - one-third for the birds. Science 334, 1703-1706 (2011). doi: 10.1126/science.1212928; pmid: 22194577
    • (2011) Science , vol.334 , pp. 1703-1706
    • Cury, P.M.1
  • 54
    • 84862020738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From wing to wing: The persistence of long ecological interaction chains in less-disturbed ecosystems
    • D. J. McCauley et al., From wing to wing: The persistence of long ecological interaction chains in less-disturbed ecosystems. Sci. Rep. 2, 409 (2012). doi: 10.1038/srep00409
    • (2012) Sci. Rep. , vol.2 , pp. 409
    • McCauley, D.J.1
  • 55
    • 84866883607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the effects of large mobile predators on ecosystem connectivity
    • pmid: 23092009
    • D. J. McCauley et al., Assessing the effects of large mobile predators on ecosystem connectivity. Ecol. Appl. 22, 1711-1717 (2012). doi: 10.1890/11-1653.1; pmid: 23092009
    • (2012) Ecol. Appl. , vol.22 , pp. 1711-1717
    • McCauley, D.J.1
  • 56
    • 84923326467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predator decline leads to decreased stability in a coastal fish community
    • G. L. Britten et al., Predator decline leads to decreased stability in a coastal fish community. Ecol. Lett. 17, 1518-1525 (2014). doi: 10.1111/ele.12354
    • (2014) Ecol. Lett. , vol.17 , pp. 1518-1525
    • Britten, G.L.1
  • 57
    • 84907009847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whales as marine ecosystem engineers
    • J. Roman et al., Whales as marine ecosystem engineers. Front. Ecol. Environ 12, 377-385 (2014). doi: 10.1890/130220
    • (2014) Front. Ecol. Environ , vol.12 , pp. 377-385
    • Roman, J.1
  • 58
    • 20144379257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology. Are U.S. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime?
    • pmid: 15774744
    • J. M. Pandolfi et al., Ecology. Are U.S. coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? Science 307, 1725-1726 (2005). doi: 10.1126/science.1104258; pmid: 15774744
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 1725-1726
    • Pandolfi, J.M.1
  • 60
    • 0035823272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force
    • pmid: 11546863
    • S. R. Palumbi, Humans as the world's greatest evolutionary force. Science 293, 1786-1790 (2001). doi: 10.1126/science.293.5536.1786; pmid: 11546863
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 1786-1790
    • Palumbi, S.R.1
  • 61
    • 36448943206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology: Managing evolving fish stocks
    • pmid: 18033868
    • C. Jørgensen et al., Ecology: Managing evolving fish stocks. Science 318, 1247-1248 (2007). doi: 10.1126/science.1148089; pmid: 18033868
    • (2007) Science , vol.318 , pp. 1247-1248
    • Jørgensen, C.1
  • 62
    • 84891559375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis reveals lower genetic diversity in overfished populations
    • pmid: 24372754
    • M. L. Pinsky, S. R. Palumbi, Meta-analysis reveals lower genetic diversity in overfished populations. Mol. Ecol. 23, 29-39 (2014). doi: 10.1111/mec.12509; pmid: 24372754
    • (2014) Mol. Ecol. , vol.23 , pp. 29-39
    • Pinsky, M.L.1    Palumbi, S.R.2
  • 63
    • 33644947421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maladaptive changes in multiple traits caused by fishing: Impediments to population recovery
    • pmid: 16958879
    • M. R. Walsh, S. B. Munch, S. Chiba, D. O. Conover, Maladaptive changes in multiple traits caused by fishing: Impediments to population recovery. Ecol. Lett. 9, 142-148 (2006). doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00858.x; pmid: 16958879
    • (2006) Ecol. Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 142-148
    • Walsh, M.R.1    Munch, S.B.2    Chiba, S.3    Conover, D.O.4
  • 64
    • 33750720993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services
    • pmid: 17082450
    • B. Worm et al., Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314, 787-790 (2006). doi: 10.1126/science.1132294; pmid: 17082450
    • (2006) Science , vol.314 , pp. 787-790
    • Worm, B.1
  • 65
    • 84904796296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildlife decline and social conflict
    • pmid: 25061187
    • J. S. Brashares et al., Wildlife decline and social conflict. Science 345, 376-378 (2014). doi: 10.1126/science.1256734; pmid: 25061187
    • (2014) Science , vol.345 , pp. 376-378
    • Brashares, J.S.1
  • 67
    • 85058905580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at
    • FAO, FAOSTAT (2012); available at http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E.
