Souls in Transition: The Religious Lives of Emerging Adults in America

Souls in Transition: The Religious Lives of Emerging Adults in America

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-400

  Smith, Christian ^a   Snell, Patricia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME   (United States)

Author keywords

Religiosity; Religious beliefs; Religious outlook; Spiritual lives; Teenagers; Young people

Indexed keywords

EID: 84922462167     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371796.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (166)

1. Brian Steensland, Jerry Park, Mark Regnerus, Lynn Robinson, W. Bradford Wilcox, and Robert Woodberry "The Measure of American Religion: Toward Improving the State of the Art," Social Forces 79 (2000): 291-318.
2. J. J. Arnett, "Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development from the Late Teens through the Twenties," American Psychologist 55(5) (2000): 469-480.
3. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 36, 119, 249.
4. David Moberg and Dean Hoge, "Catholic College Students' Religious and Moral Attitudes, 1961-1982:Effects of the Sixties and Seventies," Review of Religious Research 28(2) (1986): 104-17.
5. Dean Hoge, Jann Hoge, and Janet Wittenberg, "The Return of the Fifties: Trends in College Students' Values between 1952 and 1984," Sociological Forum 2(3) (1987): 500-519.
6. Bruce Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2002).
7. Philip Jenkins, Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
8. Barbara Epstein, Political Protest and Cultural Revolution (Berkeley; University of California Press, 1993).
9. Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
10. Jürgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).
11. Lynn Schofield Clark, From Angels to Aliens: Teenagers, the Media, and the Supernatural (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
12. Religion, Media, and the Marketplace (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007).
13. Stewart Hoover, Religion in the Media Age (New York: Routledge, 2006).
14. Jennifer Lindholm, "The 'Interior' Lives of American College Students:Preliminary Findings from a National Study," in Passing on the Faith:Transforming Traditions for the Next Generation of Jews, Christians, and Muslims, ed. James Heft (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006), 75-102.
15. Michael Lindsay, Faith in the Halls of Power: How Evangelicals Joined the American Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
16. Kathleen Mahoney and John Schmalzbauer, "Religion: A Comeback on Campus," Liberal Education 87(4) (2001): 36-41.
17. John Schmalzbauer and Kathleen Mahoney, "American Scholars Return to Studying Religion," Contexts (winter 2008):16-21.
18. Conrad Cherry, Betty DeBerg, and Amanda Porterfield, Religion on Campus (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
19. Thomas Bartless, "Most Freshmen Say Religion Guides Them," Chronicle of Higher Education 51(33) (2005): A1, A40.
20. Mark Taylor, "The Devoted Student," New York Times, December 21, 2006, A39.
21. Jonathan Hill, "Religious Involvement during the Transition to Adulthood" (Ph.D. diss., University of Notre Dame, 2008).
22. Ross Stolzenberg, Mary Blair-Loy, and Linda Waite, "Religious Participation in Early Adulthood:Age and Family Life Cycle Effects on Church Membership," American Sociological Review 60 (1995): 84-103.
23. Christian Smith and Melinda Lundquist Denton, Methodological Design and Procedures for the National Survey of Youth and Religion (NSYR) (Chapel Hill, NC: National Study of Youth and Religion, 2003).
24. Christian Smith, with Melinda Lundquist Denton, Soul Searching:The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 272-310.
25. Michele Dillon and Paul Wink, In the Course of a Lifetime: Tracing Religious Belief, Practice, and Change (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).
26. Richard Settersten, Frank Furstenberg, and Rubén Rumbaut, eds., On the Frontiers of Adulthood (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
27. Jeffrey Arnett and Jennifer Tanner, eds., Emerging Adults in America: Coming of Age in the Twenty-first Century (Washington, DC:American Psychological Association, 2005).
28. Jeffrey Arnett, Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach (Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson, 2007).
29. D. Wayne Osgood, E. Michael Foster, Constance Flanagan, and Gretchen Ruth, On Your Own without a Net: The Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
30. David Kinnaman and Gabe Lyons, UnChristian: What a New Generation Thinks about Christianity...and Why It Matters (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2007).
31. Dan Kimball, They Like Jesus but Not the Church: Insights from Emerging Generations (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007).
32. Robert Wuthnow, After the Baby Boomers: How Twenty- and Thirty-somethings Are Shaping the Future of American Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).