    • (2012) FAOSTAT
  • 68
    • 84866994236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do trophic cascades affect the storage and flux of atmospheric carbon? An analysis of sea otters and kelp forests
    • C. C. Wilmers, J. A. Estes, M. Edwards, K. L. Laidre, B. Konar, Do trophic cascades affect the storage and flux of atmospheric carbon? An analysis of sea otters and kelp forests. Front. Ecol. Environ 10, 409-415 (2012). doi: 10.1890/110176
    • (2012) Front. Ecol. Environ , vol.10 , pp. 409-415
    • Wilmers, C.C.1    Estes, J.A.2    Edwards, M.3    Laidre, K.L.4    Konar, B.5
  • 69
    • 84886950916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DMSP biosynthesis by an animal and its role in coral thermal stress response
    • pmid: 24153189
    • J.-B. Raina et al., DMSP biosynthesis by an animal and its role in coral thermal stress response. Nature 502, 677-680 (2013). doi: 10.1038/nature12677; pmid: 24153189
    • (2013) Nature , vol.502 , pp. 677-680
    • Raina, J.-B.1
  • 70
    • 84900875220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation
    • F. Ferrario et al., The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. Nat. Commun. 5, 3794 (2014). doi: 10.1038/ncomms4794
    • (2014) Nat. Commun. , vol.5 , pp. 3794
    • Ferrario, F.1
  • 71
    • 80555142756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems
    • pmid: 22053045
    • M. T. Burrows et al., The pace of shifting climate in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Science 334, 652-655 (2011). doi: 10.1126/science.1210288; pmid: 22053045
    • (2011) Science , vol.334 , pp. 652-655
    • Burrows, M.T.1
  • 72
    • 45549092665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology. Putting the heat on tropical animals
    • pmid: 18535231
    • J. J. Tewksbury, R. B. Huey, C. A. Deutsch, Ecology. Putting the heat on tropical animals. Science 320, 1296-1297 (2008). doi: 10.1126/science.1159328; pmid: 18535231
    • (2008) Science , vol.320 , pp. 1296-1297
    • Tewksbury, J.J.1    Huey, R.B.2    Deutsch, C.A.3
  • 73
    • 68849084655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios
    • W. W. Cheung et al., Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios. Fish Fish. 10, 235-251 (2009). doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00315.x
    • (2009) Fish Fish. , vol.10 , pp. 235-251
    • Cheung, W.W.1
  • 74
    • 0038725000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acclimation capacity underlies susceptibility to climate change
    • pmid: 12843385
    • J. H. Stillman, Acclimation capacity underlies susceptibility to climate change. Science 301, 65-65 (2003). doi: 10.1126/science.1083073; pmid: 12843385
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 65-65
    • Stillman, J.H.1
  • 75
    • 38449123519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification
    • pmid: 18079392
    • O. Hoegh-Guldberg et al., Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737-1742 (2007). doi: 10.1126/science.1152509; pmid: 18079392
    • (2007) Science , vol.318 , pp. 1737-1742
    • Hoegh-Guldberg, O.1
  • 76
    • 84889639885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching
    • C. A. Logan, J. P. Dunne, C. M. Eakin, S. D. Donner, Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Glob. Change Biol. 20, 125-139 (2014). doi: 10.1111/gcb.12390
    • (2014) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.20 , pp. 125-139
    • Logan, C.A.1    Dunne, J.P.2    Eakin, C.M.3    Donner, S.D.4
  • 77
    • 33846561667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature control of larval dispersal and the implications for marine ecology, evolution, and conservation
    • pmid: 17213327
    • M. I. O'Connor et al., Temperature control of larval dispersal and the implications for marine ecology, evolution, and conservation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 1266-1271 (2007). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0603422104; pmid: 17213327
    • (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.104 , pp. 1266-1271
    • O'Connor, M.I.1
  • 78
    • 84883744478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine taxa track local climate velocities
    • pmid: 24031017
    • M. L. Pinsky, B. Worm, M. J. Fogarty, J. L. Sarmiento, S. A. Levin, Marine taxa track local climate velocities. Science 341, 1239-1242 (2013). doi: 10.1126/science.1239352; pmid: 24031017
    • (2013) Science , vol.341 , pp. 1239-1242
    • Pinsky, M.L.1    Worm, B.2    Fogarty, M.J.3    Sarmiento, J.L.4    Levin, S.A.5
  • 79
    • 84874635230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shrinking of fishes exacerbates impacts of global ocean changes on marine ecosystems
    • W. W. L. Cheung et al., Shrinking of fishes exacerbates impacts of global ocean changes on marine ecosystems. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 254-258 (2013). doi: 10.1038/nclimate1691
    • (2013) Nat. Clim. Change , vol.3 , pp. 254-258
    • Cheung, W.W.L.1
  • 80
    • 84874258103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of ocean acidification on marine seafood
    • pmid: 23122878
    • T. A. Branch, B. M. DeJoseph, L. J. Ray, C. A. Wagner, Impacts of ocean acidification on marine seafood. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28, 178-186 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.10.001; pmid: 23122878
    • (2013) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.28 , pp. 178-186
    • Branch, T.A.1    DeJoseph, B.M.2    Ray, L.J.3    Wagner, C.A.4
  • 81
    • 77955249829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms in marine ecosystems: An organism-to-ecosystem perspective
    • G. E. Hofmann et al., The effect of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms in marine ecosystems: An organism-to-ecosystem perspective. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 41, 127-147 (2010). doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120227
    • (2010) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. , vol.41 , pp. 127-147
    • Hofmann, G.E.1
  • 82
    • 84896714138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating global chlorophyll changes over the past century
    • D. G. Boyce, M. Dowd, M. R. Lewis, B. Worm, Estimating global chlorophyll changes over the past century. Prog. Oceanogr. 122, 163-173 (2014). doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2014.01.004
    • (2014) Prog. Oceanogr. , vol.122 , pp. 163-173
    • Boyce, D.G.1    Dowd, M.2    Lewis, M.R.3    Worm, B.4
  • 83
    • 78349304786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mind the gap: Addressing the shortcomings of marine protected areas through large scale marine spatial planning
    • T. Agardy, G. N. di Sciara, P. Christie, Mind the gap: Addressing the shortcomings of marine protected areas through large scale marine spatial planning. Mar. Policy 35, 226-232 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.10.006
    • (2011) Mar. Policy , vol.35 , pp. 226-232
    • Agardy, T.1    Di Sciara, G.N.2    Christie, P.3
  • 84
    • 33746916448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustainability. Resolving mismatches in U.S. ocean governance
    • pmid: 16888124
    • L. B. Crowder et al., Sustainability. Resolving mismatches in U.S. ocean governance. Science 313, 617-618 (2006). doi: 10.1126/science.1129706; pmid: 16888124
    • (2006) Science , vol.313 , pp. 617-618
    • Crowder, L.B.1
  • 85
    • 84907595878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reliance of mobile species on sensitive habitats: A case study of manta rays (Manta alfredi) and lagoons
    • D. J. McCauley et al., Reliance of mobile species on sensitive habitats: A case study of manta rays (Manta alfredi) and lagoons. Mar. Biol. 161, 1987-1998 (2014). doi: 10.1007/s00227-014-2478-7
    • (2014) Mar. Biol. , vol.161 , pp. 1987-1998
    • McCauley, D.J.1
  • 86
    • 0038381867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for the design of coastal marine reserves
    • M. H. Carr et al., Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: Implications for the design of coastal marine reserves. Ecol. Appl. 13 (supp1.), 90-107 (2003). doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0090:CMATEI]2.0.CO;2
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl. , vol.13 , pp. 90-107
    • Carr, M.H.1
  • 87
    • 84897954572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity
    • pmid: 24509712
    • M. T. Burrows et al., Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity. Nature 507, 492-495 (2014). doi: 10.1038/nature12976; pmid: 24509712
    • (2014) Nature , vol.507 , pp. 492-495
    • Burrows, M.T.1
  • 88
    • 84893920384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features
    • pmid: 24499817
    • G. J. Edgar et al., Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features. Nature 506, 216-220 (2014). doi: 10.1038/nature13022; pmid: 24499817
    • (2014) Nature , vol.506 , pp. 216-220
    • Edgar, G.J.1
  • 89
    • 52249105805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can catch shares prevent fisheries collapse?