33. Tim Clydesdale, The First Year Out: Understanding American Teens after High School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
34. Richard Flory and Donald Miller, Finding Faith: The Spiritual Quest of the Post-boomer Generation (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007).
35. Sara Savage, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Bob Mayo, and Graham Cray, Making Sense of Generation Y: The World View of 15- to 25-Year-Olds (London: Church House, 2006).
36. Michael Mason, Ruth Webber, and Andrew Singleton, The Spirit of Generation Y: Young People's Spirituality in a Changing Australia (Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia: John Garratt, 2008).
37. Jeffrey Arnett, "Emerging Adulthood: Understanding the New Way of Coming of Age," in Arnett and Tanner, Emerging Adults in America, 5.
38. Robert Schoeni and Karen Ross, "Material Assistance from Families during the Transition to Adulthood," in Settersten et al., On the Frontiers of Adulthood, 396-416.
39. Jeffrey Arnett, Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens through the Twenties (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
40. Tobin Belzer, Richard Flory, and Nadia Roumani, "Illuminating the Black Hole: Successful Programs for Young Adults in Four Religious Traditions," paper presented at conference entitled "Faith, Fear, and Indifference: Constructing Religious Identity in the Next Generation," University of Southern California, Los Angeles, October 11, 2004.
41. Jack Miles, "Closing the Gap on Believers," community brief, Jewish Journal, November 4, 2004, www.jewishjournal.com/community_briefs/article/ closing_the_gap_on_believers_20041105/.
42. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, act 2, scene 1, lines 253-54, Antonio speaking.
43. Anthony Wolf, Get Out of My Life, but First Could You Drive Me and Cheryl to the Mall?-A Parent's Guide to the New Teenager (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2002).
44. Sharon Daloz Parks, Big Questions, Worthy Dreams: Mentoring Young Adults in Their Search for Meaning, Purpose, and Faith (San Francisco:Jossey-Bass, 2000).
45. N. Jay Demerath, "Cultural Victory and Organizational Defeat in the Paradoxical Decline of Liberal Protestantism," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34(4) (1995): 458-69.
46. John Murray Cuddihy, No Offense: Civil Religion and Protestant Taste (New York: Seabury, 1978).
47. Friedrich Schleiermacher, On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultural Despisers (1893; repr., Whitefish, MN: Kessinger, 2008).
48. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Kingdom of God in America (New York:Harper, 1937), 193.
49. Charles Sheldon, In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do? (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1897).
50. Lynn Schofield Clark, From Angels to Aliens: Teenagers, the Media, and the Supernatural (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
51. Dennis Hollinger, Individualism and Social Ethics: An Evangelical Syncretism (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1983).
52. Michael O. Emerson and Christian Smith, Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
53. Phillip Hammond, Religion and Personal Autonomy (Columbia:University of South Carolina Press, 1992).
54. Nathan Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991).
55. Nathan Hatch, "Sola Scriptura and Novus Ordo Seclorum," in The Bible in America: Essays in Cultural History ed. Nathan O. Hatch and Mark A. Noll (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 59-78.
56. Willard Swartley, Slavery, Sabbath, War, and Women: Case Issues in Biblical Interpretation (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1983).
57. Mark Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006).
58. Mark Noll, The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind (Grand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans, 1995).
59. Michael Young, Bearing Witness against Sin: The Evangelical Birth of the American Social Movement, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
60. David Harrington Watt, A Transforming Faith: Explorations of Twentiethcentury American Evangelicalism (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991).
61. Peter Sacks, Generation X Goes to College; An Eye-opening Account of Teaching in Postmodern America (Chicago: Open Court, 1996).
62. Brian Steensland, Jerry Park, Mark Regnerus, Lynn Robinson, W. Bradford Wilcox, and Robert Woodberry, "The Measure of American Religion: Toward Improving the State of the Art," Social Forces 79 (2000): 291-318.
63. These tables are available for view, however, at www.nd.edu/~csmith22/tables.html.
64. Carol Ryff, "Psychological Well-being in Adult Life," Current Directions in Psychological Science 4 (1995): 99-104.
65. Carol Ryff and Corey Keyes, "The Structure of Psychological Well-being Revisited," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995): 719-27.
66. Carol Ryff, "Happiness Is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (1989): 1069-81.
67. James Charles Crumbaugh, "Cross-validation of Purpose in Life Test Based on Frankl's Concepts," Journal of lndividual Psychology 24 (1968): 74-81.
68. James Charles Crumbaugh and Leonard T. Maholick, "An Experimental Study in Existentialism: The Psychometric Approach to Frankl's Concept of Noogenic Neurosis," Journal of Clinical Psychology 20 (1964): 589-96.
69. Sheryl Zika and Kerry Chamberlain, "On the Relation between Meaning in Life and Psychological Well-Being," British Journal of Psychology 83 (1992): 133-45.
70. Jared Kass, Richard Friedman, Jane Leserman, Margaret Caudill, Patricia Zuttermeister, and Herbert Benson, "An Inventory of Positive Psychological Attitudes with Potential Relevance to Health Outcomes:Validation and Preliminary Testing," Behavioral Medicine 17 (1991): 121-29.
71. Ed Diener, Robert Emmons, Randy Larsen, and Sharon Griffin, "The Satisfaction with Life Scale," Journal of Personality Assessment 49(1) (1985): 71-75.
72. William Pavot and Ed Diener, "Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale," Psychological Assessment 5(2) (1993): 164-72.
73. Marsha Richins and Scott Dawson, "A Consumer Values Orientation for Materialism and Its Measurement: Scale Development and Validation," Journal of Consumer Research 19 (1992): 303-16.
74. Marvin Goldberg, Gerald Gorn, Laura Peracchio, and Gary Bamossy, "Understanding Materialism among Youth," Journal of Consumer Psychology 13(3) (2003): 278-88.
75. Robert Emmons and Michael McCullough, eds., The Psychology of Gratitude (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
76. Michael McCullough, Robert Emmons, and Jo-Ann Tsang, "The Grateful Disposition: A Conceptual and Empirical Topography," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (2002): 112-27.
77. Robert Emmons and Charles Shelton, "Gratitude and the Science of Positive Psychology," in Handbook of Positive Psychology, ed. Charles Richard Snyder and Shane J. Lopez (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 459-71.
78. Mark D. Regnerus, "Religion and Positive Adolescent Outcomes: A Review of Research and Theory," Review of Religious Research 44 (2003): 394-413.
79. Jeremy Uecker, Mark Regnerus, and Margaret Vaaler, "Losing My Religion: The Social Sources of Religious Decline in Early Adulthood," Social Forces 85(4) (2007): 1-26.
80. Alyssa Bryant, Jeung Yun Choi, and Maiko Yasuno, "Understanding the Religious and Spiritual Dimensions of Students' Lives in the First Year of College," Journal of College Student Development 44 (2003): 723-45.
81. Brent Benda and Nancy Toombs, "Religion and Drug Use among Inmates at Boot Camp," Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 35 (2002): 161-83.
82. Mark Regnerus and Jeremy Uecker, "Finding Faith, Losing Faith: The Prevalence and Context of Religious Transformations during Adolescence," Review of Religious Research 47 (2006): 217-37.
83. Christian Smith, "Theorizing Religious Effects among American Adolescents," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42(1) (2003): 17-30.
84. "Religious Participation and Network Closure among American Adolescents," research note, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42(2) (2003): 259-67.
85. "Research Note: Religious Participation and Parental Moral Expectations and Supervision of American Youth," Review of Religious Research 44(4) (2003): 414-24.
86. "Why Christianity Works: An Emotionsfocused Phenomenological Account," Sociology of Religion 68(2) (2007):165-78.
87. "Why 'Why Christianity Works' Works," Sociology of Religion 69(4) (2008): 473-88.
88. Mark Regnerus and Christian Smith, "Selection Effects and Social Desirability Bias in Studies of Religious Influences," Review of Religious Research 47(1) (2005): 23-50.
89. Mark Regnerus, Christian Smith, and Brad Smith, "Social Context in the Development of Adolescent Religiosity," Applied Developmental Science 8 (2004): 27-38.
90. John Murray Cuddihy, No Offense: Civil Religion and Protestant Taste (New York: Seabury, 1979).
91. Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture (London:Blackwell, 2000), 64-65.
92. David Kinnaman and Gabe Lyons, UnChristian: What a New Generation Thinks about Christianity....and Why It Matters (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2007).