    • pmid: 18801999
    • C. Costello, S. D. Gaines, J. Lynham, Can catch shares prevent fisheries collapse? Science 321, 1678-1681 (2008). doi: 10.1126/science.1159478; pmid: 18801999
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 1678-1681
    • Costello, C.1    Gaines, S.D.2    Lynham, J.3
  • 90
    • 84858638372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses
    • pmid: 22392996
    • C. White, B. S. Halpern, C. V. Kappel, Ecosystem service tradeoff analysis reveals the value of marine spatial planning for multiple ocean uses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 4696-4701 (2012). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1114215109; pmid: 22392996
    • (2012) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.109 , pp. 4696-4701
    • White, C.1    Halpern, B.S.2    Kappel, C.V.3
  • 91
    • 84871494473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in Europe
    • W. Qiu, P. J. S. Jones, The emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in Europe. Mar. Policy 39, 182-190 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2012.10.010
    • (2013) Mar. Policy , vol.39 , pp. 182-190
    • Qiu, W.1    Jones, P.J.S.2
  • 92
    • 67349173072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change
    • E. McLeod, R. Salm, A. Green, J. Almany, Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Front. Ecol. Environ 7, 362-370 (2009). doi: 10.1890/070211
    • (2009) Front. Ecol. Environ , vol.7 , pp. 362-370
    • McLeod, E.1    Salm, R.2    Green, A.3    Almany, J.4
  • 94
    • 53749107047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The status of the world's land and marine mammals: Diversity, threat, and knowledge
    • pmid: 18845749
    • J. Schipper et al., The status of the world's land and marine mammals: Diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science 322, 225-230 (2008). doi: 10.1126/science.1165115; pmid: 18845749
    • (2008) Science , vol.322 , pp. 225-230
    • Schipper, J.1
  • 96
    • 20044367343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Losing pieces of the puzzle: Threats to marine, estuarine, and diadromous species
    • C. V. Kappel, Losing pieces of the puzzle: Threats to marine, estuarine, and diadromous species. Front. Ecol. Environ 3, 275-282 (2005). doi: 10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0275:LPOTPT]2.0.CO;2
    • (2005) Front. Ecol. Environ , vol.3 , pp. 275-282
    • Kappel, C.V.1
  • 97
    • 23044434083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology. North Atlantic right whales in crisis
    • pmid: 16040692
    • S. D. Kraus et al., Ecology. North Atlantic right whales in crisis. Science 309, 561-562 (2005). doi: 10.1126/science.1111200; pmid: 16040692
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 561-562
    • Kraus, S.D.1
  • 98
    • 34250193587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The coasts of our world: Ecological, economic and social importance
    • M. L. Martínez et al., The coasts of our world: Ecological, economic and social importance. Ecol. Econ. 63, 254-272 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.10.022
    • (2007) Ecol. Econ. , vol.63 , pp. 254-272
    • Martínez, M.L.1
  • 99
    • 79551516460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The growing need for sustainable ecological management of marine communities of the Persian Gulf
    • pmid: 21404819
    • P. F. Sale et al., The growing need for sustainable ecological management of marine communities of the Persian Gulf. Ambio 40, 4-17 (2011). doi: 10.1007/s13280-010-0092-6; pmid: 21404819
    • (2011) Ambio , vol.40 , pp. 4-17
    • Sale, P.F.1
  • 100
    • 26444532755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Offshore renewable energy: Ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone
    • A. B. Gill, Offshore renewable energy: Ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone. J. Appl. Ecol. 42, 605-615 (2005). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01060.x
    • (2005) J. Appl. Ecol. , vol.42 , pp. 605-615
    • Gill, A.B.1
  • 102
    • 84883276047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Searching for Solutions in Aquaculture: Charting a Sustainable Course
    • D. H. Klinger, R. Naylor, Searching for Solutions in Aquaculture: Charting a Sustainable Course. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37, 247-276 (2012). doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-021111-161531
    • (2012) Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. , vol.37 , pp. 247-276
    • Klinger, D.H.1    Naylor, R.2
  • 103
    • 0031818888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The distribution and abundance of coyotes: The effects of allochthonous food subsidies from the sea