93. Dan Kimball, They Like Jesus but Not the Church:Insights from Emerging Generations (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007).
94. Ron Rindfuss, "The Young Adult Years: Diversity, Structural Change, and Fertility," Demography 28(4) (1991): 493-512.
95. Jeffrey Arnett, "Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context," Human Development 41 (1996): 295-315.
96. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1984).
97. G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (1903) (Mineola, NY:Dover, 2004).
98. Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 1982).
99. Richard Rorty, Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
100. Kathleen Bogle, 2008, Hooking Up: Sex, Dating, and Relationships on Campus (New York: New York University Press).
101. Donna Freitas, Sex and the Soul: Juggling Sexuality, Spirituality, Romance, and Religion on America's College Campuses (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
102. Norval Glen and Elizabeth Marquardt, Hooking Up, Hanging Out, and Hoping for Mr. Right: College Women on Dating and Mating Today (New York: Institute for American Values, 2001).
103. Laura Sessions Stepp, Unhooked: How Young Women Pursue Sex, Delay Love, and Lose at Both (New York: Riverhead Books, 2007).
104. Michael Kimmel, Guyland: The Perilous World Where Boys Become Men (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 169-241.
105. Kylie Harrell, "Recreational Hookups, or Emotional Hang-Ups?" Durham (NC) Herald-Sun, August 17, 2008, F1-F3.
106. Anonymous, M.D., Unprotected: A Campus Psychiatrist Reveals How Political Correctness in Her Profession Endangers Every Student (New York: Sentinel, 2006).
107. Elizabeth Thompson and Ugo Collela, "Cohabitation and Marital Stability: Quality or Commitment?" Journal of Marriage and the Family 54 (1992): 259-68.
108. Lee Lillard, Michael Brien, and Linda Waite, "Pre-marital Cohabitation and Subsequent Marital Dissolution: Is It Self- Selection?" Demography 32 (1995): 437-58.
109. Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher, The Case for Marriage: Why Married People are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off Financially (New York: Broadway Books, 2000).
110. Tim Clydesdale, The First Year Out: Understanding American Teens after High School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 105.
111. Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter, Nation of Rebels: Why Counterculture Became Consumer Culture (New York: HarperBusiness, 2004).
112. Peggy Giordano, "Relationships in Adolescence," Annual Review of Sociology 29 (2003): 257-81.
113. For example, Robert Bellah, Richard Madsen, William Sullivan, and Ann Swidler, Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
114. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Shuster, 2000).
115. Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York:Knopf, 1977).
116. Eugene Halton, The Great Brain Suck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008).
117. David Mindich, Tuned Out: Why Americans under 40 Don't Follow the News (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
118. Mark Bauerlein, The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future (New York: Tarcher, 2008).
119. Christian Piatt and Amy Piatt, MySpace to Sacred Space: God for a New Generation (St. Louis: Chalice Press, 2007).
120. Mike Hayes, Googling God: The Religious Landscape of People in Their Twenties and Thirties (New York: Paulist Press, 2007).
121. Roger Stump, "Regional Migration and Religious Commitment in the United States," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 23 (1984): 292-303.
122. Robert Wuthnow and Kevin Christiano, "The Effects of Residential Migration on Church Attendance in the United States," in The Religious Dimension: New Directions in Quantitative Research, ed. Robert Wuthnow (New York: Academic Press, 1979), 257-74.
123. Christian Smith, "Devotion in Dixie and Beyond: A Test of the 'Shibley Thesis' on the Effects of Regional Origin and Migration on Individual Religiosity," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37(3) (1998): 494-506.
124. Jeremy Freese, "Risk Preferences and Gender Differences in Religiousness: Evidence from the World Values Survey," Review of Religious Research 46(1) (2004): 88-91.
125. Alan Miller and John Hoffmann, "Risk and Religion: An Explanation of Gender Differences in Religiosity," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 34(1) (1995): 63-75.
126. Alan Miller and Rodney Stark, "Gender and Religiousness: Can Socialization Explanations Be Saved?" American Journal of Sociology 107(6) (2002): 1399-1423.
127. Peter Hedström and Richard Swedberg, eds., Social Mechanisms: An Analytical Approach to Social Theory (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1998).
128. Philip Gorski, "Social 'Mechanisms' and Comparative-historical Sociology: A Critical Realist Proposal," in The Frontiers of Sociology, ed. Björn Wittrock and Peter Hedström (Leiden:Brill, 2009).
129. Douglas Porpora, "Recovering Causality: Realist Methods in Sociology," in Realismo Sociologico, ed. Andrea Maccarini, Emmanuele Morandi, and Ricardo Prandini (Milan: Marietti, 2008), 225-258.
130. Jose Lopez and Garry Potter, eds., After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism (New York: Continuum, 2005).
131. Andrew Bennett, "The Mother of All 'Isms': Organizing Political Science around Causal Mechanisms," in Revitalizing Causality: Realism about Causality in Philosophy and Social Science, ed. Ruth Groff (New York: Routledge, 2008), 205-19.
132. Douglas Porpora, "Sociology's Causal Confusion," in Groff, Revitalizing Causality, 195-204.
133. Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
134. Robert Merton "The Self-fulfilling Prophecy," in Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1957), 43-44.
135. Roy Bhaskar, A Realist Concept of Science (London: Verso, 1997).
136. Roy Bhaskar, Critical Realism (New York: Routledge, 1998).
137. Christian Smith, What Is a Person? (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).
138. Andrew Collier, Critical Realism: An Introduction to Roy Bhaskar's Philosophy (London: Verso, 1994).
139. Mats Ekström et al., Explaining Society: Critical Realism in the Social Sciences (New York: Routledge, 2002).
140. Andrew Sayer, Realism and Social Science (New York: Sage, 2000).
141. Andrew Sayer, Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach (New York:Routledge, 1992).
142. Margaret Archer, Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
143. Margaret Archer et al., eds., Critical Realism: Essential Readings (New York: Routledge, 1998).
144. Justin Cruickshank, Realism and Sociology: Anti-foundationalism, Ontology, and Social Research (New York: Routledge, 2002).
145. Gorski, "Social 'Mechanisms' and Comparative-historical Sociology".
146. Lopez and Potter, After Postmodernism.
147. Margaret Archer, Being Human: The Problem of Agency (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
148. David Harvey, "Agency and Community: A Critical Realist Perspective," Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 32(2) (2002): 163-94.
149. George Steinmetz, "Critical Realism and Historical Sociology," Comparative Studies in Society and History 40(1) (1998): 170-86.
150. Peter Manicas, A Realist Philosophy of Social Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
151. Stephen Kemp and John Holmwood, "Realism, Regularity, and Social Explanation," Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 33(2) (2003): 165-87.
152. Douglas Porpora, The Concept of Social Structure (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987).
153. "Four Concepts of Social Structure," Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 19(2) (1989): 195-211.
154. Sam Porter, "Critical Realist Ethnography," in Qualitative Research in Action, ed. Tim May (London: Sage, 2002), 53-72.
155. Douglas Porpora, "Social Structure: The Future of a Concept," in Structure, Culture, and History: Recent Issues in Social Theory, ed. Sing Chew and J. David Knottnerus (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002), 43-59.
156. "Cultural Rules and Material Relations," Sociological Theory 11(2) (1993): 212-29.
157. Mats Ekström, "Causal Explanation of Social Action: The Contribution of Max Weber and of Critical Realism to a Generative View of Causal Explanation in Social Science," Acta Sociologica 35 (1992): 107-22.
158. David Harvey, "Agency and Community: A Critical Realist Paradigm," Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 32(2) (2002): 163-94.
159. William Outhwaite, New Philosophies of Social Science: Realism, Hermeneutics, and Critical Theory (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
160. Peter Manicas, A History and Philosophy of the Social Sciences (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1989).
161. Ross Stolzenberg, M. Blair-Loy, and Linda J. Waite, "Religious Participation in Early Adulthood: Age and Family Life Cycle Effects on Church Membership," American Sociological Review 60 (1995): 84-103.
162. Evelyn Lehrer, "Religion as a Determinant of Economic and Demographic Behavior in the United States," Population and Development Review 30(4) (2004): 707-26.
163. "The Role of Religion in Union Formation:An Economic Perspective," Population Research and Policy Review 23 (2004):161-85.
164. Stolzenberg et al., "Religious Participation in Early Adulthood.".
165. Lewis Rambo, Understanding Religious Conversion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995).
166. John Lofland and Rodney Stark, "Becoming a World-Saver," American Sociological Review 30 (1965): 863-74.