    • M. D. Rose, G. A. Polis, The distribution and abundance of coyotes: The effects of allochthonous food subsidies from the sea. Ecology 79, 998-1007 (1998). doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[0998:TDAAOC]2.0.CO;2
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 998-1007
    • Rose, M.D.1    Polis, G.A.2
  • 104
    • 8444227815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa
    • pmid: 15539602
    • J. S. Brashares et al., Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa. Science 306, 1180-1183 (2004). doi: 10.1126/science.1102425; pmid: 15539602
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , pp. 1180-1183
    • Brashares, J.S.1
  • 107
    • 68149122075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rebuilding global fisheries
    • pmid: 19644114
    • B. Worm et al., Rebuilding global fisheries. Science 325, 578-585 (2009). doi: 10.1126/science.1173146; pmid: 19644114
    • (2009) Science , vol.325 , pp. 578-585
    • Worm, B.1
  • 108
    • 0002050178 scopus 로고
    • The sea otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
    • K. W. Kenyon, The sea otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. North Am. Fauna 68, 1-352 (1969). doi: 10.3996/nafa.68.0001
    • (1969) North Am. Fauna , vol.68 , pp. 1-352
    • Kenyon, K.W.1
  • 109
    • 34248176874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scales of Eden: Conservation and pristine devastation on Bikini Atoll
    • J. S. Davis, Scales of Eden: Conservation and pristine devastation on Bikini Atoll. Environ. Plan. Soc. Space 25, 213-235 (2007). doi: 10.1068/d1405
    • (2007) Environ. Plan. Soc. Space , vol.25 , pp. 213-235
    • Davis, J.S.1
  • 110
    • 45349096121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: Detection, prediction and management
    • pmid: 18501990
    • B. deYoung et al., Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: Detection, prediction and management. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23, 402-409 (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.008; pmid: 18501990
    • (2008) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.23 , pp. 402-409
    • DeYoung, B.1
  • 111
    • 33846908939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change
    • pmid: 17291763
    • T. P. Hughes et al., Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Curr. Biol. 17, 360-365 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.049; pmid: 17291763
    • (2007) Curr. Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 360-365
    • Hughes, T.P.1
  • 112
    • 85058905506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IAN, UMCES; available at ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary
    • T. Saxby, IAN Image and Video Library, IAN, UMCES; available at ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/.
    • IAN Image and Video Library
    • Saxby, T.1
  • 114
    • 1042263948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates
    • A. S. Laliberte, W. J. Ripple, Range contractions of North American carnivores and ungulates. Bioscience 54, 123-138 (2004). doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0123:RCONAC]2.0.CO;2
    • (2004) Bioscience , vol.54 , pp. 123-138
    • Laliberte, A.S.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 115
    • 79956204643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of spatiotemporal change in large mammal distribution and abundance in the southern Western Ghats, India
    • R. Pillay, A. J. T. Johnsingh, R. Raghunath, M. D. Madhusudan, Patterns of spatiotemporal change in large mammal distribution and abundance in the southern Western Ghats, India. Biol. Conserv. 144, 1567-1576 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.01.026
    • (2011) Biol. Conserv. , vol.144 , pp. 1567-1576
    • Pillay, R.1    Johnsingh, A.J.T.2    Raghunath, R.3    Madhusudan, M.D.4
  • 116
    • 1642403110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative losses of British butterflies, birds, and plants and the global extinction crisis
    • pmid: 15031508
    • J. A. Thomas et al., Comparative losses of British butterflies, birds, and plants and the global extinction crisis. Science 303, 1879-1881 (2004). doi: 10.1126/science.1095046; pmid: 15031508
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 1879-1881
    • Thomas, J.A.1
  • 118
    • 84923383252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at
    • The European Wind Energy Association, Offshore Statistics; available at www.ewea.org/statistics/offshore/.
    • Offshore Statistics
  • 119
    • 84904623240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contractors
    • available at
    • International Seabed Authority, Contractors. Int. Seabed Auth.; available at www.isa.org.jm/deep-seabed-minerals-contractors/overview.
    • Int. Seabed Auth.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.